word roots week 4

personal pronoun

I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it, we, us, they, them •Personal pronouns sometimes have different forms depending on whether they are subjects or objects: E.g. "I" and "they" for subjects; e.g. "me" and "them" for objects of both verbs and prepositions.

What is the normal English term for uncleft?

atom

{dys}

bad, painful, difficult

The captain sailed when the ship had its full __ of sailors.

complement

complement vs compliment

complement: complete something compliment: flattery

{ia/a}

condition of, act of

{pept/peps}

cook, digest

{ism}

doctrine, condition of, process of

cynosure origin

dogs tail late 16th century: from French, or from Latin cynosura, from Greek kunosoura 'dog's tail' (also 'Ursa Minor'), from kuōn, kun- 'dog' + oura 'tail'. The term originally denoted the constellation Ursa Minor, or the pole star which it contains, long used as a guide by navigators.

What is the normal English term for bernstonebit? It might help to know that Anderson is adapting the German word Bernstein, which means 'amber.'

electron

elementary vs alimentary

elementary = first principle/fundamental alimentary = connected with food

exempli gratia

for the sake of an example

{pro}

for, in place of

{istic}

forms an adjective

{eu}

good, normal

In the most formal English, the subject forms are also used after forms of the verb "to be" (in the slot of a predicate noun). By those standards, we are supposed to say things like: "It is I." (NOT "It is me") "This is she." (NOT "This is her.") This very strict rule, however, in modern English is disappearing and, when it is followed, the results often sound awful to native English speakers, so don't take it too seriously. Fill in the blank with the most formal English in the following sentence: The caller asked, "Is Pedro there?" Pedro replied, "This is ____."

he

Jorge came to the party with Sam and _____.

her

In the most formal English, the subject forms are also used after forms of the verb "to be" (in the slot of a predicate noun). By those standards, we are supposed to say things like: "It is I." (NOT "It is me") "This is she." (NOT "This is her.") This very strict rule, however, in modern English is disappearing and, when it is followed, the results often sound awful to native English speakers, so don't take it too seriously. Fill in the blank with the most formal English in the following sentence: It is _______, your best friend.

i

You and ___ should have a discussion with Ted and ___.

i them

{enter}

intestine, gut

whom

is used for direct objects of verbs and objects of prepositions -whom do you like? "I like mary" -to whom did you give the book? "I gave the book to sam -with whom did you come? "I came with Janet -"Whom did you come with?" I came with Janet

in toto

latin: in whole/in all today: completely, totally

casus belli

latin: occassion/event for war today: either an 'an event seen as the cause of war' or simply a 'just cause for a war'

per capita

latin: per head today: per individual, by person

vice versa

latin: with the change/succession having been turned today: with the order reversed

Mary saw Bill and ____ at the beach.

me

cynic origin

mid 16th century (in cynic (sense 2)): from Latin cynicus, from Greek kunikos ; probably originally from Kunosarges, the name of a gymnasium where Antisthenes taught, but popularly taken to mean 'doglike, churlish', kuōn, kun-, 'dog' becoming a nickname for a Cynic.

{noun}

noun (person, place or thing)

What is the normal English term for kernel? Hint: what does {cary/kary} mean?

nucleus

{gen}

original, production

{ic}

pertaining to

{y}

process of

What is the normal English term for firstbit?

proton

to determine how to use i or me

remove the additional nouns and see if the result sounds right. EX) the bikes belong to I (NO) the bikes belong to me (YES) therefore, the bikes belong to John and me.

words derived from latin

second century, christian era, empire, Rome comprehended, part, civilized portion, frontiers, extensive monarchy, guarded, ancient renown, disciplined valor, gentle, influence, manners, gradually cemented, union, provinces, peaceful inhabitants, enjoyed, abused, advantages, luxury, streets, surrender

Sam and ____ will be sitting with Bill and _____

she him

{phon/phem}

sound

{ics}

study of

relative pronoun examples

that, which, who, whom, whose

{pne}

to breathe

{thanas/thanat}

to die

Lucretia, ____ serendipitously discovered a cheap apartment in San Franciso, was paying only one thousand dollars a month in rent.

who

We will have to inoculate against tetanus all volunteers ____ participate in the clean up of the river.

who

____ recognized the allusion to Hamlet in this passage?

who

The president, ____ was the de jure leader of the country, did nothing without the advice of his fascist adviser, ____ was the de facto leader.

who who

who and whom

who is used for things that are not objects (usually as subjects and with linking verbs like the verb to be) -who brought lunch "bill brought lunch -who is he? "he is john -who has the money? "bill has the money

But even now the heralds went away from my shelter leading Briseus' daughter, _____ the sons of the Achaians gave me.

whom

From ____ did you accept that bribe?

whom

To me you are the most hateful of all the kings ____ the gods love.

whom

___ will this innocuous practice harm?

whom

____ will you and ___ study with?

whom she

The minister, ____ the deacons found lying in a pool of his own vomit, was forced to resign the congregation members, ___ did not approve of drunkenness.

whom who

who and whom in relative clauses

whom is used for objects in its own clause who is used in other circumstances (usually for subjects in its own clause) ex: •I know the man whom you saw •I saw the man who stole the money •That is the man to whom I gave the money. •I know the woman with whom you came. •I know the woman whom you came with

{log}

word, reason

Βased on your knowledge of suffix meanings, determine what the word "dyspepsia" means.

Τhe condition of having bad digestion

more on cynic

κυνικός = of/like a dog -how Diogenes lived today 1)cynic = a person who believes people are motivated by selfishness. 2)Cynic = a Greek philosopher who believes that virtue is the only good, that the essence of virtue is self-control, and that surrender to any external influence is beneath human dignity.

important things about combining forms

•Bases give the primary meaning to a word. {scribe/script} •Prefixes alter the meaning of bases without fundamentally changing the base's meaning. inscribe •Suffixes change the class of a word (they change nouns to verbs, adjectives to verbs, verbs to nouns, etc.) inscription •A combining form contains a base in a form in which it can be combined with another base or bases to create words with two or more bases. {psych(o)}

combining forms

•Greek, unlike Latin, often constructed words with two bases. ex: plutocracy = rule by the wealthy {pluto} wealth (base 1) {cracy} = rule ({crac} is base 2 -similar to compound words in english (ex: sand + paper = sandpaper. thumb + nail = thumbnail)

This gold coin depicts Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II, two Greek rulers of Egypt in the 3rd century BCE. Based on Ptolemy's nickname "Philadelphos," what would you guess their relationship is?

-Brother and sister -Husband and wife

hypercorrection

an attempt to be overly "correct" resulting in the production of language different from the standard ("between Harlan and I" instead of "between Harlan and me")

way to determine when to use who, whose, or whome

-he -> who -his -> whose him -> whom -if you can put he in the space you're unsure about, then you should use who if his, then whose if him, then whom 1)turn the question into a statement and put the correct form of he, his, him where the interrogative pronoun should go 2)Then insert the corresponding form of who, whose, whom

English Purity movement

-linguistic purity as key to Samuel Johnson's dictionary project - During the period of Middle English, English competed with Latin and French and had little prestige as a written language. I.e. nobody cared enough about English to have views on it as a language. •C. 1500 the English nobility started distancing themselves from France (particularly after the loss of England's territorial possessions in what is now France) and started taking an interest in English •John Cheke, 1514-1557, "Our own tung shold be written cleane and pure, vnmixt and vnmangeled with borrowing of other tunges." •His idea (and others') was to replace words of Latin/Greek origin •An example of 'archaizing purism,' where vocabulary and word-formation practices of past stages of the language are preferred; •Cheke suggested the following (as examples): •Archaisms: Crossed for crucified, wiseards instead of magi •Calques from Latin and Greek (morpheme-by-morpheme translation): foresayer for prophet, gainrising for resurrection, etc. •Particularly popular among students at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge; criticized as 'peevish affectation' and publicly ridiculed. •Other instances of archaizing purism have been more successful, e.g. in the case of Ottoman Turkish -> contemporary Turkish in the early 20 the early 20th century, or 'Sanskritization,' the replacement of words of Persian and Arabic origin for Sanskrit words from Hindi (a descendant of Sanskrit) after the partition of 1947.

Combining forms in Greek

-sometimes a combining form consists of only one morpheme (ex: {-phage} = eat (microphage.) {cide} = "kill" (insecticide) -Usually, however, a combining form consists of a base plus some other morphemes: •{-logy} = {log} + {y} •{psycho-} = {psych} + {o} Sometimes combining forms consist of several morphemes. •{ec} (= out)+{tom} (= cut) +{y} = appendectomy

pronoun

-words that stand in for nouns -They act like nouns, but, typically they cannot have "noun markers" as nouns do and are restricted in other ways as well.

register 1 vs register 2

1) Old english rise/climb vs words derived directly or indirectly from Latin 2)norman french mount and latin ascend -if you write or speak mostly in register 2, your speech and writing is called Latinate

Relative clauses contain relative pronouns

A clause is a group of words with a subject and a predicate. •They can be complete sentences. •Sometimes, however, they describe nouns and function like adjectives (and, as such, are called dependent clauses). •The type we are going to focus on are called relative clauses, which contain relative pronouns. •These are called relative pronouns, because these pronouns relate /refer back to a preceding noun.

connotation vs denotation

Connotation: an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning Denotation: the literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests

Latinate

English writing that is full of Latinate Edward Gibbon (Latinate author) 0seems more intelluctual and emotionally distant -> objective vs writing that is full of words from Old English seems more earthy and emotional

William Barnes (1801-1886) was an eager proponent of purifying English of loanwords; favored noun compounds, among other techniques

For grammar, he proposed? •speechcraft For prudence? forewit For ornithology? bird lore For flexible? bendsome For synonym? matewording For ignorant? loreless Still others have proposed: For atom? uncleft For radioactive decay? lightrotting For dictionary? wordbook

indefinite pronouns

General pronouns that do not have a definite antecedent Ex: anyone, someone, all, anybody, somebody, each, some, no one Note: those ending in -one and -body are singular

The combining vowel -o- is used for:

Greek words

What might Anderson in "Uncleftish Beholding" mean by "sunstuff?"

Helium

John and ____ ordered the spinach salad.

I

calculate origin

Latin, pebble, small stone (used in reckoning), equivalent to calc- (stem of calx stone) + -ulus -ule

post mortem

Latin: after death today: an autopsy performed to determine cause of death

combining vowels

Often combining forms include combining vowels •Typically "o" in words from Greek (entom-o-logy) •Typically "i" in words from Latin (insect-i-cide) Connecting vowels are usually left out when the second part of a word begins with a vowel or 'h.' EX) •philanthropy (< {phil(o)} + {anthropy}) •philhellene (< {phil(o)} + {hellene} "Greece" •unanimous (< {un(i)} "one" + {animous} "minded")

Correctly combine the following morphemes: •{phil(o)} •{adelph} sibling •{os} (Greek noun ending)

Philadelphos

identify the example of hypercorrection below

Please send this document to john and I

Identify the sentence below with the traditionally correct use of who/whom.

With whom did you eat last night?

robots synonym

a borrowing from Czech 1920s: from Czech, from robota 'forced labor'. The term was coined in K. Čapek's play R.U.R. 'Rossum's Universal Robots' (1920).

paraphernalia origin

a bride's goods, beyong her dowry, a bride's property, 'property apart from a dowry', from para 'distinct from' + pherna (from phernē 'dower').

Word formation in German

•Language purists have often favored noun compounds derived from Old English morphemes; doubly archaic •German, English's cousin, forms many of its words by simple compounding of native elements, as did Old English. We have already seen Kindergarten. •Schuh = shoe, a covering for the foot •How about the German for glove? •Handschuh •instead of hydrogen (a good Greek word), German has? •Wasserstoff •for oxygen, German has? •Sauerstoff •For fuel , German has? •Kraftstoff

interrogative pronoun

•The interrogative pronouns in English are who, whom, whose, and what -interrogative means questioning -Grammatically, they are pronouns because they stand in for a noun in the answer they seek.