World History Chapters 3 and 4

Which of the following happened at Thermopylae?

A Greek force of 7,000 held off the Persian army of 180,000 for two days.

What are ephors?

A group of five men were elected each year and were responsible for the education of youth and the conduct of all citizens.

What is arete?

A hero strives for excellence (arete); is won in a struggle or contest.

Who established the New kingdom?

A pharaoh, Ahmose 1 reunited Egypt and established the new kingdom. He launched the Egyptians along a new militaristic path.

Who was the hero that Alexander strove to imitate?

Achilles, hero of Homer's Iliad

How did the rule of Alexander the Great affect Greek culture?

Alexander had freed the Ionian Greek cities of western Asia Minor from the Persians. Then he built Alexandria as the Greek capital of Egypt. Alex extended Greek and Macedonia rule over a vast area. He left a cultural legacy a Greek language, architecture, literature, art, and religious diversity spread throughout part of Asia and North Africa. The culture blended with aspects of Eastern culture to become a new Hellenistic culture.

What city did Alexander establish as the capital of Egypt?

Alexandria

How did Hellenistic sculpture differ from sculpture of the classical era?

Artists began to try to create more emotional and realistic art.

What different systems of government did Sparta and Athens have?

Athens had become a unified polis and was an oligarchy under the rule of aristocrats. Sparta became a military state to ensure control over helots. Athens faced political turmoil due to economic problems and seemed on the verge of civil war. Sparta was also an oligarchy ruled by twi kings and ephors were responsible to educate the youths and conduct all citizens.

The center for philosophy during the Hellenistic era was

Athens.

How did the Akkadian fall?

Attacks from neighbors caused the Akkadian empire to fall.

How did Kush emerge as a strong early African civilization?

Before the independent state of Kush, a busy trade had arisen between Egypt and Nubia. Merchants traveled to Nubia to obtain ivory, ebony wood, frankincense. Kush emerged when the New Kingdom collapsed. The economy was based at first on farming and Kush was one of the major trading states in the region. For the next several hundred years, Kush was a trading empire and had links to other states throughout the region.

How did the geography of Greece contribute to its development?

Compared with the landmasses of Mesopotamia and Egypt, Greece occupies a small area (size of Louisiana). It consists of a mountainous peninsula and numerous islands. Two peninsulas make up much of the Greek landmass. Much of Greece consists of small plains and river valleys surrounded by mountain ranges. These mountains isolated Greeks from one another, causing different Greek communities to develop their own ways of life. The sea also influenced the evolution of Greek society. Its location on a peninsula gives Greece a long seacoast dotted by bays and inlets that provided many harbors. The ancient Greeks also lived on a number of islands. Greeks became seafarers. They sailed out into the Aegean Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Black Sea, they established colonies that spread Greek civilization throughout the Mediterranean world.

What technological and culture inovations occurred during the Greeces Dark Age?

During the dark Age there was a revival of agriculture, trade, and economic activity. The use of iron was central for this revival. Iron farming tools helped improve the food production. The Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet to create a new system of writing.

What was distinctive about the New Kingdom in Ancient Egypt?

Egypt created an empire and became the most powerful state in the ancient Near East. Thutmosis I expanded Egypt's border to the south. The achievements of the empire (Amenhoptep III) were made visible in the construction of new buildings and temples. The pharaoh Amenhotep IV (son of Amenhoptep) introduced the worship of Aten, god of the sun disk, as the sole god and this religious change failed. Akhenaten's changes undone after his death by Tutankhamen, who restored the old gods.Hatshepsut, who at first was regent for her stepson Thutmosis III but later assumed the throne. Hatshepsut sent out military expeditions, encouraged mining, and sent a trading expedition up the Nile.

What was the significance of Hellenistic cities as a result of Alexander's the Great conquests?

Four Hellenistic kingdoms emerged as the successors to Alexander. The Hellenistic monarchs relied only on Greeks and Macedonians to form the new ruling class. Hellenistic kings created a series of new cities and military settlements along with Alexander the Great. These rulers encouraged a spread of Greek colonists to Southwest Asia. Greeks not only provided recruits for the army but also a pool of civilian administrators and workers. the Greek cities of the Hellenistic Era became the chief agents on the speed of Greek culture on Southwest Asia.

What events occurred in ancient Greece during the Dark Age?

Greece entered a difficult period in which the population declined and food production dropped. During the Dark Age, many Greeks left the mainland and sailed across the Aegean Sea to various islands. The Iliad and the Odyssey were the first great epic poems of early Greece (written by Homer).

What did Cyrus do to Jews?

He allowed the Jews who had been held there as captives to return to Israel.

What did Aristotle argue?

He argued that a citizen did not belong just to himself or herself. The loyalty that citizens had to their city-states had a negative side.

How did Pericles expand Athenian's involvement in the government?

He expanded involvement by creating a direct democracy which people participate directly in decision making. Every male citizen participated in the governing assembly and voted on all major issues. they passed all laws, elected public officials, made decisions concerning war and foreign policy.

Why did Alexander the Great bring together the Macedonian and Greek armies?

He needed more men because he wanted to expand his empire by invading the Persian empire.

What brought Alexander's empire-building campaign to an end?

His soldiers refused to travel any farther.

Herodotus wrote _____, a work commonly regarded as the first real history in Western civilization.

History of the Persian Wars

What kind of society did Mesopotamia have?

Mesopotamian society was patriarchal; that is, men dominated the society.

What characterized the first Greek civilization of the Mycenaeans?

Mycenae was part of a Mycenaean Greek civilization that flourished between 1600 b.c. and 1100 b.c.The Mycenaean Greeks were part of the Indo-European family of peoples who spread into Europe and Asia. Mycenaean civilization was made of powerful monarchies. Each resided in a fortified palace center. Like Mycenae, these centers were built on hills and surrounded by gigantic stone walls. The monarchies in these various centers of power probably formed a loose alliance of independent states. Mycenaean monarchies developed an extensive commercial network. Mycenaean pottery has been found throughout the Mediterranean area. However, some historians believe that the Mycenaeans, led by Mycenae itself, also spread outward militarily, conquering Minoan Crete and making it part of the Mycenaean world.

Who continued the Akkadian empire after Sargon?

One of Sargon's successors, his grandson Naram-Sin.

What were the contributions of Sargon and the Akkadians?

Sargon overran Sumerian city-states and set up the first empire in world history. His power was based on the military and his empire included all of Mesopotamia and land westward of the Mediterranean.

Who did Sargon use as his governors?

Sargon used the former rulers of the conquered city-states as his governors.

What did Spartan citizens discouraged from?

Spartan citizens were discouraged from studying philosophy, literature, or the arts. The art of war was the Spartan ideal. All other arts were frowned upon.

What was the name of the most popular school of thought during the Hellenistic era?

Stoicism.

What led to the conquest of Alexander the Great?

Struggles for the throne weakened the empire and led to its conquest by the Greek ruler Alexander the Great during the 330s b.c.

What characterized the empire of the Assyrians?

The Assyrian Empire included Mesopotamia and other countries. The Assyrians developed an efficient system of communication; a network of staging posts was established throughout the empire that used relays of horses to carry messages.they developed effective military leaders and fighters. The Assyrian army was well organized and disciplined.the Assyrians had the first large armies equipped with iron weapons. The Assyrians could wage guerrilla warfare as well as lay siege to cities. They were especially known for their siege warfare. They used battering rams and siege towers to hammer at the city's walls. Then they would tunnel under them, making them collapse.

Why did the Greeks come into conflict with the Persians?

The Greek settlements had begun to encroach on the Persian empire.

What items did the Greeks send from the mainland?

The Greeks on the mainland sent their pottery, wine, and olive oil to these areas.

What were the military tactics of the Hyksos?

The Hyksos used horse-drawn war chariots to overwhelm the Egyptian soldiers.

What factors contributed to the success and ultimate fall of the Persian Empire?

The Persians were unified by one family, Cyrus their ruler had a reputation for mercy. His son Cambyses successfully. Then Darius (former ruler) added a Persian Province in western india and conquered Europe. By doing this, the Persian empire was the world's largest at this time. He strengthened the government and the efficient system of communication sustained the Empire. After Darius, Persian kings increased taxes which the loyalty of the empire declined and struggles over the throne weakened the monarchy.

How were the city-states of ancient Greece organized?

The city-state, polis, became the central focus on Greek life. The central meeting place in the polis was usually a hill and an acropolis, a fortified area, was at the top. Below the acropolis was the agora, an opened area that served as a market and a place where people could assemble. The polis consisted of citizens with political rights , citizens with no political rights, and noncitizen.

What is a tyrant?

The creation of this new group of rich men fostered the rise of tyrants. Greek tyrants were rulers who seized power by force from the aristocrats.

What was the significance of Hammurabi's codification of laws?

The king (the sun) of babylon, Hammurabi, had a code that was based on a system of strict justice. The principal of retaliation was a fundamental part of this system (eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth). His code took seriously the duties of public officials. His laws clearly covered every aspect of life.

Why did Alexander's empire fall apart after his death?

The top Macedonian generals got embroiled in a power struggle, instead of collaborating to preserve Alexander's legacy.

How did the Egyptian empire end?

The upheavals associated with Amenhotep's religious revolution led to a loss of Egypt's empire.

What did the Athenians do in preparation for Xerxes's invasion?

They built up their navy into a fleet of about 200 boats.

Which of the following is considered by many historians today to be the greatest historian of the ancient world?

Thucydides

What was Persia's religion?

Zoroastrianism. Like the Jews, Zoroastrians were monotheistic.

Who invaded Egypt?

a group of people from western Asia known as the Hyksos.

What did the expansion of trade and industry create?

a new group of wealthy individuals in many of the Greek city-states. (These men wanted political power but found it difficult to gain because of the power of the ruling aristocrats.)

The Greeks believed that at the oracle at Delphi,

a priestess was able to communicate with the god Apollo to learn the answers to questions asked by worshipers.

How did Hammurabi's empire fall?

a series of weak kings were unable to keep the empire united, and it finally fell to new invaders.

What is the "Socratic method"?

a teaching method in which a teacher asks questions that help students find answers by using their own reasoning skills.

how did Athens growing power lead to conflict with Sparta?

after the defeat of the Persians, the Greek wold divided into to main camps, Athenian empire and Sparta. Athens and Sparta had different societies and neither were able to tolerate each other's. Sparta and Athens feared the growing Athens and a series of disputes led to the out break of the great peloponesian war.

In Athenian society, women

always had a male guardian.

Aristotle's approach to philosophy was to

analyze and classify things based on investigation and observation.

The classical style of art and architecture was meant to

civilize the emotions.

What did a satrap do?

collected taxes, provided justice, and recruited soldiers.

what were the philosophical ideas that came out of Ancient Greece?

early Greek philosophers focused on developing critical or rational thoughts about the nature of the universe. sophists stressed importance of rhetoric (persuasive speaking), Socrates and his method of teaching, Plato and his ideal forms made up reality, and also ideals of government.

oligarchy

government by the people or rule of few.

democracy

government by the people or rule of the many.

How did Hammurabi create a Mesopotamia kingdom?

had a well-disciplined army of foot soldiers who carried axes, spears, and copper or bronze daggers.he gained control of Sumer and Akkad.

What was the new Greek military based on?

he military system was based on hoplites, who were heavily armed infantry soldiers, or foot soldiers. Hoplites went into battle as a unit, marching shoulder to shoulder in a rectangular formation known as a phalanx. This close formation created a wall of shields to protect the hoplites.

The first recorded Olympic festival including athletic games was held in 776 B.C. in order to

honor the gods and goddesses.

What was the Illiad about?

is the tale of the Greek hero Achilles and how the anger of Achilles led to disaster.

The Sophist philosophers argued that

it wasn't possible for humans to understand the universe, so they should work to improve themselves as individuals.

What were major exports of Kush?

ivory, gold, ebony, and slaves

How did the Greeks spread their culture and political ideas throughout the Mediterranean?

large numbers of Greeks left their homeland to settle in distant lands. Overpopulation at home, a desire for good farmland, and the growth of trade were important factors in deciding to settle new places. Across the Mediterranean, new Greek colonies were established along the coastlines.In establishing these colonies, the Greeks spread their culture and political ideas throughout the Mediterranean.

empire

large political unit or state, usually under a single leader, that controls many peoples or territories.

How did the Mycean civilization collapse?

new waves of Greek-speaking invaders moved into Greece from the north. Mycenaean civilization had collapsed.

According to Greek religion, the gods lived

on Mount Olympus.

To protect the government from politicians with harmful intentions, the Athenians devised the policy of

ostracism

What most seriously weakened the Athenians during the Peloponnesian War?

plague in the overcrowded city and the defeat of their navy at Aegospotami.

How did the Kush empire end?

possibly because of the rise of a new power in the region.

What was the Odyssey about?

recounts the journeys of one of the Greek heroes, Odysseus, after the fall of Troy, and his ultimate return to his wife.

How was Greek religion an essential part of Greek society?

religion affected every aspect of Greek life. Greeks considered religion necessary to the well-being of the state. temples dedicated to gods and goddesses were the major buildings in Greek cities. they held festivals and other events to honor the gods. there were 12 gods, used the oracle to reveal the future.

How was Sargon remembered?

remembered in chronicles in ancient Mesopotamia as a king who "had no rival or equal, spread his splendor over all the lands, and crossed the sea in the east."

A governor in Perisia

satrap

Darius divided the empire into 20 provinces called

satrapies

The Greek city-states finally lost their independence when

the Greeks were defeated by the Macedonians, under the leadership of Philip II.

As a result of the Athenian defeat in the Peloponnesian War,

the age of classical Greek culture came to an end.

How did the Assyrian empire fall?

the empire fell to a coalition of Chalde ans and Medes (people who lived in the east).

What theory did Aristarchus develop?

the theory that the earth revolved around the sun

What did the Egyptians learn of the Hyksos?

they learned to use bronze in the making of their farming tools and their weapons.

What was the mission of the Delian League?

to liberate all Greek states that remained under Persian control.

At the turn of the 5th century B.C., Greek city-colonies in Asia Minor

united to defeat the Persian invaders.

Greek tragedies dealt with

universal themes that are still relevant today.

Athenians produced ______, both for local use and export.

wine and olive oil