Women's HLTH EXAM 2
In the past, the sexual problems of women were classified under the general label of what? These problems were severely misunderstood and thought to be symptomatic of neurosis or some other psychological disorder that required long-term psychiatric therapy.
"frigidity."
4 out of 5 reported using _______________ for first intercourse in 2015
"something"
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
-Group of symptoms linked to menstrual cycle
Amenorrhea
-Lack of menstrual flow (not due to pregnancy)
Dysmenorrhea
-Painful menstrual flow
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
-Severe form of PMS (might be fibroid related)
myths and misconceptions about contraceptives
-birth control pills make a woman fat -a woman cannot get pregnant the first time -a woman needs to take a break from the pill every year -IUDs make sex uncomfortable for men -wearing two condoms will provide twice as much protection -condoms detract from sexual pleasure -male withdrawal before ejaculation prevents pregnancy -plastic wrap can be used as a condom -a woman cannot get pregnant while she is breastfeeding -douching, showering, or urinating after sex will prevent pregnancy -a woman cannot get pregnant during her period
Tremendous cultural diversity throughout the world creates considerable diversity regarding a wide spectrum of sexuality issues:
1. normative sex roles 2. accepted types of sexual activity 3. preferences for sexual arousal 4. the sanctions and prohibitions on sexual behavior Including contraceptive choices and acceptability of sex outside of a culturally sanctioned relationships (i.e. marriage)
For women aged 15 to 49 the most common contraceptive use is... (in order 1st through 3rd)
1.) Sterilization is the most common (almost 19%), 2.) Oral Contraceptives (OCs) Long-acting Reversible Contraception (LARCs) - both ~ 12% 3.) condoms (~8%)
The onset of puberty generally occurs ____ years earlier in girls than in boys.
2
Same-sex partners face discrimination when it comes to legalizing their partnership. Same-sex marriages are currently legal in only a few countries around the world. As of early 2015, _____________ and DC had legalized same-sex marriage.
36 states
Sexually experienced teens report using condoms _______ of the time, followed by withdrawal "method" (60%), then OCs (56%)
97%
The ___________ programs exist despite evidence that comprehensive sex education effectively promotes sexual health and that parents support these programs in public schools
AOUM
What is sexual health?
ASHA believes that sexual health includes far more than avoiding disease or unplanned pregnancy. We also believe that having a sexually transmitted infection or unwanted pregnancy does not prevent someone from being or becoming sexually healthy.
Secondary sex characteristics appear at this time in response to higher levels of hormones. In females, estrogen levels result in pubic hair growth and breast budding. ___________ __________________ _______________ seem to experience puberty earlier than White adolescents.
African American females
______________ refers to having characteristics of both sexes, but appearing gender neutral (or not specifically male or female). Androgyny has physiological, behavioral, and psychological aspects. Androgynous individuals of both sexes are more likely to engage in behavior typically ascribed to the other sex than are gender-typed individuals.
Androgyny
_____________________ and _____________________, defined as sexual intercourse between unmarried partners, were illegal in most states. Although these laws exist in a handful of states, they are rarely enforced today.
Cohabitation fornication
what do teens typically use first for a contraceptive?
Condoms typically used first
ABC Primetime Poll
Found most Americans were monogamous and happy about it
Progesterone's role?
Further nourish uterine lining (if pregnant)
___________ refers to the economic, social, and cultural attributes and opportunities associated with being male or female. These two terms should not be confused.
Gender
______________ ___________________ is a psychological term used to describe a strong and persistent cross-gender identification. This term replaces the use of gender identity disorder when referring to transgender and focuses on the fact that distress is not inherent in a transgender person.
Gender dysphoria
____________ _______________________ refers to the "way in which a person acts to communicate gender within a given culture; for example, in terms of clothing, communications patterns, and interests." Behavior thought appropriate for females is termed "feminine"; behavior thought appropriate for males is termed "masculine." Gender-role expectations are culturally defined and vary from society to society. In addition, notions of masculinity and femininity may be era-dependent.
Gender expression
______________________ refers to an individual's personal subjective sense of being male or female. Gender identity is clearly influenced by biological sex, which is determined by a complex set of variables; however, a person's gender identity is not necessarily consistent with his or her biological sex.
Gender identity
___________________ is the primary emotional center of the brain and controls hormone production This is the reason why _______ influences menstrual cycles (and sexual functioning)
Hypothalamus stress
_______________ refers to a person who is born with sex chromosomes, external genitalia, or internal reproductive organs that are not considered "standard" as male or female. This condition can be manifested as a girl without _____________, a boy without ___________, or a child with genitalia that may appear as neither a vagina nor a penis. For intersex individuals, recent activism has drawn attention to medically unnecessary childhood surgeries performed to "assign" sex to an infant.
Intersex ovaries testes
On _______________, the United States became the 21st country to legalize same-sex marriage.
June 26, 2015
___________ ___________________ ________________ ranging from exclusive attraction to varying degrees of heterosexual and homosexual orientation is more helpful for understanding sexual attraction
Kinsey's seven-point continuum
___________ - Several follicles begin to mature ova, and ____________ levels rise, then inhibiting FSH secretions
Ovaries estrogen
_______________________ ___________________ describes an individual whose appearance suggests gender ambiguity
Physiological androgyny
___________________ - Releases Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Pituitary Gland
Estrogen's role?
Regulate the menstrual cycle overall and initial thickening of the endometrial lining
_________ refers to an individual's biological status as male or female.
Sex
____________________________ in human brains occurs largely during prenatal development, but takes place at a much later stage in development than sexual differentiation of the ____________.
Sex differentiation genitals
Blumstein and Schwartz
Sexual and nonsexual components of relationships
________________ _____________________ is defined as the inability of an individual to function adequately in terms of sexual arousal, orgasm, or in coital situations. The highest prevalence of sexual dysfunction is found in _________ women, but they experience less associated distress. The most distress occurs in midlife; younger women have the _____________ prevalence of problems and associated distress.
Sexual dysfunction older lowest
______________ _______________________ refers to one's sexual and romantic attraction to other people, whether the attraction is to members of the opposite sex, the same sex, or both sexes.
Sexual orientation
Hite Report
Sexual practices of American women
In 2007, a congressionally mandated study found no statistically significant impact of _____________-funded programs on the sexual behavior of young people.
Title V
____________________ is the process in which transgender people work to change their appearance and societal identity to match their gender identity. To acknowledge their transition, transgender people self-identify as male-to-female (MTF) or female-to-male (FTM). Changes are often medical, via surgery and hormones, as well as legal, through name and sex changes on legal documents and forms of identification.
Transitioning
True or False: Many factors influence how we feel about sex, the degree of control over sexual issues we have in our lives, and how we express ourselves sexually.
True
spermicides
a chemical that breaks down the cell membranes of sperm for pregnancy prevention
Menstruation
a reoccurring cycle in which the endometrial lining of the uterus prepares for pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur, the lining is shed at menstruation. On average it is 28 days.
In recent years the federal government has endorsed ____________________________________ (AOUM) as the primary approach to sex education.
abstinence-only until marriage
_____________________ ________________________ refers to the manner in which people present themselves, such as a male who displays traditionally feminine behaviors
behavioral androgyny
A number of environmental factors may contribute to the earlier age of puberty, including higher rates of ________________________ _________________; increased intake of animal protein and meat; high dairy and soft drink consumption; and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals found in plastics, pesticides, and other chemicals.
childhood obesity
Uterus - If pregnancy occurs (egg fertilized), progesterone triggers the endometrial lining to thicken for implantation - If no pregnancy, what happens?
circulating hormones decline with degeneration of the corpus luteum, and uterine lining sheds (menses)
Cellular remnants of ruptured follicle become ___________________ and release ________________
corpus luteum progesterone
Transgender should not be confused with _______________________. Cross-dressing is the act of putting on clothes of the opposite sex. The term cross-dresser often refers to ____________________ men who occasionally wear clothes associated with women as a form of gender expression.
cross-dressing heterosexual
These influential factors on sex include...
culture, religion, economic realities, legal restrictions, and public education dimensions (and life span development!)
Historically, the __________________ was either purchased from the maternal family through the exchange of goods or, in some cultures, the father of the girl would offer a ____________ to the groom's family to compensate for the financial burden of taking the girl into their house/clan.
daughter dowry
Through a series of complex interactions involving ____________ _______ _________________________, both the internal and the external sex structures differentiate into male or female genitalia. Because the external genitals, gonads, and some of the internal structures of males and females originated from the same _______________ tissues, it is not surprising that they have homologous, or corresponding, parts.
gonadal sex hormones embryonic
Dominant Follicle - When estrogen levels are ________, a surge of LH is released that triggers ovulation and the release of __________
high an egg
People attracted to same-sex partners refer to themselves as gay, lesbian (for women who are gay), or ____________________. People attracted to members of the opposite sex refer to themselves as straight or ____________________. A _____________ person is attracted to both sexes.
homosexual heterosexual bisexual
Low estrogen levels signal ______________________ to trigger pituitary gland via what hormone?
hypothalamus Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Proponents of AOUM programs have argued that comprehensive sex education might lead to an ____________ in teens having sex; however, research shows that comprehensive sexual education programs either delay or have no effect on the initiation of sexual activity.
increase
Studies have also shown that teaching about contraception was not associated with an increased risk of adolescent sexual activity or STIs; in fact, adolescents who received comprehensive sex education had a __________ risk of pregnancy than adolescents who received abstinence-only or no sex education.
lower
Gender is often thought of in two terms:
masculine and feminine
Sexuality can be viewed within a frame of power and economic dynamics. The less __________ a woman has, based on either cultural or individual factors, the less able she is to control a given ____________ encounter.
power sexual
In early ________________ development, male and female external genitalia are ________________________ and will remain so unless a specific gene on the Y chromosome involved in sex determination is present and is activated.
prenatal undifferentiated
Laws criminalizing sexual intimacy once existed in all 50 states. They originally were enacted to impose norms on the lives of the nation's citizens and possibly to prevent sexual activity not intended for ___________________.
procreation
_______________________ ______________________ describes an individual whose gender identity may differ from his or her sex.
psychological androgyny
The first few years of adolescence are known as _______________, and this is a time of dramatic physiological change including breast development, the growth of public hair, and the first menstrual period.
puberty
what percent of reproductive-aged women are currently using a form of birth control?
roughly 65%
Today, four major areas of sexual dysfunction are defined for women:
sexual desire disorders sexual arousal disorders orgasmic disorders sexual pain disorders.
kinsey report result
showed how factors such as age, religious adherence, and gender influenced the incidence, frequency, and patterns of sexual behavior
Social scientists have recognized that every ___________ shapes, structures, or constrains the development and expression of sexuality in all of its members
society
This gene on the Y chromosome is necessary for the development of the ___________, so it is involved in initiating the male sexing process
testes
menopause
the cessation of regular menstrual periods by surgical or natural means. Also known as the climacterium, "the change of life"
menarche
the first menstrual period
Masters and Johnson result
they observed and recorded more than 10,000 completed sexual response cycles. They are considered pioneers in sexual research for determining the four phases of the sexual response cycle: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
Cohabitation is common today. By age 30, about _______________ of U.S. women have cohabitated outside marriage.
three quarters
Improvements in the ability to control reproduction (i.e. contraception) are considered one of the ____________ great public health achievements of the 20th Century
top 10
People who identify as __________________ often feel as if they've been born into the wrong biological sex; they may have male anatomy yet identify more with being female.
transgender
_____________________ is an umbrella term for anyone whose biological sex is not aligned with the person's sense of self or gender identity.
transgender
A ____________________ is a person whose gender identity is opposite to her or his biological sex.
transsexual
The American Psychiatric Association classifies __________________________ as a gender identity disorder (GID), a mental disorder characterized by strong and persistent cross-gender identification; however, significant controversy exists regarding the classification of transsexuality as a mental disorder.
transsexualism
A transsexual should not be confused with a ____________________, an individual who obtains sexual excitement from putting on clothes of the opposite sex.
transvestite
True or false: Significant power imbalances for women, like those seen between rich and poor, educated and non-educated, and young and old, are often strongly associated with sexual violence and abuse.
true
true or false: 85% chance of getting pregnant within a year for sexually active teens not using any birth control method!
true
true or false: Although federal monetary support for AOUM programs has been over $175 million dollars annually in the past decade, no research has shown that they are effective at preventing teen pregnancies or STIs.
true
true or false: Federally funded AOUM programs must promote abstinence from sexual activity and limit the discussion of condoms and contraception.
true
true or false: In the United States and other Western countries, it has become extremely common for young women to have sex prior to marriage.
true
true or false: Nearly all women have used some form of contraception
true
true or false: Older women experienced the highest prevalence of sexual dysfunction (80.1% compared with 44.6% for middle-aged women and 27.2% for women 18 to 44), but the lowest level of associated distress (12.6% compared with 25.5% for middle-aged women and 24.4% for younger women).
true
true or false: Over the past 30 years, the average age of puberty has decreased, with some girls seeing physical changes as young as age seven.
true
true or false: Studies have shown that teaching about contraception is not associated with an increased risk of adolescent sexual activity or STIs.
true
true or false: Takes about a year before a sexually active teen visit clinic or requests Rx
true
true or false: The Supreme Court ruled that states cannot ban same-sex marriage, thereby requiring all states to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples.
true
true or false: Transgender people can be straight, gay, lesbian, or bisexual and may describe themselves as transgender, transsexual, or genderqueer.
true
A girl who has lost her ___________________ prior to marriage, either willingly or unwillingly, can lose significant value to both her family and the groom's family she is entering.
virginity
Redbook Survey
was a questionnaire sent to more than 100,000 US women that examined sexual behavior and attitudes. This survey documented women's sexual fulfillment in respect to their martial status, age at sexual initiation, and sexual fidelity
After all, the typical American woman spends __________ of adult life tending to pregnancy (trying, being, or postpartum) and more than 3 decades of adulthood trying to avoid pregnancy
~3 years
Fertility Awareness Methods
•"Free, no expensive equipment necessary, but not reliable! •Idea is to avoid intercourse during fertile time of the month (around ovulation) •Calendar Method •Basal body temperature •Cervical mucus
Contraception Methods
•Fertility Awareness Methods (FAM) •Barrier Methods •Hormonal Methods •LARCs (Intrauterine Devices, IUDs) •Sterilization •"Emergency" contraception
Access to Contraceptives
•Illegal to provide contractive methods in many places even within the past 50 years! •OCs introduced in 1962 - more later on these early pills •1965 Supreme Court strikes down law that not only banned birth control, but also efforts to educate about methods •1977 Allowed sale of non-Rx contraceptives outside of pharmacies and "okayed" advertising
Sociocultural Attitudes toward Contraceptives
•Interesting discussion about woman's role perceived as motherhood as "highest calling" •Religions also influence ideas about sexual behaviors for "non-procreation purposes" --FAM approved by Catholic Church --Orthodox Jews must receive rabbinical "approval" to use contraception --Islamic Faith generally forbids contraception, although some Shia Islamic groups approve it for married couples
Types of sexual violence
•Sexual assault and rape •Female genital mutilation (FGM) •Forced sterilization
Barrier Methods
•Spermicides -gels, foams, film, suppositories •Diaphragm & Cervical Cap -both latex and require Rx •Male Condom -latex and some synthetics •Internal Condom -formerly called "Female Condom"; nitrile replaced polyurethane and reduced "crinkling" •Sponge -polyurethane foam
Consider how these "gender" stereotypes are harmful for creating healthy sexual relationships!
•Women are undersexed and men are oversexed. •Women are inexperienced and men are experts. •Women are recipients and men are initiators. •Women are controllers and men are movers. •Women are nurturing and supportive, and men are strong and unemotional. •Women are sensitive and men are insensitive. •Women are dependent and men are independent. •Women are passive and men are aggressive.