World Civilization 101 Final Exam
Arabia
...
Fairs
...
Fealty
...
Fief
...
Genghis or Chinghis Khan
...
Great Wall of China
...
Investiture
...
Khubilai ( or Kubilai or Kubla) Khan
...
Liege Lord
...
Lord
...
Marco Polo
...
Money Economy
...
Mongols
...
Vassal
...
Ancient India Accomplishments
1. Abstract philosophical thought--analogous to the Greeks 2. Arabic numbers 3. Smallpox vaccination 4. Steel 5. Sophisticated sculpture and literature 6. Sophisticated water system, roads, and cities NOTE: Ancient India did not produce HISTORIANS.
Early Chinese Dystasties: The First 2,000 Years
1. Xia (or Hsia)("Shyah"): 2000-1600 BC (400 years) 2. Shang ("Shahng"): 1600-1050 BC (600 years) 3. Zhou (or Chou) ("Joe"): 1050-221 BC (800 years) (LONGEST DYNASTY!) ****Warring States: 700's to 221 BC (500 years) ****Quin (or Ch'in) (Cheen) Empire: 221-206 (15 years) (ONLY 15 YEARS!) 4. Han ("Hahn"): 202 BC- 221 AD (400 years)
Chief Reasons for Byzantine Empire's Decline
1. development of a feudal military aristocracy with tax-free estates; 2. the decline of independent peasant farmers; and 3. the carrying out of its sea trade by Italians.
William, Duke of Normandy
= King William I of England. (He conquered England; more powerful than the French King).
Savanna
=Grassland (with scattered trees sometimes)
Byzantium
=byzantium empire
Daoism (or Taosim)
A Chinese philosophy that teaches that wisdom lies in becoming one with the Tao, the "way", which is the creative principle of the universe.
Leagues (or Hansas)
A confederacy or alliance of cities.
Roman
A. Laitn: The official language used exclusively in the church, diplomacy, artisticratic--now called "noble"-- courts and education. B. Vernacular Latin: The everyday language of the people, a combination of Latin with local languages that eventually produced French, Italian and Spanish--the Romance Languages. East of the Rhine River (never a part of the Roman Empire), German continued to be spoken. English is a Germanic language although it owes some debt to Latin. C. Technology and know-how, including agriculture, engineering, architecture and the arts.
Germanic
A. The German language, customs and traditions B. Royal dynasties of Franks, a Germanic tribe that had settled in Gaul. Like the local Gauls (who are often called "Gallo-Romans), they had become partly Romanized.
Sudan
Africa-wide savanna stretching in a broad band across the widest part of Africa that is just beneath the southern border of the Sahara. This is not to be confused with the country of Sudan that exists today.
Sub-Saharan Africa
All of Africa south of the Sahara Desert.
Nok
Ancient West African iron-working/artistic culture.
Kush
Ancient kingdom much involved with Egypt. When the Egyptian New Kingdom disintegrated, Nubia became an independent separate state: the Kingdom of Kush.
Aksum
Ancient kingdom that was originally a colony of Sheba with a population comprised of Semites from what is now Yemen and local African inhabitants who were not Bantus. Not only were the Hebrew religious traditions that arrived with the Semites preserved, Aksum eventually (4th Century AD) adopted Christianity (in its Egyptian "Coptic" form). Aksum was later renamed Ethiopia.
Sheba or Saba (or Sabaea)
Ancient trading kingdom on the southern tip of Arabia, now Yemen.
Medieval Conception of Europe
"Christendom"
Hijra (or Hejira or Hegira)
"Migration" or move of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina. Its date (622 AD) is the first year of the Muslim era.
Muhammad or Mohammed
"the last and greatest prophet".
Gothic Churches (13th-15th Cs.)
(i) were also built in stone; (ii) reflected civic pride; (iii) soared in height with flying buttresses; (iv) had pointed arches and stained glass windows that let in much light; and (v) were lavishly adorned with sculpture.
Romanesque Churches (11th & 12th Cs.)
(i) were built in stone because Vikings and others had burned wooden churches, so durability was desired; (ii) were named for Roman style; (iii) reflected monastic values of order, simplicity and otherworldiness; (iv) were built in the shape of a cross and had round arches; and (v) had few windows and tended to be dark.
The Treaty of Verdum
(in 843) split up the Carolingian Empire into three parts (France, Germany and Lotharingia--the latter being a middle kingdom running from the Netherlands to Italy and including Lorraine and Burgundy).
Carolingians (8th&9th Cs.)
--Charles Martel, "Mayor of the Palace" called "the Hammer": (a) decisively repulsed the Muslim invasion of France by the Moors at the Battle of Tours in 732; and (b) fathered the founder of the Carolingian Dynasty (Pepin the Short), who made the donation to the Papacy of the Papal State. Thereafter, the Pope was to be not only the spiritual ruler of a church but also the temporal ruler of a state--with great consequences for future history.
Mervoingians (6th&7th Cs.)
--Clovis: First king of Western Europe who founded the Merovingian Dynasty. It was important that he was (a) a Frank (b) a Catholic rather than an Arian Christian--probably because of his Roman Catholic wife from Burgundy; and (c) a strong leader who gave the dynasty momentum. Also crucial for future history, he took a relatively unimportant settlement (populated by the Parisil and named Lutetia by the name to Paris. Later the first great French dynasty (the Capetians) followed his example.
Monasticism
--St. Benedict: "The Rule" --Benedictines: First European "order" of "Monks" --Monastary (First at Monte Cassino, Italy), Monastaries and Abbeys; Abbots; Nuns and Nunneries or Convents; Abbesses.
Chinese Inventions or "Firsts" (Among Others)
-Silk -(distillation) -Porcelain -(Horse Collar) -Paper -(Ships with watertight compartments, multiple masts, and sternpost) -Printing -Newspaper -(susension bridge) -Lacquer -Gunpowder -Water-powered mill -Magnetic compass
Feudal System or Feudalism
-this system of contractual relationships formed society's webbing. -Land was the basis for wealth and social prestige. -The right to govern was synonymous with land ownership. -This system tended to create (i) self-sufficient large estates, which were the main basis of the economy; and (ii) political decentralization. -European kings in the Early Middle Ages can best be described as "feudal monarchs".
Squire
Before becoming Knights; and had to be a noble.
Unification
Before the British conquered all of India (in the 18th and 19th centuries AD), it was politically united only once (except for its southern tip), by Ashoka (3rd century BC), who (through his missionaries) spread Buddhism and Indian culture even to East Asia.
Hinduism; Hindus
Began in Indus Civilization; Reincarnation, Nirvana, and the Caste System. Hinduism survived in Southern India.
"Middle"
Between Fall of Rome in 476 AD an High Renaissance of the 16th Century.
Mecca
Birthplace of Muhammad
Constantinople
Byzantine empire's capital
High Middle Ages
CA 1000-1300 AD--300 years A. 11th C: Revival B. 12th C: "Renaissance"--Romanesque Architecture C. 13th C: Peak of Middle Ages--Gothic Architecture
Late Middle Ages
CA 1300-1500 AD--200 years A. 14th and 15th Cs: WANTING of the Middles Ages and RISE of the Renaissance.
Early Middle Ages
CA 500-1000 AD--500 years A. 6th and 7th Cs: Merovingians; Clovis B. 8th and 9th Cs: Carolingians; Charlemagne C. 10th C: Dark Age ***NOTE: The 10th C is called the Dark Age because of the great carnage and destruction wreaked on Europe by various raids and invasions. Monastaries, the chief saviors of Christian, Roman and other cultural documents, literature and artwork, were burned to the ground--being mostly built of wood--so that many treasures were lost forever. That is why thereafter almost all monastaries and churches in Europe were built of stone.
Confucianism
Confucius; his ANALECTS; (his disciple, Mencius)
Jainism
Extreme and small but influential form of Animism.
Serf
Farm laborer bound to the land. Not only could he not move elsewhere, he could not set foot outside the manor without the lord of the manor's permission.
Yin Andyang
Female and Male principles
CA 3000-2000 BC
First Indian Civilization: Indus (or Harrapan) with irrigation agriculture located on the Indus River where Pakistan is today.
Philip II (or Philip Augustus)
First really strong French King (of the Capetian Dynasty, formed at the end of the 10th century by Hugh Capet but only controlled area around Paris. Philip expanded royal territory, power and income, especially at the expense of King John I's French possessions).
The Five Pillars
Five Islamic duties including observance of two listed immediately below: Ramadan, Hajj, Jihad, Hijra, Mosque, Minaret, and Caliph.
Buddhism; Buddhists
Founded by Gautama Buddha, a prince who abandoned his family, became an itinerant preacher in a yellow robe. He taught: (1) non-violence, (2) the Middle Path, (3) Four Noble Truths, and (5) the search for Nirvana. Buddhism was almost entirely extinguished in India during the Middle Ages by Muslim invaders who conquered Northern India and converted it to Islam.
The Holy Roman Empire
Founded by Otto I the Great (in mid-10th Century) by combining the kingdoms of Germany and Italy. (Depended on (i) the Pope, and (ii) churchmen as adminstrators-- counterweights to the great German nobles. The latter gained strength and kept the Empire weak while the emperor was almost always away in Italy, and when the emperor clashed with the Pope--as in the Investiture Controversy during the 11th and 12th Centuries. The greatest Hohenstaufen Dynasty emperors, Fredrick I (Barbarosa) and Fredrick II of the 12th and 13th Centuries, lost ambitious battles with Papacy. The next imperial dynasty, the Hapsburgs, ruled from 1273 to 1918).
Patriarch
Highest Orthodox church Official
(326-323 BC) Alexander the Great
Introduced Greek Civilization to India.
Ramadan
Islamic fasting month
Qur'an or Koran
Islamic holy book or revealed truth (Two other books are the Hadith, a collection of Muhammad's sayings, and the Sharia, a law code regulating daily life.)
Allah
Islamic name for their sole god.
Mosque
Islamic place of worship; see Dome of the Rock.
Sufis
Islamic sect of ascetic mystics--islamic "monks".
Jihad
Islamic spiritual/physical struggle; sometimes (often today) it means "holy war". It is regarded by some Muslims as a Sixth Pillar.
Economic & Social Development
New Entities, Loyalties and Havens--Getting Away From Feudalism.
Baghdad
New city (762--8th Century AD, of the Abbasids) built to suceed Damascus as the Islamic capital.
ALPS
Mountain barrier north of Italy, lying to the south of Germany.
Himalayas
Mountains that formed part southern boundary (east and northeast of India) of greatest Mongol empire in 1300 that included much of Russia.
Moors
Muslim conquerors of Iberia (Spain and Portugal today)
Bedouins
Nomadic Arabs
The Battle of Hastings-1066
Norman Conquest of England.
Danube River
Northern boundary of the Byzantine Empire
Use of Metals
Note the Africa (other than Egypt, which is not included here because we have already studied it) SKIPPED THE BRONZE AGE. It went directly from the Stone Age to the Iron Age.
Primogeniture
Oldest son inherits everything. (Rule) Other sons had to work their way up.
Trans-Saharan Trade
Principal African exports in this trade were SALT, GOLD and SLAVES. This trade started slowly (around 1000 BC), but was revolutionized (around 200 AD) by the introduction of camels as the beasts of burden. (By the 14th Century AD some caravans had 12,000 camels.)
Constitutions of Clarendon
Reform of English church courts and rights of the clergy--in favor of the King's Courts.
Battle of Tours, 732 AD
Repulse of the Moors in France, following which they retreated to Spain and never penetrated into Europe so far again.
Germany
Rhine River
Shang Dynasty
Shamanistic rites of divination and ancestor worship; concern with history; welfare and mass graves with human and animal sacrifices; artistry of bronze vessels for rituals; king's absolute power in stratified society; New towns and huge pounded Earth walls produced by mass labor; landlocked agriculture with no real sea trade; (30 kings and Anyang last of seven capitals).
King John I (or Lackland)
Signer of Magna Carta (youngest son of Henry II)
Fine(s)
Payment(s) for privileges, such as the use of the lord of the manor's mill to grind grain, th ability to marry someone from outside the manor; or for a son to inherit his father's position (rights and duties as to tenancy) on the manor. These payments were in addition to the basic agricultural labor and other services that the peasant owed for the privilege of being a serf on that estate/manor. Note that this meaning of "fines" has nothing to do with modern day payments for infringements of the law.
Great Zimbabwe
Southern Africa; The most impressive of these ruins, and the apparent capital of this ancient Shona state, is known today as "Great Zimbabwe"-- a huge, sixty-odd-acre site encompassing two major building complexes. The Great Zimbabwe civilization flourished. The Gold Trade between the inland gold mining areas and Sofala may also have expanded. Great Zimbabwe may also have been the chief beneficiary of this trade.
Minaret
Tall slender tower attached to a mosque from which the oral call to prayer is made.
Caliph
Temporal "successor" to Muhammad with varying degrees of religious leadership also involved.
Sahara Desert and High Atlas Mountains
Two great natural features of the northernmost part of Africa.
England
Thames River (11th Century) (after Dark Ages)
The Mandate of Heaven
The Chinese belief that Heaven entrusts or withdraws a ruler's or a dynasty's right to govern.
Legalism
The Chinese philosophical school that argued that a strong state was necessary in order to have a good society.
Christian
The Church; NOTE: the early problems of the church with the Arians, members of a Christian sect later declared "heretical" so that they became "heretics" persecuted by the church for their denial of the divinity of Jesus Christ. "The Church" was the Roman Catholic church, often shortened to the Catholic Church.
Parliament
The English representative assembly that was formed in 1295 by King Edward I.
Estates General
The French Representative Assembly (or Parliament, first convened in 1302 at the beginning of the Late Middle Ages; It remained weaker than the English Parliament because it never controlled taxes).
Swahili
The language and its East African coastal trading culture and city-states.
Proletariat
The lowest class-unskilled and penniless laborers, who had often fled to the cities from the farms only to enter this new class of losers in the new urban environment.
Bourgeoisie
The new urban merchant class, representing a new upward mobility for those below the nobility.
The Silk Road "Great Silk Route"
Trade route from China to the West that stretched across Central Asia.
Slavery
Traded among other countries. "Occidental " Slave Trade, Chattel Slavery. The Middle Passage. Black slaves.
Pilgrim
Traveler to a sacred shrine. (A great increase in pilgrims after the end of the violent 10th century Dark Age was a spur to building new as well as replacement churches starting in the 11th Century).
Millet
Within the Ottoman Empire, ethnic communities that administered their own educational, charitable, and judicial affairs.
Tsar or Czar
Word for Russian autocratic ruler derived from "caesar." (Tsar Ivan III, known as Ivan the Great, conquered "all the Russias" in the early 15th Century--in the Late Middle Ages.
Religion
architecture, monasticism, theology, the Crusades, and the inquisition.
Nobles
aristocrats;
Pyrenees Mountains
between Spain and France
Hagia Sophia ("Holy Wisdom")
church (6th century) and later mosque (with four minarets added)
Charters
grants of privileges to towns and cities. (appeal to higher authorities)
Justinian
great byzantine emperor of the 6th Century AD whose greatest accomplishment was the Codification of Rome law (Corpus Juris Civilis). His conquest were substantial, but he tired and failed to reconquer all of the Roman Empire in the West. (Wife: Theodora; General: Belisarius)
Islam
means "Submission"; Islamic, Muslim or Mohammedan.
Byzantine Artistry
mosaics, icons, cloisonne enamels, and silk.
Medieval Thinkers
preferred monarchy as the form of government, but expected sovereigns to rule justly in accordance with divine law.
Cathedral Schools
responsible for spreading liberal education to ordinary and poor people, but did not admit girls.
Imports from Southeast Asia
rice, water buffalo, pigs and chickens
Churches, Cathedrals and Monasteries
role as havens from feudal lords.
Domesday Book
survey of landed property enabling tax collection.
Water
symbol of Purification
Hindustan
the Ganges Valley only; rainfall agriculture
Magyar
the Magyars were Asiatic invaders who settled in Hungary (and gave it its language and name).
Viking
the Vikings were Scandinavian invaders who settled in Normandy (which is in France on the English Channel), England, Ireland and Russia.
Monastaries
the chief saviors of Christian, Roman, and other cultural documents, literature, and artwork.
Universities
the very first European universities were at Bolonga (1158) and Paris (1200), each chartered by a monarch as a sort of academic guild to protect faculty and students from townspeople (overcharging), with the right to try any disputs in church rather than local courts. Another purpose was to improve academic standards by requiring a "Master's" license for instructors. As with cathedral schools, the universities did not admit women and in both cases this had a negative or restrictive effect on women's roles in medieval society. Incidentally, Oxford was not founded until 1214 with Cambridge following somewhat later.
Poaching
unauthorized hunting (always the case for the peasant). (very serious crimes are executed for poaching)
(CA 2000-1000 BC) Aryans
violet invaders of India who (1) spoke Sanskrit, the Indo-European ancestral language of all European languages, including English; and (2) probably engendered the caste system in India.
Henry II
Great king who (in my opinion) did most to make England a national state. He consolidated his power by victories (i) over his nobles by substituting "the King's Justice" for the much despised injustice of local feudal (manorial) courts; and (ii) over the Church and the Papacy with his Constitutions of Clarendon. As the great grandson of William of Normandy and husband of Eleanor of Aquitaine, his holdings of land in France were vast and the King of England was vassal to the King of France. This made for perpetual conflict, which was to culminate in the Hundred Years War during the Late Middle Ages.
Charlemagne
Greatest Carolingian, crowned First Emperor of Europe at Rome in 800 by the Pope--an event of huge significance for future popes, king and would-be emperors. Charlemagne, who made Aachen in Germany his capital, sponsored the "Carolingian Renaissance" and its leader/scholar, Alcuin, an English monk at his court.
Thomas Becket
Henry II's chancellor and friend, who, after he became Archbishop of Canterbury (head of the English Church), opposed Henry's adherents under circumstances that are still controversial as to the King's guilt.
First and Second Waves of Islamic Invaders
In reading about the expansion of Islam, note that the first wave (beginning in the 7th Century) consisted of Arabs and the second wave of Turks (from the 11th Century).
Caesaropapism
Autocratic--which means "absolute" --rule practiced by Byzantine emperor over both Church and State, i.e., "ecclesiastical" and "civil" power.
March
Border Area between two bits of territory esp. countries (signs)
Damascus, Syria
Early Islamic capital (of Umayyads)
Kiev
Early Russian capital (of the "Rus" Viking princes)
Bantus
Early people that spread all over sub-Saharan Africa
Gold Trading States
Ghana and Mali
Magna Carta-1215
Guarantee of certain feudal rights of nobles and others, that English nobles forced King John I to sign and seal. Later this was used to bolster the argument that the King's power were limited rather than absolute.
Manor
Had its own court;
Knight
Horseback (huge horses); Armor increase(training)
Tartar or Tatars
Mongols who invaded Russia (in the 13th Century) (Great Horsemen).
Cistercians
Monks of order (founded at end of 11th Century) that applied strict new rules to monastic life (after Benedictine practice was found wanting). (St. Bernard of Clairvaux, in the 12th Century, was the order's most famous leader. He stood for more disciplined work and activism).
Hajj
Pilgrimage to Mecca--at least once in a lifetime.
Urals
Russian mountains dividing Europe from Asia. (Divided Asia, Europe, and Russia).
France
Seine River (13th Century)
Dao
THE WAY
The Papacy
The Pope; Papal State; Papal "Bulls," which are edicts or decrees --origins as the Bishop of Rome (Pontifex Maximus) --(6th C) Pope Gregory the Great, founder of Papal Supremacy.
