World Civilizations

Which of the following characterized the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte in France?

A centralized, efficient administration

Which of John Locke's ideas formed the basis of the Declaration of Independence

A social contract, binding both ruler and ruled

What was the primary reason for the rapid increase in the importation of Africans in sixteenth-century Brazil and the Caribbean?

Africans were used as labor for sugar plantations.

Which of the following allowed the Spanish to defeat both the Aztec and Inca Empires

Both empires suffered from internal weakness and divisions that were exploited by the Spanish.

Which of the following accurately characterizes both the American and French Revolutions?

Both introduced republican forms of government.

What three explorers traveled to the Americas immediately after Columbus?

Cabot, Cabral, and Vespucci

Check all that apply. Commodities that were in demand from Mughal India included

Cinnamon

Francis Bacon's method of scientific inquiry asserted which of the following?

Conducting experiments was the only way that humans could begin to understand the workings of nature.

Which of the following was a consequence of Napoleon's failed attempt to create a French continental empire?

Europe was divided between those who wanted to restore the status quo and those who wanted to create a society based on individual rights and limited government.

Which of the following groups benefited most from the wealth generated by the Atlantic system?

European elites

What role did Europeans play in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century slave trade in Africa?

Europeans remained in coastal enclaves, depending on indigenous political and trading networks to bring slaves to them

Napoleon's assumption of power marked a return to prerevolutionary absolute monarchy in France.

False

The appeal of Enlightenment thought in the eighteenth century was confined to Britain and France

False

The fall of Constantinople in 1453 had absolutely no affect on trade for Europe.

False

In what way did the newly independent United States and revolutionary France differ?

France sought to spark revolution in other countries, and the United States did not.

What led Portuguese traders to explore the coast of Africa in the mid-sixteenth century?

Gold's value rose dramatically during and after the Black Death, and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals. Their belief was supported by the picture of Mansa Musa in the Portola map of the world.

Which of the following did Adam Smith see as a valid reason for creating an economy with less government regulation?

He believed that free and fair competition provided the best opportunity to produce wealth.

Why did King Pedro separate Brazil from Portuguese rule and declare Brazil to be a constitutional monarchy?

He feared an uprising among the local elites.

Which of the following accurately describes the political revolution against the Spanish monarchy in early nineteenth-century Latin America?

It became a social struggle among Amerindians, slaves, mestizos, and whites.

How did the idea that "all men were created equal" affect revolutionary American society?

It encouraged people to overturn social hierarchies and stop deferring to those who claimed higher rank.

How did popular culture in Tokugawa Japan subvert its social order?

It idolized groups such as actors, musicians, and courtesans, who were ordinarily at the bottom of the social hierarchy.

How did Europe's trade balance with the rest of the world change during the Industrial Revolution?

It went from a deficit to a surplus as Europeans sold manufactured goods around the world.

What group, that came into existence because of the Counter Reformation, sent people out to convert the world (including China and Japan)?

Jesuits

What factor contributed most to Mexico's Declaration of Independence in 1821?

Loss of faith in the Spanish king's ability to rule effectively

What can historians use as evidence that the ideals of the Enlightenment were not universally accepted

Many governments employed censors and punished radical thinkers

What was the economic philosophy called that assumed that the world's wealth was fixed and one country could only increase its wealth at the expense of another?

Mercantilism

Which of the following helped to destabilize the Ottoman Empire during the seventeenth century

Military campaigns and a growing population strained the empire's resources.

In terms of world trade, which region had the most influence around 1500 AD?

Ming China

Why was it necessary to continue to import large numbers of African slaves to replenish labor on sugar plantations?

Most of the slaves were men, who suffered high mortality rates due to overwork and poor conditions.

What actions did Ottoman officials take to assist the caravan trade transporting goods from China to the Ottoman heartland?

Officials established caravan stations for travelers' refreshment and protection.

How did relations between the Ottoman Empire and its merchants compare with those between European nation-states and their merchants

Ottoman merchants regularly feuded with rulers, whereas European merchants tended to have a mutually beneficial relationship with rulers.

What types of characteristics did Carolus Linnaeus use to define racial categories

Physical appearance and form of governance

Which of the following is a consequence of the revolution in Saint-Domingue?

President Thomas Jefferson refused to recognize the new nation, worried that its success might inspire similar revolts in the United States.

How did Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Adam Smith perceive the influence of commerce on human relations?

Rousseau believed that commerce made people harmful to each other, whereas Smith believed it fostered cooperation.

In what way did Shimai Soshitsu's writing reflect Adam Smith's conception of human nature? Correct!

Shimai was primarily concerned with the success of his house.

Which of the following was the most lucrative source of wealth for European planters in the Americas in the seventeenth century? Rice

Sugar

Which of the following was included in 1842 Treaty of Nanjing?

The Chinese ceded the island of Hong Kong to the British.

For what reason did the Tokugawa shoguns expel all foreign traders except for the Dutch?

The Dutch did not proselytize

Which of the following was a consequence of the political and economic disorder in the Ottoman Empire in the seventeenth century

The Mamluks in Egypt asserted political and commercial autonomy

Which of the following explains in part why China did not become the epicenter of the Industrial Revolution?

The Qing did not foster experimentation or create links between thinkers and investors.

Why can historians claim that Mughal rulers were victims of their own success?

The combination of prosperity and dependence on local elites for governance allowed the local elites to become more autonomous.

Which of the following is a valid comparison between the American and the Saint-Domingue Revolutions

The leaders of the American Revolution were primarily owners of property, but the leaders of Saint-Domingue were primarily slaves.

Which of the following was a product of radical French revolutionaries who controlled the French government during the 1790s?

They established the world's largest army.

What ideas did European Enlightenment thinkers hold in common?

They wanted to improve their societies and search for universal, objective knowledge.

Why were the Portuguese and other Europeans motivated to find new routes to Asia?

They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean.

Which of the following was the most common way that African slaves in the Americas resisted the conditions of their enslavement

Thousands of slaves fled to the remote interiors of Brazil or the Caribbean islands

What, according to mercantilist thinkers, was the purpose of colonies

To enrich the states that had founded them

Why did King Louis XVI summon the Estates-General into session in 1788?

To levy new taxes in order to improve his credit

What was Portugal's primary goal in the Indian Ocean trade?

To take over the trade or tax local merchants once they realized they did not have goods to trade that were in demand in the region.

Montesquieu believed that commerce improved relations among states, but could degrade human relations within states

True

The American Revolution was the first of a series of revolutions to shake the Atlantic world, inspired by new ideas of freedom.

True

The French Revolution and Napoleonic wars shattered the ties between Spain and Portugal and their American colonies.

True

Which of the following factors made the Safavid Empire the most unstable of the large Muslim states?

Weak rulers and internal divisions

In Primary Source 12.4 (see pp. 586-587), the Ming Official He Ao describes Europeans (Feringis) as

cruel, crafty, and law breakers

The French Revolution had

multiple phases

China exported

tea, silk, ceramics, paper, cotton

Sea routes were preferable to Land routes for Europeans because

the Ottomans, the Saffavids and the Mughals controlled the land routes and taxed European trade at each point

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what led the Japanese to consider how to control and integrate foreign learning (especially from China and Europe)?

Earlier, foreign ideas rarely traveled beyond coastal regions, but by the eighteenth century, expanded networks of exchange facilitated their spread throughout the country.