World History Chapter 18 : The French Revolution and Napoleon
constitution
The National Convention up with a new _________________ - The Directory. This became the gov't of the French Revolution
Tuileries, Legislative Assembly
The Sans Culottes marched on _______________ Palace in Paris, on August 10, 1792. They killed the king's guards and imprisoned Louis XVI and his family. The National Convention replaced the ________________ ______________.
guerilla warfare
The Spanish used _____________ ___________ against the French
The First Estate
made up of clergy ; they were 1% of the French population; owned 15% of the land in France; and they paid no taxes
Louvre
Napoleon created this French pyramidal structure
directors, vote
It established a two-house legislator and an executive branch that had five individuals known as ______________. It eliminated universal manhood suffrage. Now, only middle class male property owners could _________
Europe
Napoleon expanded French control to almost all of ___________
600,000
Napoleon gathered together the Grand Army that consisted of ______,_______ soldiers from all over his empire. Not all were French, they were a mixture of people form conquered territories.
Pope, power
Napoleon invited the _________ to Paris to crown him as emperor in 1804. The Pope accepts, but crowned himself showing that he was responsible for his own ___________. The authority came from him and no one else.
100
Napoleon led an army into Paris and ruled for ______ days.
Marie Louise
Napoleon married the Austrian princess, _________ ___________, by proxy on March 11, 1810.
Britain
Napoleon placed relatives on thrones of places he conquered to maintain control. France decided to invade __________; Spain sided with France; Napoleon's goal was to defeat the British navy and invade Great Britain; the British navy was headed by Vice Admiral Lord Nelson.
brothers, sister
Napoleon removed the legitimate rulers of conquered countries and replaced them with his _____________ and _____________ of the throne.
Josephine
Napoleon wanted a heir...he needed a son, but _________________ couldn't get pregnant, so he annulled the marriage in 1809
Prussia
Napoleon won several land victories against Austria and ___________. The Continental System;when Napoleon ordered a naval blockade of Europe against the British Isles
home
Napoleon's supporters believed he could restore order at _________ against the corrupt directory.
guards, prisoners, bloodshed
On July 14, 1789, the people of Paris captured Bastille by storming the prison, killing the commander and __________, and freeing the ______________. This was the first _______________ of the French Revolution.
rights
Order, security, and efficiency were more important to Napoleon than individual __________. They wanted order and efficiency after a decade of turmoil.
education, refinement
Overall, they were men of high intellectual caliber, ______________, and ________________
dictatorship
People accepted Napoleon's __________________. The people of France wanted security and stability.
Bonaparte
attended military school and became a general at 26.
Bonaparte
commander of the French army and military genius. He was able to rapidly move troops on the battlefield.
Bank of France
created a national bank that stabilized the currency; had the Concordat of 1801
The Law of the Fourth of August
demanded reforms of the National Assembly; ended feudalism in France; cancelled all feudal dues and services owed by the peasants; clergy and nobles must pay taxes
conservatives
felt the revolution had gone far enough; wanted a king with limited powers; seated on the right side of the Assembly, hence the term, 'right-wing ________________'
moderates
had no extreme views; sided with either conservative or radicals, depending on the issues; seated in the middle
The Girondists
had the majority in the legislative assembly (the Jacobins were the minority)
The Reign of Terror
led by Maximilien de Robespierre
Napoleon Bonaparte
lived from August 15, 1769 - May 5, 1821.
sword
"I found the crown of France lying on the ground and I picked it up with my __________."
Sans Culottes
"without breeches"; working class men and women of Paris; wore long pants instead of knee breeches, hence why they're called Sans Culottes; wanted a republic and no monarchy
flag
A new ________ was created, a tri-color of red, white, blue
plebiscite
Another _______________ was given to the French people to vote on; the people of France voted to declare France as an empire and Napoleon as emperor
energetic
Bonaparte was ambitious, ______________, and had a small personality.
Corsica
Bonaparte was born on the island of ____________, which is in the Mediterranean Sea.
Duke of Wellington
Britain sent the ________ ___ ________________to the Spanish and Portuguese people to help them rise up against the French.
sea
Britain was able to keep _______ lanes open with its powerful navy and survived the blockade.
Britain
Britain was blockaded by France, so no one in Europe was allowed to trade with __________
Austria
Britain, ___________, Russia, and Sweden went to war with France.
British
By 1813, the ____________ drove out Joseph Bonaparte.
food, prices, wages, political, army, Church, gov't
Causes of the French Revolution: - ________ shortages - high _________, but low __________ - resentment from the Third Estate for having to pay taxes and feudal dues - the educated Bourgeoisie wanted ____________ power; they wanted jobs in the ________, __________, ________________ - the ideas of the Enlightenment - financial crisis - The success of the American Revolution; the shot heard around the world; understand that the American Revolution was not really a revolution...it was actually a political uprising; the French Revolution was a revolution because it was an attempt to not only change the political system but it became an attempt to overthrow the entire society
Napoleon Code
Conquered lands were forced to use the _________________ _________. They were introduced by Napoleon and taught military techniques, but the people had an increased feeling of nationalism which increased opposition to French rule
voted
Each group _________ on an issue, but their was only one vote per estate
middle class, peasants, neighbor
Enemies were not just nobles, but many __________ _______ and _____________ were put on trial. One could be arrested not on evidence, but on word of a ______________. People as a group sat on the jury.
Robespierre
Even today, people of France still hate __________________.
debt
France had a huge ________ by the late 1700s
Estates General
French legislative branch; first time they'd been called in 175 years
emigres
French nobles who fled to other European countries; plotted to overthrow the Revolution
Joseph
Napoleon conquered Spain and Portugal and made his brother, ____________, king of Spain in 1808
National Guard
General Marques de Lafayette, who fought in the American Revolution, formed a people's army, known as the _____________ __________
axe, blade, radical
Guillotines were used to execute people. It was meant to be more humane than the _______. It had a heavier _________ and assured a steady hand. It became a symbol of the ___________ phase of the revolution
Austria
In the middle of the night from June 20 - 21, 1791, King Louis XVI and his family, in disguise, tried to flee to ___________ to Marie Antoinette's brother. They were trying to escape Paris in order to initiate a counter revolution. They were recognized, arrested, and sent back to Paris. People no longer trusted Louis XVI.
emperor
He makes himself _____________(coup d'état)
Italy
He officially ended the HRE; conquered parts of __________
Josephine
He was married (first time) to ________________ de Beauharnais.
order
He was to restore __________ in France, but seized power himself.
First Consul, unlimited
His rule was called The Consulate and Napoleon named himself ________ ___________ in 1799. He had a ______________ power. He now commanded the army and navy. He appointed all officials and proposed all new laws. He had a new constitution written. He had a plebiscite - means the people could vote 'yes' or 'no' changes and the people voted to approve the new constitution.
heroic
However, this may not have been a ___________ act from the nobles since they didn't give up anything they hadn't already lost.
France
In 1815, Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to ___________.
remains
In 1840, Napoleon's ____________ were brought back to Paris
Austria
In the spring of 1792, the legislator voted to declare war on _____________.
overthrow
King Louis XVI secretly plotted with the Émigrés to ______________ the new gov't
Estates General
Louis XVI called for a meeting of the ___________ ___________ to Versailles for approval of new taxes
Paris
Louis XVI moved troops into ________ and his Palace of Versailles
January 21, 1793
Louis XVI was beheaded by the guillotine on _____________ ____, _______
exile
Louis XVIII fled into ________. France;Prussia, Britain, and the Netherlands sent armies to fight ___________. The Battle of Waterloo;June 18, 1815; fight in Belgium between France against the British and Prussian troops under the Duke of Wellington; they defeated Napoleon and the French army
joined
Louis XVIII sent soldiers to capture Napoleon, but instead, they ___________ Napoleon
St. Helena
Louis XVIII was restored to the throne and Napoleon was exiled in ____.__________ and died in 1821
XVI
Louis ______ is going to be the one to raise the money; he tried to tax the first and second estates, but was unsuccessful because they refused; only the lower classes paid taxes and they had no money to spare
XVIII
Louis ________ became king of France
virtual prisoners
Louis and his family did leave and were kept as ___________ ______________.
Church
Many Catholics were also unhappy with measures against the ___________.
forceful diplomacy
Many other kingdoms aligned with France; this is known as _______________ __________________
October 16, 1793
Marie Antoinette was also beheaded by the guillotine on _______________ ____, _________.
Napoleon II
Marie Louise gave birth to ______________ ___, in 1811.
incorruptible
Maximilien de Robespierre became known as the '_________________' because he was completed dedicated to the revolution.
5'2
Napoleon Bonaparte was _____. However the average height for this time period was 5'4.
Arc de Triomphe
Napoleon also created this arc-like structure
spread
Prussia, Austria, and other European nations were afraid that the ideas of the revolution would ___________ to their countries
republic
Radicals declared the end of the monarchy and the beginning of France as a _____________.
Commons
Radicals seized control of Paris' city gov't and called themselves 'The ______________'. They eliminated titles like 'sir', and now one was just called citizen.
men
Robespierre let _______ from any class, with ability, could now become officers
state, peasants
The Catholic Church was placed under _________ control, rather than Vatican control, so the National Assembly seized the land of the Catholic Church and sold it to the public. ___________ now became landowners.
conscription, military service
The Committee of Public Safety adopted the ________________ (draft), which required unmarried men, ages 18 - 25, to be subject to ____________ ___________ for their country
foreign invaders
The Committee of Public Safety was in charge of the army crushing ____________ _____________
treason
The Commune accused Louis XVI of ____________. They said he was plotting with foreign powers to overthrow the revolution and constitution of 1791.
Lafayette
The Declaration of the Rights of Man was written by _____________ and the National Assembly
ten
The Directory established the metric system based on ______.
democratic, inflation, slavery
The Directory made ________________ reforms; they opened new schools and had universal elementary education. There were wage and price controls to stop ______________.They abolished ____________ in France's colonies. They encouraged religious toleration.
Third
The First and Second Estate would always get together and outvote the _________ Estate. The Third Estate wanted to vote as individuals since they outnumbered the First and Second Estate. Louis XVI said "no", and instructed delegates to follow old customs
state
The French Catholic control was placed under _________ control rather than Vatican control
three
The French Society was divided into _________ estates.
Austrian, Prussian
The French army eventually defeated the ____________ and ___________ forces.
Moscow
The French eventually captured ___________, but the Russian patriots set it on fire. The French were forced to begin to retreat back to Europe. The size and climate of Russia defeated the French and Russian soldiers ambushed the retreating French army. 400,000 of the Grand Army died.
foreign, merit
The French military started to have success. The French army drove out ____________ invaders. Commanders were no longer based on nobility, but based on __________.
Spain, Portugal
The Iberian Peninsula consists of _________ and _______________
legislator
The Legislators did away with 4 of the 5 directors. Napoleon led armed troops to surround the ______________ and force its members to leave.
83, local, middle
The National Assembly divided the country into ___ equal districts. It called for the election of all ________ officials. The __________ class was now in charge.
July 28, 1794
The National Convention began to fear for their own safety, so they had Robespierre arrested and guillotined on ________ ____, ________. His death ended the Reign of Terror.
treason, death
The National Convention brought Louis XVI to trial for ___________. He was found guilty and sentenced to __________.
Revolutionary Tribunal, Law of Suspects
The National Convention established a special court called the __________________ _______________ to put on trial "enemies of the revolution". They created the '______ ___ ___________' which was a list of the enemies of the revolution.
National Assembly, tennis court
The Third Estate declared itself "The ____________ ___________". This began the French Revolution. They were locked out of the Estates General, so they met at a nearby _________ __________. This brings about the Tennis Court Oath. They promised to each other to keep meeting until a constitution was written. Eventually Louis XVI allowed the estates to meet together
slogan
The ___________ of the French Revolution was "liberty, equality, and fraternity"
Committee of Public Safety
The _____________ ___ __________ __________ was led by Maximilien de Robespierre
National Anthem
The ______________ ____________became "La Marseillaise".
Jacobins
The ________________ lost power and the wealthy middle class took back control of the National Convention.
Elba
The allies of Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain joined together to defeat Napoleon at Leipzig, Germany. Napoleon retreated to France. The allies captured Paris in 1814. Napoleon was exiled to the island of ________ of the coast of Italy
Alexander I of Russia, Russia
The czar _________________ __ _____ ___________ defied the Continental System and began trading with Great Britain. Napoleon became angry and decided to invade ___________.
eat, radical
The economy stayed terrible in France. People couldn't afford food to _______, which led to people choosing more ____________ ideas.
monarchy
The economy was still not improving and many wanted to return to the _____________.
four
The five directors quarreled among themselves. They were weak, corrupt, and unpopular. However, even with this, they did provide stability for a period of _________ years.
3
The legislative assembly divided into ___ types of officials
bloodshed
The legislators turned the gov't over to Napoleon without ________________.
August
The nobles decided to act to try and calm the violence. This was the end of the old regime and the beginning of the Law of the Fourth of __________
arrest, National Assembly
The people of Paris, the Sans Culottes, feared the king was going to __________ and drive out the _____________ _____________.
Napoleon Bonaparte
The people turned to a general, _______________ _______________, to keep order.
suffrage
The radicals of the National Convention instituted universal manhood _____________
foreign invasion
The three groups united under the threat of _____________ _________________.
Marie Antoinette
The wife of King Louis XVI, _________ ________________ was very unpopular. She is known for saying, "well if they're starving, just let them eat cake."
Paris
The women demanded Louis XVI and his family leave Versailles and return to _________ so that they could keep an eye on them.
two
There were _______ groups of radicals.
murder
There were even rumors spread that nobles were planning to ___________ the peasants
women
These rights did not apply to __________
taxes
They raised ________ to help pay of the national debt
Gironde
They're called Girondists because many of their leaders came from the district of ____________
constitutional, king
This document put in a ________________ monarch. It limited the power of the ________.
Declaration of Independence
This document was based on the American ________________ ___ _________________
Marie Antoinette
This group, the 'Revolutionary Tribunal', were the ones who executed _________ _______________. They had more than 15,000 people executed in less than a year. That comes to around 50 heads a day being chopped off a day
legislative assembly, moderate
Wealthy middle-class males were elected to the new __________________ _____________. This seemed to be what _______________ reformers wanted
XIV, XV, XVI, wars
Why were they in huge debt? - Massive spending from Louis _____ (remember, he built Versailles and participated in wars) - Over spending and borrowing from banks by Louis ____ - Gambling and spending by Marie Antoinette and her husband, Louis _____ - Overseas _______ (including helping the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution)
food shortages
Women marched on the Palace of Versailles, demanding relief from the ________ _______________
bread, devastation
Women wanted _________ and for the king to come to Paris and see the _______________
Nelson
___________ was killed in battle, but saved Britain from invasion
peasants
____________ continued to attack and burn manor houses and records of rents, dues, and obligations. The French Revolution spread from Paris across all France and into the countryside.
Prussia
____________ joined Austria and invaded France.
Concordat of 1801
agreement between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII that solidified the Roman Catholic Church as the church of France, but it did allow religious freedom in France
The Second Estate
made up of nobles (2% of France's population); owned 35% of French land; collected feudal dues and rents from the peasants, which was the Third Estate; held the highest positions in the army, church, and government; paid no taxes
men, jury, equal, freedom, rights
main point : "all _______ are born, remain free, and equal in rights" which means: - All men have the right to a fair trial by _______ - All men are _________ before the law - ____________ of speech, press, and religion - All men have equal _________ to hold public office
debt
money owed to someone else
royalists
nobles who remained at Versailles with the king
Jacobins
political group that supported the radicals; not very large, but very powerful
Bastille
prison in Paris for political prisoners
coup d'état
seizing gov't by force
The Russian's Strategy
the Russian soldiers retreated slowly, drawing Napoleon's army deeper into Russia; Russians then used the scorched earth policy; Russian people burned crops and everything of use, then retreated; they left the French without shelter and food for the Russian winter.
The Third Estate, Sans Culotte
the rest of the people of France (97% of the population); the Bourgeoisie was the middle class...they were educated and wealthy; merchants, doctors, lawyers, bankers, and manufacturers; paid all taxes; had feudal dues, rent, and a tithe to the Church (10% of your income is donated to the Church); had no voice in the gov't - Paying these taxes was very hard since they had so little income; it's the opposite of our tax system today - ________ _____________ - consisted of city workers who were the poorest members of society...many were artisans of Paris - Rural peasants - largest group in the third estate; included some serfs; very small rises in price of bread could cause starvation for some
Napoleonic Code
updated Justinian's Code with some Enlightenment ideas; organized French law, but took away many rights women earned
radicals
wanted drastic changes and reforms; had liberal views and wanted to get rid of the king entirely and set up a republic; seated on the left side, hence the term 'left-wing ___________'
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
when people elected priests and the gov't paid their salary
Restoration
when the Bourbons returned to the throne
The Battle of Trafalgar
when the British navy defeated the French and Spanish fleets off the coast of Spain