Workplace and Safety exam 4
steps of risk analysis
1 Identifying Loss Exposures 2 involves measuring and analyzing the loss exposures. 3 risk control / Selecting Appropriate Treatment Techniques 4
three steps of Job safety analysis
1)Breaking down a job into a chronological sequence of steps 2)Identifying potential hazards for each step 3)And developing accident procedures to eliminate or reduce the potential hazards •Remember that the most effective way to identify potential hazards is to observe your employees! •Once we identify hazards, our job is to develop a procedure to reduce or eliminate the hazard. •However, we can't always eliminate hazards ---- when we can't eliminate them, we must try to MINIMIZE them!
three key items
1.Commitment from top management 2.Clear expectations over workplace safety for employees 3.Commitment should extend to all stakeholders (customers, vendors, stockholders, community, etc.)
UNT's Risk Management Department has 4 main areas:
1.Environmental Risk - Lab Safety (lots of labs over in the science buildings), HAZMAT Tracking, Radiation Safety, Chemical Hygiene, etc. 2.Risk & Administration - Insurance Procurement, Claims Management, Work Comp, Athletics Insurance Program, Self Insured/Retention Program, and Contract Review/Risk Transfer 3.Public Health - Industrial Hygiene, Health Crisis Response, Indoor Air Quality, Mold Inspection and Remediation, Asbestos Monitoring, Food Safety (think about all the food services on campus including dining halls), Communicable Disease Mitigation, etc. 4.Emergency Management - Business Continuity Planning, International Risk Control, Fire/Life Safety, Safety Coordinator Program (there are at least 2 safety coordinators per building on campus), EM Testing and Training, and Emergency Operations Center ●
3 additional components
1.Monetary awards - provided on a grant basis to companies, organizations, and educational institutions - to finance the provision of safety and health training. The majority of these funds have gone to labor unions and a small percentage have gone to private sector employers. 2.Training requirements have been set forth in various OSHA standards, and 3.Requirements have been set forth in the various OSHA regulations known collectively as the "Right-to-Know" regulations.
Four-Step Teaching Method
1.Preparation encompasses all tasks necessary to get participants prepared to learn, trainers prepared to teach, and facilities prepared to accommodate the process. 2.Presentation is a matter of presenting the material that participants are to learn. 3.Application is a matter of opportunities for participants to use what they are learning—from simulation activities to actual hands-on activities in skills in a live format. Simulations, Case Studies, Job Shadowing, Internships, etc. 4.Evaluation is a matter of determining the extent to which learning has taken place. Allows employees to demonstrate their proficiency.
Suggestion Programs
1.Solicit input from the people most likely to know where hazards exist, and 2.They involve and empower employees which, in turn, gives them ownership of the safety program. ........................ •To be effective, suggestion programs: §Must receive a formal response §Must be answered immediately §Management must monitor the performance of each dept. in generating responses §System costs and savings must be reported §Trust of management to give workers due credit for their suggestions without pirating their ideas §Recognition and awards must be handled promptly §Good ideas must be implemented §Personality conflicts must be minimized
Ethics of Workplace Safety
1.Strive to create a safety-first culture. Embrace the fact that nothing is more important than keeping your workers safe. •Must create internal environment that rewards ethical behavior and lead by example! 2.Make safety a top management directive. Make sure all your company's leaders and supervisors understand their role in promoting safety. If management doesn't push it, who will? 3.Strive to create a clean worker safety record. Of course accidents will happen but when they do, complete your investigation and figure out the root cause! Practice prevention! 4.Invest fully in worker safety programs. Train employees on key injury prevention techniques, test them to make sure they acquire the information, and then provide refresher training. At safety-oriented companies, training is a continuous process, not a one-off event. 5.Learn as much as you can about creating a comprehensive safety program. If this is beyond your scope, hire a Human Resources or Employee Health and Safety (EHS) professional to manage the day-to-day details. OSHA's Safety Website can help guide your progress. 6.Finally, view your investments in worker safety as a moral/ethical issue, not as a balance sheet issue OR even a legal issue!!!!!!!
potential barriers that might inhibit employee's successful completion
Cultural Differences, Regional Differences, and Language Barriers
Right to Know Standard
Employees also have the right to observe any chemical testing done at the job site to confirm proper levels are being maintained.
Employee-Management Participation
For a company's safety program to succeed, employee participation and management support are critical •When disagreement over a safety procedure does surface, the issue at the heart is usually money. §Employees are likely to favor procedures that enhance workplace safety regardless of cost. §Management is likely to want to weigh cost vs benefits. §With management and employees on the same team, the safety program is much more likely to succeed.
Whistle blower case video
He actually got fired after blowing the whistle on problems within his own OSHA region.This came out of OSHA Region IX's San Francisco Office where only 2.8% of whistleblower cases received OSHA's approval. When he questioned this low number and procedures, they let him go even though he claimed many cases had merit. Pay attention to how OSHA responded and what the investigator has had to do as a result
Goals of a Job Hazard Analysis
I want you to think of Consequences as being equal to Severity (Hazard Severity) and Likelihood as being equal to Frequency (Hazard Frequency).
How to fix Illiteracy on industry
If we see this problem in our workforce, we should consider establishing working relationships with representatives of local community colleges and vocational schools (these institutions can provide literacy training for workers).Companies should encourage their employees to take classes and improve their skillset.
Approaches to Hazard Analysis
Methods for conducting detailed analysis: •Failure Mode and Effects of Analysis (FMEA) •Hazard and Operability Review (HAZOP) •Human Error Analysis (HEA) •Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) •Risk Analysis (RA) There are two approaches to hazards analysis: PRELIMINARY and DETAILED
federal and state regulators lack sufficient resources to enforce safety regulations.
No amount of legislation can properly legislate EVERY hazardous situation
Who is Responsible for Training?
OSHA and US Secretary of Labor. Organized Labor and Individual Companies. Health and Safety Professionals. Supervisors.
UNT Office of Emergency Management and Safety Services
Our mission is to create a culture of readiness by ensuring the campus community is actively involved in emergency preparedness.
Company Safety Policy
Promoting safety begins with having a published company safety policy that makes it clear that safe work practices are expected at all levels at all times. •The safety policy serves as the foundation upon which all other promotional efforts are built.
Chaper 12
Safety and Health Training
Company's Role in Ethics
The first step for a company to create an ethical environment is to establish written policies and practices that ensure all employees are treated ethically. Then they must enforce these policies
Identification and Prevention
The key to preventing accidents is identifying and eliminating hazards
hazard
a condition or combination of conditions that if left uncorrected, may lead to an accident, illness, or property damage.
Employee decisions to behave ethically or not are influenced by many individual & situational factors
background, personality, personal biases, decision history, and managerial philosophy.
PRELIMINARY HAZARD ANALYSIS
conducted to identify potential hazards and prioritize them according to 1) the likelihood of an accident or injury being caused by the hazard, 2) the severity of injury, illness, or property damage that could result if the hazard caused an accident
Respirators Protection Training Requirements per OSHA Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=3&v=QPNNVhz2iaA&feature=emb_logo •It explains that employers must provide training to employees who wear respirators at work, and it must be worksite-specific training. Respirators don't work if not worn properly so employees must understand fit! •As with any training session, it's important to be organized and present the info in a clear, organized manner. •Notice what the video says about how often training is required and training portability.
Legal versus Ethical
if something is illegal, it's probably also unethical! Also, just because something is legal, doesn't mean it's ethical
DETAILED HAZARD ANALYSIS
involves the application of analytical methods. •1) Failure mode and Effects of Analysis = formal step-by-step analytical method used to analyze complex engineering systems •2) Hazard and Operability Review = for use in the chemical industry •3) Human Error Analysis = used to predict human error NOT to review what's occurred regarding workplace accidents •4) Fault Tree Analysis = another tool to predict accidents as well as investigate them. It's a more graphic model so the analysis process is visual. •5) Risk Analysis = is the one we are going to examine closely because it's applicable to a wide range of hazards. It was traditionally used in financial services and insurance but it can be applied in many other settings.
Job safety analysis
is a process by which all the various steps in a job are identified & listed in order.
Why you should keep your employees safe
keeping your employees safe isn't just about fending off OSHA; it's about upholding your obligations as an ethical employer
Full Potential Approach
make decisions based on how the outcomes affect the ability of those involved to achieve their full potential. The underlying philosophy is that people are responsible for realizing their full potential within the confines of morality.
ETHICS DEFINED SECTION
morning after ,front page,mirror, role reversed,common sense test.
Black and White Approach
right is right, wrong is wrong, circumstances are irrelevant. Here S&H professionals should make fair and impartial choices regardless of the outcome.
Coca-Cola's stance on safety
safety training Improving Route-to-Market Safety
Whistle-blowing
the act of informing an outside authority or media organization of alleged illegal or unethical acts on the part of an organization or individual. •OSHA enforces the Whistleblower Act. If you ever find yourself dealing with illegal or unethical workplace safety issues, report the problem to OSHA!
Three Basic Approaches to Handling Ethical Problems
the best-ratio approach, the black and white approach, or the full potential approach
Best-Ratio Method
the pragmatic/practical approach. Its philosophy is that people are basically good and under the right circumstances behave ethically. However, under certain conditions, they can be driven to unethical behavior. Therefore, the safety and health professional should do everything possible to create conditions that promote ethical behavior. When hard decisions have to made, the appropriate choice is the one that does the MOST good for the MOST people which is called situational ethics.
fundamental rule of thumb of risk analysis
the risk/hazard is DECREASED by decreasing the frequency and severity of hazard related events. Many companies use risk analysis for mitigation and business continuity planning.
OSHA and Whistle-Blowing
there are may whistleblower statutes - not just the ERA one! These statutes cover a variety of industries. Energy Reorganization Act (ERA)-•Under this statute, employees have the right to raise a safety concern. It outlines unlawful acts by employers as well as enforcement.
Ethical behavior
which falls within the limits prescribed by morality. •Personal experience, self-interest, point of view, and external pressure often cloud this gray area further.
ethics
§"...written and unwritten codes of principles and values that govern decisions and actions within a company." •A definition for business ethics boils down to knowing the difference between right & wrong and choosing what is right.
What is the Value of Job Hazard Analysis
§Fewer worker injuries and illnesses §Safer, more effective work methods §Reduced workers' compensation costs §Increased worker productivity
Education and Training Requirements
§General industry, maritime, construction, agriculture, and federal employees. •Personal protection equipment (PPE) •Confined spaces •Respiratory protection •Lockout/tagout (LOTO) •Video •Laboratory Safety •Ladders and Stairways
•Methods of risk financing include
§Retention means that the firm retains part or all of the losses •Effective when no other method of treatment available, the worst possible loss is not serious, and losses are highly predictable. §Non-Insurance Transfers such as hedging, contracts, hold-harmless agreements. §Purchase of Commercial Insurance Appropriate for low-probability, high-severity losses
MSHA Training Requirements
§These regulations define a miner as: •Any person working in a surface mine or surface area of an underground mine who is engaged in the extraction and production process or is regularly exposed to mine hazards, or who is a maintenance or service worker working at the mine for frequent or extended periods. §Regulations specify different training requirements for inexperienced miners, and newly employed but experienced miners.
ethics defined
§the application of morality within a context established by cultural and professional values, social norms, and accepted standards of behavior.
Company-Sponsored Wellness Programs
•A typical wellness program includes: §Diet and exercise under the supervision of an appropriately qualified professional §Stress management activities §Special activities to help high-risk employees overcome lifestyle-related behaviors as smoking and overeating
Guidelines for Determining Ethical Behavior
•Apply the morning-after test. §"If you make this choice, how will you feel about it tomorrow morning?" •Apply the front-page test. §This test encourages you to make a decision that would not embarrass you if printed as a story on the front page of your hometown newspaper. •Apply the mirror test. §"If you make this decision, how will you feel about yourself when you look in the mirror?" •Apply the role-reversal test. §This test requires you to trade places with the people affected by your decision and view the decision through their eyes. •Apply the commonsense test. •This test requires you to listen to what your instincts and common sense are telling you!
Measure and Analyze Loss Exposures
•Estimate for each type of loss exposure: §Loss frequency refers to the probable number of losses that may occur during some time period §Loss severity refers to the probable size of the losses that may occur •Rank exposures by importance •Loss severity is more important than loss frequency!! §The less severe an injury or illness, the more frequently it is likely to occur. (shoplifting) §The more severe an injury or illness, the less frequently it is like to occur. (hurricane)
Problems with Whistle-Blowing
•Even when the illegal or unethical practice in question threatens the safety & health of employees, some people still don't like whistle-blowers. §Problems include: •Retaliation - possibly fired or transferred •Damaged Relationships - hostility in the workplace •Loss of Energy/Focus - dealing with hostility instead of the job •Scapegoating -- Did you know or every do anything about the hazard?
Safety Rules and Regulations
•From a legal point of view, an employer's obligations regarding safety rules can be summarized as: §Employers must have rules that ensure a safe and healthy workplace. §Employers must ensure that all employees are knowledgeable about the rules. §Employers must ensure that safety rules are enforced objectively and consistently. Having rules is NOT enough. Employers have to develop rules, make employees aware of them and enforce the rules. You have to hold people accountable, and it must be properly documented.
Milton CAT's Safety philosophy
•Notice that they say EACH individual worker is responsible for safety! •They also prioritize safety and have made it part of the job performance review as everyone is reviewed annually for safe work practices - holds employees accountable! By reviewing this link, you can see Milton CAT's commitment.They want active participation in their safety philosophy, they involve all stakeholders, and they consider best practices for delivering training such as offering it in different languages
English as a Second Language Training
•OSHA recognizes that more than 10 million Americans speak little or no English. §One in five Americans does not speak English at home. §In addition to increasing the likelihood of accidents, language problems can also result in lower productivity, higher turnover, lower quality, and ultimately a decline in competitiveness. •Companies need to modify training methods and consider cultural concerns
Lockout / Tagout
•OSHA's standard on lockout/tagout addresses the procedures necessary to disable machinery or equipment, thereby preventing the release of hazardous energy while employees perform servicing activities.
Safety Training
•One of the best ways to promote safety in the workplace is to provide ongoing safety training. §Initial safety training should be part of the orientation process for new employees. §Subsequent safety training should be aimed at developing new, more specific, and more in-depth knowledge. •Invest in your employees!
Employee Participation/Promoting Safety
•One of the keys to promoting safety successfully is to involve employees—who usually know better than anyone where hazards exist. §They are also the ones who must follow safety rules. §A fundamental rule of management is that if you want employees to make a commitment, involve them from the start!
VISUAL AWARENESS
•Safety reminder signs can give employees a visual reminder to use caution. There are several rules of thumb to help ensure the effectiveness of promoting safety through visual awareness: •Change signs and other visual aids periodically •Involve employees in developing the messages that are displayed on signs and posters •Keep visual aids simple and the message brief •Make visual aids large enough to be seen easily from a reasonable distance •Locate visual aids for maximum effort •Use color whenever possible to attract attention to the visual aid however the catch here is that you have to follow OSHA's color standards where applicable (always make sure you are in compliance)
Legal and Ethical Reasons for Training
•The OSH Act mandates that employers provide safety/health training & requires: §Education and training programs for employees §Establishment and maintenance of proper working conditions and precautions §Provision of information about all hazards to which employees will be exposed on the job §Provision of information about the symptoms of exposure to toxic chemicals present in the workplace §Provision of information about emergency treatment procedures •Hazard Communication - Safety Data Sheets (SDSs)
Promoting Safety by Example
•The credibility of a safety policy with employees will be determined by the example set by management, from supervisors through executives. §Managers who set a poor example undermine all the company's efforts to promote safety. •Positive examples tend to break down most frequently under the pressure of deadlines.
Impact of Illiteracy on Industry
•The impact illiteracy will have on U.S. industry can be summarized as follows: §Difficulty in filling high-skill jobs §Lower levels of productivity and, as a result, a lower level of competitiveness §Higher levels of waste §Higher potential for damage to sophisticated technological systems §Greater number of dissatisfied employees in the workplace §Greater potential for safety & health problems in the workplace
Miners
•There is a lot of training for miners because it's an extremely high risk industry with unique hazards. •Miners must have received training from a state agency that is acceptable to MSHA (NOT MSHA is a completely different agency than OSHA) •You've got to have a lot of training before you enter the mines and then continuing education on a regular basis.
OSHA Standards and Training
•To promote training and to assist companies in providing it, OSHA maintains a Division of Training and Education Programs Web site. •OSHA standards are also beginning to prescribe what should be taught, how much training must be provided, and how often. §OSHA's Hazard Identification Training Tool §OSHA's Outreach Training Program
Problems with Whistle-Blowing 2
•To prove retaliation, the employee must prove that they were subject to an adverse action by the employer. •Scapegoating - when something bad happens, guess who will get questioned.......the safety and health professionals, HR professionals, and risk managers. "Did you know about the hazardous condition?", "Did you do everything in your power to prevent the accident or incident". In a culture where management doesn't want to accept responsibility, a lot of times they will find a scapegoat and unfortunately the safety, risk management, and HR leaders are usually the ones in the hotseat! This happens sometimes in irresponsible organizations especially when they are facing charges of negligence. •
Health and Safety Professionals who work with supervisors to keep them up to date on new regulations
•We want supervisors to conduct the training. We want to get them involved in accident prevention and make them more aware of how to prevent accidents. •Also, supervisors can provide more job specific training than a safety professional because they are more familiar with their team's operations. •What this tells us is that no just anyone should conduct training. It needs to be job specific and relatable to the employees' work. We want to involve supervisors so we have a key player to help prevent accidents. •It's important all levels of management are on board with safety training. They must lead by example.
Good Hazard Scenarios
•Where is it happening (environment)? •Who or what it is happening to (exposure)? •What precipitates the hazard (trigger)? •The outcome that would occur should it happen (consequence)? •Any other contributing factors
ethics etc
•Workplace ethical dilemmas tend to be MORE complex than ethical situations in general. •They involve societal expectations, competition, social responsibility, and potential consequences of employee behavior on customers, coworkers, competitors, & public. We must consider all stakeholders!
Risk Analysis
•provides information for understanding risks and for making decisions regarding treatment of those risk. §Examines not only the range of potential consequences of risk, but also the likelihood of each consequence and the effectiveness of any existing controls. §Some risk analyses focus on the consequences of a specific event, such as a hurricane or a power failure. Others may focus on a process or system. §Two key questions: •How frequently does a given event occur? •How severe are the consequences of a given event?
Risk Financing
•refers to techniques that provide for the payment of losses after they occur
Risk Control or Risk Financing
•refers to techniques that reduce the frequency and severity of losses. Methods: §Avoidance means a certain loss exposure is abandoned - reduces severity and frequency •Chance of loss is reduced to zero •Appropriate for high frequency/high severity losses •But not always practical or possible to avoid all losses §Loss Prevention refers to measures that reduce the frequency of a particular loss •e.g., Installing safety features on hazardous products §Loss Reduction refers to measures that reduce the severity of a loss after it occurs e.g., installing an automatic sprinkler system
Morality
•values subscribed to and fostered by society in general and individuals within society.
Chapter 26
Ethics and Safety
Chapter 27
Hazard Analysis/Prevention and Safety Management
Chapter 28
Promoting Safety
Job Hazard Analysis Handout pdf
file:///C:/Users/Nura-PC/Downloads/CH%2012%20B%20Supplement%20-%20JSA-JHA%20Example.pdf
Identify Loss Exposures
A LOSS EXPOSURE is any situation or circumstance in which a loss is possible •Typical Loss Exposures for Most Organizations §Property Loss Exposures §Liability Loss Exposures §Business Income Loss Exposures §Human Resource Loss Exposures §Crime Loss Exposures §Employee Benefit Loss Exposures §Foreign Loss Exposures §Intangible Property Loss Exposures §Failure to Comply with Government Rules and Regulations Industry trends and market changes can create new loss exposures.
Steps for Implementing Hazard Control Measures
After selecting a method and applying it, you must observe, assess its effectiveness and adjust as necessary
Safety & Health Professionals' Role in Ethics
•S&H Professionals have a three-pronged role with regard to ethics: §They are responsible for setting an example of ethical behavior. §They are responsible for helping fellow employees make the right decision when facing ethical questions. §They are responsible for helping employees follow through with the ethical decision
