World Art III Exam 2

Austrian and Czech architect. Influential European theorist of modern architecture. Architecture is functional; serves a practical purpose as building. He opposed art nouveau style. Modern man, the man with modern nerves does not need ornamentation, it disgusts him.

Adolf Loos

Experimentation in the gradual abstraction of recognizable subject matter and space, artists broke objects into parts as if to analyze them.

Analytical Cubism

Picasso, Minotaur and Nude, 1933

Angular and cubist, but erotic

1890-1910: Ornamental style of art and architecture in Europe and the US. Natural forms, curved lines of plants and flowers

Art Nouveau

Klimt, The Kiss, 1907-8. Oil and gold leaf on Canvas

Artist with his lover Emilie Flöge

he objettrouvé ("found object") is a cheap postcard reproduction of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa onto which Duchamp drew a moustache and beard in pencil and appended the title.

Assisted/Modified readymade

Releasing the unconscious to create a work of art without rational intervention, in order to produce new imagery and forms.

Automatism

The famous German art school, of which Gropius was the director, didn't have its own department of architecture until 1927

Bauhaus

Vuillard, The Laden Table, 1908 "I don't make portraits. I paint people in their homes"

Blurred Woman with table in a house.

The socialist Bloshevicks over threw the tsar, and withdrew Russia from the World War I. They fought a civil war that lasted until the 1920, and led to the establishment of the USSR Most Russian avant-garde artists supported the Blochevicks, who initially in turn supported them.

Constructivism

art movement formed during world war I in Zürich, in negative reaction to the horrors of the war. The art poetry, and performance produced by Dada artists is satirical and often makes no sense. Mocked the senselessness of rational thought and even the foundations of modern society. Created irrational art, focused on ideas and actions rather than objects.Anti-war and Anti-bourgeois. In German Dada means baby talk. Became an international movement and eventually formed the basis of surrealism in Paris after the war.

Dada

a short lived movement, named after the dutch magazine, that advocated Mondrian's ideas

De Stijl

1911, Munich, The group was founded by a number of Russian emigrants and native German artists. Shared a common desire to express a spiritual truths through their art. named for a popular image of St. George who wears a blue cloak on the city emblem of Moscow. Aspired to offer spiritual leadership in the arts. First exhibition was held in December 1911 and included the work of 14 artists working in a wide range of styles from realism to abstraction.

Der Blaue Reiter (the Blue Rider)

A group of Gernman expressionist artists formed in Dresden in 1905-1913, their name is taken from a passage in Fredrich Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra that described contemporary humanity's potential as a bridge to a more perfect humanity in the future. Created intense brutal expressionistic images of alienation and anxiety in response to Germany's rapid urbanization. Adopted transitional norther media like woodcuts.

Die Brücke (The Bridge)

an open floor plan structure designed by Le Corbusier in 1914. A prototype for the mass production of housing. The floor plan resembled the domino game. The units cold be aligned in a series like dominos, to make houses of different patterns

Dom-Ino House

French scientist, physiologist, and chronophotgrapher, he found a way to record several phases of movements in one Photo

Etienne-Jules Marey

A group of disconnected artists founded the Salon d'Automne, so named to distinguish it from the official Salon that took place every Spring. Many major Modernist movements of the 20th Century made their debut in the Autumn Salon. Three artists (Matisse, Derain, and de Vlaminck exhibited paintings of brilliant colors and blunt brushwork. Critic described the painters as "fauves" (wild beasts)

Fauvism

vivid expressionistic and non naturalistic use of color

Fauvism

Considered to be the first Modern Architect. 1900-10: Wright took architecture to its cubist phase. it had a broad international reception. Prairie Style houses-low, horizontal lines, which blend with the flat landscape of the Midwest.

Frank Lloyd Wright (American)

Ernst rubbed a pencil or crayon over a piece of paper placed on a textured surface. Then he allowed the resulting image to stimulate his imagination, discovering within it fantastic creatures, plants, and landscapes, that he articulated more clearly with additional drawing.

Frotage

Portraying technology and a sense of movement and speed

Futurism

Depicted the crudity and chaos of working-class people and neighborhoods, and satirized the upper class

George Bellows (1882-1925)

Ashcan School painter, New York of the lower East side and the Bowery, of newly arrived immigrants, dockworkers, night club performers, boxers and the average worker

George Luks (1867-1933)

The work of Frank Lloyd Wright attracted much attention in Europe through german publications in 1910-11 featuring his buildings Rietveld was a member of the De Stijl

Gerrit Rietveld (Dutch)

American novelist, poet, playwright, and art collector. Moved to Paris in 1903. She hosted a Paris Salon, where the leading figures of modernism in literature and art such as Picasso, Hemingway, and Matisse would meet.

Gertrude Stein

Laying a painted canvas on a textured surface and then scraping the paint away, and revealing the imagery Ernst saw in the paint with additional painting.

Grattage

Regarded as the precursor of Symbolism in painting. Portrayed stories from the Bible, mythology, and his imagination. Created a world of personal fantasy that had much in common with the Pre-Raphaelists

Gustave Moreau

Founder of Dada, started a satirical night club in Zürich, the Cabaret Voltaire and a magazine which according to Ball will bear the name Dada.

Hugo Ball

The style of architecture that emerged in the Netherlands, France and Germany after World War I and spread throughout the world, becoming the dominant architectural style until the 1970s. The style is characterized by the use of Light weight mass produced industrial materials, rejection of all ornament and color, repetitive modular forms, the use of flat surface, typically alternating with area of glass. Form follows function, "less is more"

International Style

The sense that detects bodily position, weight or movement of the muscles, tendons and joints of the body. Art that deals with the Body in Movement

Kinesthesia

A magazine founded by architect Le Corbusier, Poet Paul Dermée, and painter Amédée Ozenfant in 1920-25 The Articles discussed literature, visual arts, and architecture. Articles from this magazine reappeared in Le Corbusier's seminal book "Toward an Architecture"

L'Esprit Nouveau

1. Pilotis- replacement of supporting walls by a grid of reinforced concrete columns that bears the structural load. The idea of supporting structures on pillars is to make the soil freely usable. 2. Roof Garden on a Flat Roof can serve a domestic purpose and a sun terrace. The garden serves as a heat and cold insulator. 3. Free Ground Plan: The absence of load-bearing walls allows flexible use of the living space, which can be divided by screen elements. 4. Free Façade: separating the exterior of the building from its structural function. 5. Ribbon Windows: The horizontal windows cut through the walls and provide the apartment with even light. It gives the interior a lightness and offers views of the surroundings.

Le Corbusier's set of Architectural Principles

a nonsense word invented by the German Dada Artist Schwitters to describe his collage and assemblage works based on scavenged scrap materials.

Merzbilder

born in Aachen, Germany, died in Chicago, Mies was the director of the Bauhaus. After Nazism's rise to power, and with its strong opposition to modernism (Leading to the closing of Bauhaus) Mies moved to the United States, directed the school at the Armour Institute of Technology in Chicago His buildings made use of Modern materials-industrial steel and plate glass, as conducted by other modernist architects in he 1920s. Mies strove toward an architecture with a minimal framework. He called his buildings "skin and bones" architecture.

Mies van der Rohe

an accomplished pianist, Vuillard adopted the symbolist idea of synthesis, whereby one sense can evoke another. Perhaps Vuillard's reds suggest the lush chords of music that Misia Performed

Misia Godebska

In America and Europe, new industrial materials and engineering innovations enabled 20th century architects to create buildings of unprecedented height.

Modern Architecture

this new plastic idea will ignore the particulars of appearance that is to say, natural form and color, On the contrary, it should find its expression in the abstraction of form and color, that is to say, in the straight line and the clearly defined primary color"

Mondrian "Neo-Plasticism in Pictorial Art"

Munch, Melancholy, 1894. Oil on Canvas

More Vibrant Colors

Non representational style. Mondrian's abstract painting, which used only horizontal and vertical lines and primary colors

Neoplasticism

Visual Poems, The single eye represents the all-seeing mind of God.

Odilon Redon

Born in Malaga, Spain (1881-1973) Moved to Paris in 1904 and lived there for the rest of his life.

Pablo Picasso

Pasted paper. A type of collage and collaging technique in which paper is adhered to a flat mount.

Papiers Collés

Marcel Duchamp, Tu m', [You______(to) me], 1918. Oil and graphite on canvas, with bottle-washing brush and safety pins

Part painting part assemblage. Duchamp summarizes different ways in which a work of art can suggest reality: as shadow, imitation, or actual object. Verb is missing and should be provided by the viewer.

reduced nature's complexity to its essential colors and elemental geometric shapes little cubes, "reduced everything to cubes"

Passages

Born in the Netherlands, died in Manhattan, New York. A Dutch painter and theoretician, known for being one of the pioneers of the 20th century abstract art. His painting changed from figurative to increasingly abstract style, until his artist vocabulary was reduced to simple geometric elements and colors

Piet Mondrian

the term is used to describe the fascination of early modern European artists with what was then called primitive art-including tribal art from Africa, the South Pacific and Indonesia, as well as Prehistoric and very early European art, and European folk art.

Primitivism

A movement cofounded by Le Corbusier and Amédée Ozenfant. it advocated machine aesthetic similar to Léger. Objects are represented as powerful basic forms stripped of detail.

Purism

Transforming, ordinary, often manufactured objects into works of art Duchamp made 21 Doubting the status of the artist and the original. Discarding the fundamental values of art: beauty and artisanship.Instead of traditional questions on aesthetics: craftsmanship, medium, personal taste, Readymade poses these questions: Ontological question: What is art? Epistemological question: How do we recognize it?Institutional: Who determines what is art? The Readymade bypasses the craft tradition, qualifying as a work of art because of its human conceptualization rather than its human making.

Readymade

Small worship space prepared in the homes of Eastern Orthodox Christians The Black space was placed in what is called the red/beautiful corner in Russian Orthodox tradition; the place of the main icon in a house. Malevich considered the square to be the most elementary, basic, and thus supreme formal element.

Red/beautiful corner

A European movement following the first world war. It is characterized by a return to traditional approaches to art-making rejecting the extreme avant-garde tendencies of art in the years leading ip to 1918.

Return to Order

Wanted to be akin to journalism, wanted paint to be as real mud. Working-class and middle-class urban settings provide better material for modern painters than the salons. He travels to Paris and admired Manet, urged his students to paint the everyday world in America. Urban realist painter, a leader of The Eight and the Ashcan School and influential teacher of art in the US ay the beginning of the 20th century.

Robert Henri (1865-1929)

Sergei Shchukin, a Russian collector, commissioned two large canvases to decorate the staircase of his Moscow home, Proposed three pastoral images, Shchukin decided to purchase two works Dance II and Music

Sergei Shchukin

Hanna Höch, Heads of State, 1920, Photomontage

Statesmen look foolish out of context in their bathing suits. Höch places them against a background of an iron-on embroidery pattern of flowers and butterflies surrounding a woman. The President and his minister are presented frolicking in a whimsical fantasy land, as if they are unaware of the intense hardships and political and financial problems being faced by Germany and its citizens during this period.

Name given by the Russian artist Kazimir Malevich to the abstract art he developed from 1913. it is characterized by basic geometric forms (Squares, circles, lines, and rectangles), painter in a limited range of colors

Suprematism

A twentieth-century literary, philosophical and artistic movement that explored the workings of the mind, championing the irrational, the poetic and the revolutionary. The word surrealist('beyond reality') was coined by the French avant-garde poet Guillaume Apollinaire in a play written in 1903. Reton sought to explore humanity's most base, irrational, and forbidden sexual desires, secret fantasies, and violent instincts by freeing the conscious mid from reason. Surrealism aimed to revolutionize human experience, rejecting a rational vision of life in favor of one that asserted the value of the unconscious and dreams. Association; the power of dreams; pure psychological automatism-expressing thoughts and desires while disregarding reason. Surrealism quickly became an international movement.

Surrealism

International movement in Art and Literature late 19th-early 20th century. Originated in France, Rejected the modern world and its materialism, and chose instead to explore the realms of emotion, imagination and spirituality. Sought a deeper and more mysterious reality beyond everyday life. Allowed for a variety of styles. Subjects were strange and ambiguous. Often compared their works to dreams.

Symbolism

Exploring the co-operation of the senses, seeing hearing, touching, smelling, tasting

Synthesia

The artists created complex compositions by combining and transforming individual elements, as in a chemical synthesis

Synthetic Cubism

A group of American realist painters based in New York City, early 20th century. The group's most prominent artists were known as "The Eight". They exhibited together only once in 1908. Artists depicted the commonplace, gritty, and unglamorous realities of life in New York City. Name derived from a critic "Too many pictures of ashcans and girls hitching up their skirts on the Horatio Street" John Sloan, George Bellows, George Luks, William James Glackens, Everett Shinn

The Ashcan School

A Method of copying an object and rendering it larger or smaller. A frame with a grid of strong black is placed between the painter and the object. The invention of the grid method was claimed by Alberti in his De Picture, 1450. Leonardo da Vinci also describes it

The Grid

Malevich exhibited 39 works of art consisting of flat, assembled, geometric shapes, in a style he termed Suprematism, "The supremacy of pure sensation in creative art" Malevich-painting had to be free of political or social content, purely aesthetic, and concerned only with formal issues of line, shape, and color. content-free forms

The Last Futurist Exhibition of Painting 0.10, Winter 1915-16

A quasi-mystical group of young artists that called themselves the Nabis (a Hebrew Word for prophet). Reject impressionism, were inspired by Gauguin's world and symbolist poetry. Believed that a work of art was not a depiction of nature, but a synthesis of metaphors and symbols created by the artist. Physical components of painting, colored pigments arranged on a flat surface, are artificial, and therefore painting should not recreate the natural world. Paintings evoke rather and specify and suggest rather than describe. Pierre Bonnard, Maurice Denis, Paul Sérusier, Édouard Vuillard

The Nabis

1300-foot-tall building to house the comintern, the organization devoted to the worldwide spread of communism. the design was never built

Vladimir Tatlin, the monument to the third international

Created a group of buildings in 1925-26 for the Bauhaus in Dessau.

Walter Gropius

Streets scenes and middle-class urban life

William James Glackens

An invented language that defied the common rules of grammar and description.

Zaum Poetry

Le Corbusier, Voisin Plan, 1925 Sixty-story cruciform skyscrapers built on steel frames and encased in curtain walls of glass. The skyscrapers housed both offices and apartments. They were set within large, rectangular parks.At the center of the planned city was a transportation hub which housed stations for buses and trains, highway intersections, and an airport.Le Corbusier glorified the use of the automobile as a means of transportation, and segregated the pedestrian circulation paths from the roadways.

the Building of a business city in the urban center of Paris