World history chapter 25

In 1792, the sultan and his viziers proclaimed a "new order" for the army, in which:

A separate artillery and flintlock musket corps was created alongside the Janissaries.

The word Tanzimat refers to:

A series of reforms inspired by Western European constitutional nationalism.

The Balkan states of Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria:

Collaborated in the First Balkan War against the Ottomans

In the early 1700s, the Ottomans instituted the following reforms

Cut the janissary rolls by half. Enlisted Anatolian farmers into the military. Sold lifelong tax farms (life leases) to wealthy courtiers, officers, and administrators.

Sultan Abdülhamit used the Russian-Ottoman War of 1877-1878 as an excuse to:

Dismiss the Ottoman Parliament and rule by decree.

Given the fiscal limitations, the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Abdülhamit II, took all of the following actions between 1876 and 1909

He was active as a propagandist. He emphasized his credentials as the pan-Islamic caliph of Eurasian Muslims. He worked to install the fear of jihad in European politicians and their publics.

All of the following is true of Iran

It is also often called Persia. Two dynasties of kings (shahs) ruled Iran between 1501 and 1925. Iranian rulers had to respect a balance of power between Shiites and Sunnis

All of the following is true of the Golden Age of Russian culture

It occurred in spite of periods of censorship and repression Ideas and debates were spread through new literary journals and other new literary forms. The inspired Russian intelligentsia arose primarily from the ranks of landed nobility.

All of the following are true of the Decembrist Revolt

It occurred just after the ascension of Alexander II

In his later years, Abdülhamid failed in all of the following attempts

Keeping graduates from elite academies from becoming dissatisfied. Eliminating secret junior officer groups in Macedonia and Thrace. Preventing a coup d'état.

The Young Turks were:

Officers officially organized as the Committee of Union and Progress

Choose the correct chronological order of the events below:

Ottoman siege of Vienna; First Ottoman-Russian war; Napoleon's occupation of Egypt; Crimean War

Even though Ottoman sappers and siege cannons succeeded in breaching the walls of Vienna in several places in 1683, a __________ relief army allied with the Habsburgs arrived just in time to drive out the besieging forces.

Polish

In 1792, an attempt at reform was initiated, which the Ottomans called the "New Order," and its main aim was to:

Reorganize the army and provide greater training for officers.

Prior to the nineteenth century, the Ottomans' traditional enemy was:

The Austrian Habsburgs

In the Crimean War:

The Ottoman Empire, France, and Great Britain allied against Russia.

The Russian Empire expanded during the 1800s at the expense of:

The Qajar and Ottoman Empires.

All of the following is true of the Great Reforms initiated by Alexander

The Tsar was convinced of the need for reform by Russia's defeat in the Crimean War. The Tsar believed that Russia had lost in war because of inferior technology and a lack of infrastructure The Tsar believed that the unwillingness of serf-owning aristocracy to shift to market agriculture had had a depressing effect on the economy.

Following the assassination of Alexander II in 1881:

The movement toward liberalization floundered and the new tsars reverted to the tradition of tight, autocratic political control.

Choose the correct chronological order for the events below:

The reign of Catherine II of Russia; the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire; Emancipation of Russian serfs; Young Turks rise to power.

During the period between 1774 and 1808, the Ottoman empire suffered humiliations in all of the following ways

They lost the north coast of the Black Sea. They lost Georgia in the Caucasus. Napoleon destroyed the Ottomans' subordinate Mamluk regime in Egypt.

The Congress of Berlin had the following impact on the Ottomans

They lost the provinces of Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, and eventually Bulgaria. Bosnia-Herzegovina remained Ottoman, but was administered by Austria-Hungary. Cyprus remained Ottoman, but was placed under British administration.

The purpose of the "Fortunate Edict" of 1856 was:

To clarify questions of equality among subjects.

All of the following are true of the second Ottoman siege to Vienna

Vienna was saved when a Polish relief army arrived. Ottoman sappers and siege cannons succeeded in breaching the walls in several places. The Habsburgs retaliated by seizing the Ottoman territories of Hungary, Transylvania, and northern Serbia

All of the following is true of the crisis from 1873 to 1878

When the government raised taxes, ethnic-nationalist uprisings began in Herzegovina, Bosnia, and Bulgaria. The reigning sultan was overthrown and a new sultan ascended the throne. It began when the Ottoman government defaulted on foreign loans.

By 1908, the Committee of Union and Progress, known colloquially as the ____________, successfully revolted and deposed Sultan Abdul Hamid II.

Young Turks

Thus, by 1861, the Emancipation Edict was declared by Alexander II. It:

was meant to free the serfs, as least in name, in reality freed serfs were given few rights and limited title to their land.