World Civilization test 1 part 1

14. Which of the following is not true about cuneiform? a. It used the Cyrillic alphabet. b. It was used for record keeping. c. It was used for teaching. d. It was used to record Mesopotamian literature. e. It was developed by the Sumerians.

a. It used the Cyrillic alphabet.

42. A famous grammar was written by the Indian scholar a. Panini. b. Ashoka. c. Gandhi. d. Jawaharlal. e. Arjuna.

a. Panini.

9. The people who created the first Mesopotamian civilization were the a. Sumerians. b. Akkadians. c. Egyptians. d. Babylonians. e. Nubians.

a. Sumerians.

28. A set of commentaries on the Vedas that emphasized spiritual meditation were the a. Upanishads. b. Kamasutra. c. Rigveda. d. Mahabharata. e. Epistularias.

a. Upanishads.

39. The following are true about the Jewish concept of monotheism except a. a transcendent God, he was part of nature, created rather than the creator. b. God could be both vengeful and merciful. c. each person was worthwhile but had to decide between good and evil based upon the morality established by God. d. an agreement, or covenant, existed between the Hebrew people and Yahweh. e. the gods of all other peoples were believed to be mere idols.

a. a transcendent God, he was part of nature, created rather than the creator.

25. The use of statues and gods in temples is an example of Egyptian art being a. abstract. b. formulaic and functional. c. pragmatic. d. limited in its expression by religious restraints. e. minimalist.

a. abstract.

50. The ideas of Zoroastrianism a. according to the Zend Avesta, stated that there was only one god. b. are perhaps the best stated exposition of polytheism produced in the ancient world. c. were written down by Zoroaster in the seventh century B.C.E. d. influenced Hinduism and Buddhism. e. did not outlive the death of Zarathustra.

a. according to the Zend Avesta, stated that there was only one god.

16. Hammurabi did all of the following except a. become Pharaoh of Egypt during the Middle Kingdom. b. "divide and conquer" his enemies as he returned Mesopotamia to unified control. c. establish his new capital at Babylon. d. work to stimulate economic revival and enhance the irrigation system. e. establish a major code of law.

a. become Pharaoh of Egypt during the Middle Kingdom.

45. The purpose of Ashoka's great polished sandstone pillars was to a. commemorate events in Buddha's life. b. mark pilgrim routes to Daoist holy places. c. warn aliens to leave India. d. provide propaganda for Kautilya's government. e. celebrate his victories over Alexander the Great.

a. commemorate events in Buddha's life.

46. Cyrus the Great a. created a great Persian Empire. b. enslaved the Jews. c. used merciless policies that caused him to be hated by the people he conquered. d. established the Ptolemaic Dynasty. e. permanently conquered Greece.

a. created a great Persian Empire.

5. The Aryans a. dominated ancient India after their arrival from the north. b. assimilated with the Dravidians to form an egalitarian India. c. introduced agriculture to India. d. created a unified system of tribal alliances and kingdoms within ancient India. e. came originally from Persia and the Arabian peninsula.

a. dominated ancient India after their arrival from the north.

18. The annual flooding of the Nile River a. enabled Egyptian civilization to thrive by leaving deposits of fertile silt. b. was an unwanted event that occurred suddenly and generally without warning. c. did not require an organized irrigation system. d. produced many large urban centers that served as havens from the raging waters. e. inhibited the evolution of civilization in ancient Egypt.

a. enabled Egyptian civilization to thrive by leaving deposits of fertile silt.

4. Paleolithic peoples a. engaged in artistic activities, as indicated by surviving cave paintings. b. lacked the use of fire, which significantly retarded their pace of development. c. perfected techniques that allowed them to hunt very large dinosaurs with total success. d. lived in brick structures. e. used bronze for tools and weapons, but not copper.

a. engaged in artistic activities, as indicated by surviving cave paintings.

24. Mummification was to a. help ensure that one could continue to live despite the death of the physical body. b. assure against the return of the ka. c. prevent the vital force of the physical body from returning. d. prevent the vital force of the physical body from departing. e. prevent decomposition during immersion in the Nile or exposure to the sun.

a. help ensure that one could continue to live despite the death of the physical body.

44. The Ramayana a. is a presentation of Indian values. b. ignores the relationship of gods and animals in human life. c. is a realistic depiction of Indian life. d. describes an Aryan attack on Delhi. e. is the name of the warrior caste.

a. is a presentation of Indian values.

21. All of the following are true about the jati system except a. it was the category of social classification with subdivisions within each for different castes. b. it served to categorize large numbers of individual families. c. it sometimes offered an opportunity for upward mobility. d. it could serve as a stabilizing factor in Indian life. e. a jati was obliged to provide for its poor and destitute members.

a. it was the category of social classification with subdivisions within each for different castes.

20. The term that refers to the system of large, joint families in India is a. jati. b. varna. c. guru. d. sati. e. boyar.

a. jati.

17. The Indian warrior caste was known as the a. kshatriya. b. pariah. c. brahmin. d. vaisya. e. jati.

a. kshatriya.

42. The monotheism of the Jews a. produced a feeling of Jewish separation from those who were not Jewish. b. was accessible only to the prophets. c. provided a tolerance for the gods of outside conquerors. d. was a result of the Osiris movement. e. was a consequence of the spread of early Christianity.

a. produced a feeling of Jewish separation from those who were not Jewish.

26. Asceticism in ancient Indian religion a. served as a substitute for sacrificial practices as a means to placate and communicate with the gods. b. enabled priests to facilitate communication between believers and the gods. c. enhanced sacrificial practices. d. provided means of firmly establishing one's experiences apart from the realm of spiritual meditative processes. e. reduced food consumption, as desired by Ashoka.

a. served as a substitute for sacrificial practices as a means to placate and communicate with the gods.

15. During the Mauryan Dynasty, a. the government extensively regulated economic activities. b. the rulers showed no interest in major religious developments. c. women were able to own and inherit land and one, Omione, even reigned for years. d. Ashoka created and publicized the ideas of karma and irgun. e. Alexander built a city on the Ganges.

a. the government extensively regulated economic activities.

10. All of the following are true about the ancient Sumerian city-states except that a. their political structure was democratic in nature. b. warfare between them was common. c. they were primarily agricultural communities. d. they mastered the use of bronze. e. they engaged in monumental construction projects.

a. their political structure was democratic in nature.

26. Egyptian hieroglyphs a. used sacred characters as picture signs. b. employed the use of an alphabet. c. were written only on a paper made from papyrus reed and oak bark. d. were introduced by the Amorites. e. were borrowed from the practices of the Phoenicians.

a. used sacred characters as picture signs.

11. The caste system a. was applicable to every member of Indian society. b. was a central element of Buddhist belief. c. was actually more flexible than the Egyptian social structure. d. originated in Macedonia. e. was unsuccessfully opposed by Aryan warriors' wives.

a. was applicable to every member of Indian society.

44. The Assyrian army a. was renowned for its ability to besiege enemy cities. b. could deploy only a few thousand troops in major campaigns. c. customarily used diplomacy and negotiation in its largely peaceful campaigns. d. was unable to conquer Egypt. e. defeated the Persians on the banks of the Tigris River.

a. was renowned for its ability to besiege enemy cities.

3. The use of fire may have begun about a. 2,000,000 years ago. b. 500,000 years ago. c. 100,000 years ago. d. 25,000 years ago. e. 10,000 years ago.

b. 500,000 years ago.

47. Successors to Cyrus were a. Cambyses and Alexander. b. Cambyses and Darius. c. Ionisus and Cirrilus. d. Zoroaster and Mithras. e. Pericles and Cleisthenes.

b. Cambyses and Darius.

29. Which of the following statements is a valid observation about Brahman? a. He was a contemporary of the Buddha. b. He was the Creator. c. He demanded monotheism. d. He challenged the caste system. e. He spread Hinduism to China along the Silk Road.

b. He was the Creator.

25. A major religion that was founded by Mahavira in the sixth century was a. Daoism. b. Jainism. c. Chandrism. d. Zoroastrianism. e. Hinduism.

b. Jainism.

37. After the death of King Solomon, Jerusalem became the capital of the southern Kingdom of a. Sumeria. b. Judah. c. Israel. d. Arabia. e. Axum.

b. Judah.

19. The Nile delta, about one hundred miles from the Mediterranean, was called a. Greater Egypt. b. Lower Egypt. c. Upper Egypt. d. Central Egypt. e. Axum.

b. Lower Egypt.

41. The language of the Vedas was a. Prakrit. b. Sanskrit. c. Hindi. d. Gujarati. e. Farsi.

b. Sanskrit.

33. The founder of Buddhism was a. Chandragupta Maurya. b. Siddhartha Gautama. c. Mahauira Krishna. d. Ashoka Gupta. e. Mahavira.

b. Siddhartha Gautama.

23. Which of the following accurately describes gender relationships in ancient Indian society? a. The practices concerning education, priesthood service, and property inheritance demonstrated egalitarianism between the genders. b. The superiority of males over females was manifested in all areas of marital life. c. Polygamy, child marriage, and divorce practices demonstrated the emphasis on gender equality. d. Descent was matrilineal. e. A woman achieved "free" status at the age of twenty.

b. The superiority of males over females was manifested in all areas of marital life.

21. Which of the following is not correct about the pyramids? a. They were tombs for the pharaohs. b. They were constructed during the Middle Kingdom. c. They were symbols of royal power. d. The most magnificent of the pyramids was constructed about 2500 B.C.E. e. Pyramids were filled with boats, food, weapons, and games.

b. They were constructed during the Middle Kingdom.

22. In contrast to the Old Kingdom, the role of the pharaoh in the Middle Kingdom was that of a. an inaccessible god-king. b. a shepherd, a provider of public projects and assistance. c. a symbolic fisherman for his people. d. a warrior-king. e. a sacrificial scapegoat.

b. a shepherd, a provider of public projects and assistance.

17. The Epic of Gilgamesh was a. the formal title of the Osiris myth. b. an epic poem from Mesopotamia dealing with the search for immortality. c. a creation myth developed by early Phoenician thinkers. d. the first Egyptian literary masterpiece. e. a code of laws established by the Babylonian ruler, Gilgamesh.

b. an epic poem from Mesopotamia dealing with the search for immortality.

31. The ultimate goal of Hindus is to a. attain a blissful, eternal afterlife. b. attain an ultimate spiritual reunion with Brahman and escape the pain of living. c. attain eternal life by exchanging one's karma for Atman. d. be reborn again and again. e. achieve enlightenment in the Western Paradise.

b. attain an ultimate spiritual reunion with Brahman and escape the pain of living.

40. The three central aspects of Jewish religious belief were the a. priests, rabbis and prophets. b. covenant, the law and the prophets. c. army, the king and the family. d. law, the Pharisees and the rabbinate. e. Judah, Israel, and the Temple.

b. covenant, the law and the prophets.

12. The authority of Mauryan kings was a. limited by the practical aspects of administering a numerous independent city states. b. curtailed by an institutionalized bureaucracy of powerful governors and ministers. c. unlimited by law or custom. d. established by Alexander the Great. e. diminished by the onset of the Black Death.

b. curtailed by an institutionalized bureaucracy of powerful governors and ministers.

49. What do Zoroastrianism and Judaism have in common? a. the concept of polytheism. b. emphasis on good and evil. c. a common worship of the god, Yahweh. d. individual judgment of souls after death by Osiris. e. the belief in unoriginal sin.

b. emphasis on good and evil.

41. Judaism can be defined or described as a religion of a. amoral monotheism. b. ethical monotheism. c. ethical polytheism. d. amoral polytheism. e. monotheistic relativism.

b. ethical monotheism.

10. Chandragupta Maurya a. may have been a member of the army of Alexander the Great. b. feared assassination and had a secret police. c. was the last major Mauryan ruler. d. worshiped the god Mithras. e. abolished Buddhism in India.

b. feared assassination and had a secret police.

9. According to the Arthasastra, a. the king was required to rule solely in a despotic manner. b. for the king, practical politics and results are more important than the divine law. c. there was to be egalitarian use of political power in the society. d. a primitive form of self-rule were to be given to peasants. e. rulers were to be morally flawless.

b. for the king, practical politics and results are more important than the divine law.

29. During the reign of Akhenaten, a. monotheism permanently replaced polytheism in ancient Egypt. b. foreign affairs were ignored and Syria and Palestine were lost. c. Thebes was replaced by Cairo as the capital. d. the Hyksos invaded the Nile Valley. e. the Sea Peoples were driven from Egypt.

b. foreign affairs were ignored and Syria and Palestine were lost.

40. The purpose of the Vedas was to provide a. the unchanging theological dogma of Hinduism. b. hymns and ritual sacrifices for tribal Aryan religious ceremonies. c. the historical legacy of the Hindu tradition. d. commentaries on the tribal Aryan religious beliefs. e. the story of the decline of Harappa.

b. hymns and ritual sacrifices for tribal Aryan religious ceremonies.

The earliest hominids a. lived in Asia. b. lived in Africa. c. used iron tools. d. are known as Homo sapiens. e. evolved 1,000,000 years ago.

b. lived in Africa.

35. Gautama said that the way to avoid suffering was to end desire by a. permanently isolating oneself from the rest of humanity. b. practicing excessive asceticism. c. following the "Middle Path." d. practicing karma exercises. e. avoiding agricultural projects.

b. practicing excessive asceticism.

32. On a practical level, reincarnation a. destroyed the caste system. b. provided hope for the lower class. c. prevented the assimilation of the poor into Indian society. d. weakened the authority of Jainism. e. weakened the conceptual foundation of Indian society.

b. provided hope for the lower class.

49. For the ordinary Indian, the sensuous paradise that adorned ancient Indian religious art represented a. scientific curiosity. b. salvation and fulfillment. c. a reward for outstanding achievement. d. an active fantasy life. e. the final phase of decadence.

b. salvation and fulfillment.

46. Stupas a. originally housed a relic of Ashoka. b. ultimately became a place of devotion. c. was the site where painting first developed in India. d. were believed to be the homes of Vishnu. e. were pillars, exactly fifty meters high and thirty meters deep.

b. ultimately became a place of devotion.

38. "The Rule of the Fishes" refers to the a. statement of Buddha about the need to abstain from killing reptiles. b. view that warfare is glorious and was the primary activity of kings and aristocrats. c. development of a major marine fishery program under Ashoka. d. desire of Hindus to eat fish rather than cattle. e. the invasion of the Ganges basis by the Sea Peoples from South Asia.

b. view that warfare is glorious and was the primary activity of kings and aristocrats.

8. Mesopotamian civilization a. developed during the Paleolithic Era. b. was made of cities and located in a river valley. c. was located between the Nile and the Niger rivers. d. was the only early civilization with no cities. e. was the birthplace of democracy.

b. was made of cities and located in a river valley.

47. Which of the following is not true about the rock chambers? a. Ashoka originally built them to house monks and wandering ascetics. b. They were carved out of the sides of mountains. c. Ashoka prohibited their use for religious ceremonies. d. Their structural format was similar to that of a Roman basilica. e. One of the most famous rock chambers is at Ajanta.

c. Ashoka prohibited their use for religious ceremonies.

The southern area of the Indian subcontinent, a region of hills and upland plateau, is called the a. Ganges River Valley. b. Indus River Valley. c. Deccan Plateau. d. Kara Korum. e. Hindu Kush.

c. Deccan Plateau.

37. After the decline of the Mauryan Empire, the new kingdom that was founded by nomadic warriors in Bactria was the a. Macedonian Empire. b. Chan Empire. c. Kushan Kingdom. d. Shungas Republic. e. Xiongnu Empire.

c. Kushan Kingdom.

45. The Chaldean king who rebuilt Babylonia as the center of his empire was a. Cyrus. b. Rameses II. c. Nebuchadnezzar II. d. Ashurbanipal I. e. Marquil VI.

c. Nebuchadnezzar II.

30. Which of the following is not correct about marriage and family in ancient Egypt? a. Wives of all classes had major responsibilities and commanded respect. b. Women had many equal legal rights to men, but had very limited career opportunities. c. Polygamy was the general rule, although wives could keep additional husbands. d. For women, especially, the penalties for adultery were catastrophic. e. Many parents and children appear to have had close and loving relationships.

c. Polygamy was the general rule, although wives could keep additional husbands.

39. The earliest of the Vedas was the a. Brahmanas. b. Upanishads. c. Rig Veda. d. Ramayana. e. Bodhiyara.

c. Rig Veda.

11. Which of the following is a true statement? a. The Akkadian Empire achieved no expansion, but endured for a thousand years. b. Ur produced total Mesopotamian disintegration. c. The Amorites, under the leadership of Hammurabi, replaced the Sumerians and Akkadians as rulers of Mesopotamia. d. Hammurabi eliminated all aspects of Sumerian culture in Mesopotamian life. e. Sumer was established by the Hyksos.

c. The Amorites, under the leadership of Hammurabi, replaced the Sumerians and Akkadians as rulers of Mesopotamia.

20. Which of the following accurately characterizes ancient Egyptian civilization? a. Its geography and topography made for great political and social insecurity. b. There was little continuity because of the Nile's horrific floods. c. There was a sense of security and a feeling of changelessness. d. It considered religion unimportant as the emphasis was life in the here and now. e. There were few opportunities for trade.

c. There was a sense of security and a feeling of changelessness.

16. The Indian priestly caste was known as the a. kshatriya. b. pariah. c. brahmin. d. vaisya. e. volcana.

c. brahmin.

22. Ashoka a. was the founder of Jainism. b. was the only Indian emperor who tried to foster trade. c. changed his personal values and governmental policies after becoming a Buddhist. d. sent Buddhist missionaries to China and Japan to instruct the people. e. was a vaisya.

c. changed his personal values and governmental policies after becoming a Buddhist.

5. The central aspect of the Neolithic Revolution was the a. first development of hunter-gatherer cultures. b. successful invasion of northwestern Africa by Turkish nomads from central Asia. c. emergence of systematic food production through the domestication of plants and animals. d. use of fire and the cooking of food. e. development of writing.

c. emergence of systematic food production through the domestication of plants and animals.

48. The Persian Empire a. remained strongly committed to its unique monotheistic beliefs for over two millennia. b. absorbed almost all of its cultural and administrative policies from Assyrian practices. c. ended the "Babylonian Captivity" of the Jews during the reign of Cyrus the Great. d. suffered from administrative corruption, and collapsed after the death of Cyrus. e. was very intolerant of the ideas and practices of the peoples it conquered.

c. ended the "Babylonian Captivity" of the Jews during the reign of Cyrus the Great.

2. During the Old Stone Age, a. only Egypt had an advanced agricultural economy. b. both men and women hunted wild animals. c. hunting and gathering was the way most people supported themselves. d. humans lived only in the southernmost parts of Africa. e. communication was maintained through the use of cuneiform.

c. hunting and gathering was the way most people supported themselves.

50. Ancient Indian scientific activities a. were based on ideas much like those of Arabia. b. were notably lacking in astronomical interest. c. included the development of the idea that the earth was a sphere. d. were much more significant than Indian religious innovations. e. caused the Indian scientists to be renowned for their world domination in alchemy.

c. included the development of the idea that the earth was a sphere.

34. The Phoenicians a. were great builders of several long-lasting empires. b. established numerous Black Sea colonies. c. invented an alphabet. d. were skilled mercenary warriors. e. conquered the Sea Peoples of Egypt.

c. invented an alphabet.

30. The Indian term that refers to the impact of one's actions in life on a later life after reincarnation is a. satya. b. dharma. c. karma. d. sati. e. khalid.

c. karma.

38. During the Babylonian Captivity a. the Chaldeans were able to conquer the Persians. b. the Persians gave up control of the Kingdom of Judah. c. many upper-class Israelites were deported to Babylonia. d. Egypt freed the Hebrews. e. the Hittites were held as slaves by the Babylonians.

c. many upper-class Israelites were deported to Babylonia.

The Mahabharata a. describes the peaceful relations between Aryan cousins. b. primarily details the activities of Hindu rulers. c. provides an elaborate discussion of the ethics of the dharma. d. contains Krishna's sermon in which he advocates the value of success or failure as the paramount objective in all activities. e. sharply attacks belief in the dharma as being irrational.

c. provides an elaborate discussion of the ethics of the dharma.

33. The Indo-Europeans a. fought long and exhausting wars against the Hittites. b. originally lived in the western section of the Sahara. c. spoke related languages, among which are Sanskrit, Persian, and Greek. d. were the descendants of the Mongols and Turks. e. never penetrated Europe or India.

c. spoke related languages, among which are Sanskrit, Persian, and Greek.

23. The story of Osiris in ancient Egyptian religion served to a. weaken popular belief in the pharaoh's divinity. b. permit the people to maintain a sun cult. c. strengthen the belief that immortality could be achieved. d. provide a method for designing and constructing the pyramids. e. justify wars against Syria.

c. strengthen the belief that immortality could be achieved.

7. Which of the following were among the basic characteristics of the first civilizations? a. the development of the Phoenician alphabet. b. the use of iron tools and weapons by 3500 B.C.E. c. the development of cities. d. the discovery of fire. e. the invention of pottery.

c. the development of cities.

14. The three "twice-born" castes were the a. Sikh, Hamar and Maltese. b. sudras, brahmins and kshatriya. c. vaisya, kshatriya and brahmins. d. brahmins, bodhi and mahayana. e. sudra, ashakan and pariah.

c. vaisya, kshatriya and brahmins.

13. Mesopotamian religion a. played a limited role in its culture. b. was monotheistic in nature. c. was reinforced by the intensity of the region's environment. d. employed divination to maintain people's uncertainties about the gods' behavior. e. believed that the world was controlled by two competing gods.

c. was reinforced by the intensity of the region's environment.

34. A key difference between Hinduism and Buddhism was that Buddhism a. claimed that each individual possessed an individual, reincarnatable soul. b. believed in an unyielding caste structure. c. was simpler, as it rejected the numerous Hindu gods. d. required belief in a different, two-tier caste system. e. originated in Mongolia, Siddhartha's birthplace.

c. was simpler, as it rejected the numerous Hindu gods.

43. The Assyrian Empire a. developed in the central desert region of the Arabian peninsula. b. expanded northward from its original homeland to the Baltic Sea by 700 B.C.E. c. was skilled at waging both conventional and guerrilla warfare. d. was the greatest trading center of the ancient world. e. briefly occupied southern Greece.

c. was skilled at waging both conventional and guerrilla warfare.

35. Many historians believe that the early books of the Hebrew Bible a. were written at the time of the events they describe. b. are an accurate account of all of the events recounted. c. were written long after the events written about. d. accurately reflect the true written history of the early Hebrews. e. were first written on papyrus.

c. were written long after the events written about.

27. Asceticism eventually evolved into the modern practice of body training known as a. karma. b. satya. c. yoga. d. sati. e. samsara.

c. yoga.

32. Among the early Indo-European peoples were the a. Hyksos, who conquered Sumer in 3300 B.C.E. b. Uighurs, who occupied Lower Egypt in 1700 B.C.E. c. Romans, who first appeared in southern Palestine. d. Hittites, who developed an empire in western Asia. e. Arabs, who conquered Mecca in 1700 B.C.E.

d. Hittites, who developed an empire in western Asia.

3. Which of the following correctly describes Harappan civilization? a. It showed no similarity to the civilizations of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. b. Its culture never attained the status of a true civilization. c. It was much more agricultural than its contemporaries in Egypt and Mesopotamia. d. It was a collection of over fifteen hundred towns and cities, ruled by landlords and rich merchants. e. It never developed an urban center of over 3,000 people.

d. It was a collection of over fifteen hundred towns and cities, ruled by landlords and rich merchants.

27. The independent African state that emerged at the end of the second millennium B.C.E. was a. Axum. b. Mali. c. the Maghreb. d. Kush. e. Zanj.

d. Kush.

28. The aftermath of the Hyksos intrusion into Egypt resulted in a. the Egyptian use of iron for improved tools and weapons. b. the reestablishment of the Old Kingdom. c. Egyptian adoption of camel-drawn war chariots. d. a significant increase in Egyptian imperialism in the New Kingdom. e. the destruction of the pyramids.

d. a significant increase in Egyptian imperialism in the New Kingdom.

12. Ancient Mesopotamian society a. was predominantly industrial. b. employed trade and barter only to a very limited extent. c. lacked a specific class structure. d. developed an extensive irrigation system. e. was entirely literate

d. developed an extensive irrigation system.

7. What army of occupation was driven from India by Chandragupta Maurya? a. the Akkadian army. b. the army of Ramses IV. c. the forces of the Assyrian king. d. the Greek administrators who had remained after Alexander the Great. e. the army of Tamir the Lame.

d. the Greek administrators who had remained after Alexander the Great.

31. In addition to Mesopotamia and Egypt, other nearby areas in which significant human advances were made included a. the development of large urban centers in the Balkan peninsula by 9300 B.C.E. b. probable independent development of animal domestication and limited farming in what is now southern France by 10,000 B.C.E. c. the establishment of large sheep ranches on the islands of Sicily and Ireland. d. the construction of a large megalithic complexes in the British Isles and in northwestern France which revealed a surprising awareness of astronomical data. e. the appearance of true cities in northern Gaul by 4000 B.C.E.

d. the construction of a large megalithic complexes in the British Isles and in northwestern France which revealed a surprising awareness of astronomical data.

19. The third-ranked caste, usually viewed as the merchant caste, was the a. kshatriya. b. pariah. c. brahmins. d. vaisya. e. sudras.

d. vaisya.

4. The Harappan economy a. was based upon war and conquest. b. is unknown, due to the lack of physical or written evidence. c. was devoted to the maintenance of the god Seth. d. was based primarily on agriculture. e. was exclusively involved in manufacturing and trade.

d. was based primarily on agriculture.

36. According to tradition, Ashoka's son: a. abdicated the throne in humility to a wise advisor. b. died because Ashoka refused to commit a violet act. c. sought to convert Ashoka to Jainism. d. was responsible for converting the island of Sri Lanka to Buddhism. e. was an academic and found no interest in politics.

d. was responsible for converting the island of Sri Lanka to Buddhism.

2. The two major cities of the Harappan civilization a. were Gujarat and Panini. b. were both located near the Indian Ocean coast. c. each had over 500,000 inhabitants. d. were Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. e. were established on the bank of the Ganges River.

d. were Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.

18. Women in ancient India a. were legally owned by their husbands and male children. b. were never permitted to study the Vedas or own land, but could often serve as gurus. c. never married before the age of twenty-one years. d. were in theory required that a widow throw herself upon her dead husband's funeral pyre. e. were barred from even viewing the ritual of sati.

d. were in theory required that a widow throw herself upon her dead husband's funeral pyre.

6. Scholars have found a larger, highly significant Neolithic urban center at a. Nairobi. b. Mumbai. c. Hokkaido. d. Machu Picchu. e. Catal Huyuk.

e. Catal Huyuk.

15. Which of the following is untrue about the Code of Hammurabi? a. Public officials had numerous responsibilities. b. It incorporated a system of consumer protection. c. The largest category focused on marriage and the family. d. Sexual promiscuity was tolerated for men only. e. Hammurabi's code did not mention women.

e. Hammurabi's code did not mention women.

8. The Indian term dharma referred to laws setting behavioral standards for which groups in Indian society? a. bodhis and kshatriyas. b. rajas and maharajas. c. the Dao. d. the untouchables. e. all inhabitants of India, of all classes.

e. all inhabitants of India, of all classes.

36. King Solomon is associated with all of the following except a. he ruled a united kingdom. b. he built a temple. c. his capital was Jerusalem. d. Israel was at the height of its powers. e. controlled all of the Middle East.

e. controlled all of the Middle East.

24. According to the Atharvashasta, a woman who had been deserted by her husband: a. was entitled to the return of double her dowry. b. could seek a divorce. c. had no recourse. d. was immediately freed from all marital commitments. e. could never remarry.

e. could never remarry.

13. The members of the caste known as the untouchables, or pariahs, were a. so holy that they would be contaminated if touched even by high priests. b. given extensive opportunity to achieve social mobility. c. required to have a minimum of five children during their lifetimes. d. composed primarily of priests and financial planners. e. given jobs such as handling dead bodies or collecting trash.

e. given jobs such as handling dead bodies or collecting trash.

48. The most enduring achievement of Indian science and mathematics was: a. the patterns formed by stars, or constellations. b. the three states of matter. c. the fact that the sun is a star. d. important observations of the orbit of Mars. e. the discovery of the so-called "Arabic" number system which we use today.

e. the discovery of the so-called "Arabic" number system which we use today.

6. The Aryans a. were an Indo-European people who spoke the German language. b. crushed Mohenjo-Daro when the Harappan Civilization was at its peak. c. never controlled any of the Deccan Plateau. d. were the first Dravidian people to settle in the Indus Valley. e. were led by tribal chieftains who were called rajas.

e. were led by tribal chieftains who were called rajas.