World History hindu india-qin/han dynasty

Buddha

"The enlightened one"

aryas

"nobles"; Hindu teachings and practices owe much to them

Qin Shihuangdi

"the first qin emperor" the emperor of the qin dynasty

Laozi

"the old master" lived around the same period as confucious, Scholars do not know if Laozi actually existed. Nevertheless, the ideas people associate with him became influential in the fifth and fourth centuries b.c., and Daoism became a rival to Confucianism.

Vedas

"wisdom"; Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism. A collection of hymns, speculation, and ritual instruction passed down orally for centuries by learned priests and not written down until modern times.

varnas

("color") meant "class" or "classification"; it did not refer to skin color.; Another word for the social classes in the Caste system that ranked people from highest caste to lowest

Confucius

(Kongfuzi) known to the Chinese as the First Teacher, emerged during the fall of the Zhou dynasty. He hoped to get a job as a political adviser, but he had little success in finding a patron. He stressed a return to the values of the Golden Age of the early Zhou dynasty.

Four Noble Truths

1. All is suffering. 2. Suffering has a cause, which is desire. 3. Suffering can be overcome. 4. The way to end desire is to follow the Eightfold Path

Brahmins

1st cast, priests

Kshatriyas

2nd cast, warriors

Vaisya

3rd cast, "folk", merchants, artisans, farmers, herdsmen

Sudras

4th cast, servents.

yoga

A religious experience where your soul leaves your body and joins the God Brahma for a short period of time; amed both the taming and training of faculties required to realize the ultimate goal and the goal itself as a living realization of the union of individual and the Absolute.

Brahman

A single spiritual power that Hindus believe lives in everything

Indian Arabic numerical system

After Arabs conquered parts of India in the eighth century a.d., Arab scholars adopted the Indian system. In turn, European traders borrowed it from the Arabs, and it spread through Europe in the 1200s. Today it is called the

a Middle Way

Buddha advised listeners to avoid extremes by following this

irrelevant

Buddha's view of the caste system

Pataliputra

Capital of Mauryan empire

Terra-cotta clay army

Chinese archaeologists believe that it was a re-creation of Qin Shihuangdi's imperial guard, meant to be with the emperor on his journey to the next world

bhakti

Devotion to the gods of Hinduism

Siddhārtha Gautama

Founder of Buddhism son of a ruling princely family trained to be a warrior married and started family at 16 In his late twenties, however, he became aware of the pain of illness, the sorrow of death, and the effects of old age on ordinary people.

Candra Gupta

Founder of the empire of the guptas

Candragupta Maurya

Founder of the mauryan empire Was afraid of assassination despite having a large army and a secret police

Confucianism

Han dynasty looked 2 for guidance

Varanasi

India's holy city

Untouchables

Lowest level of Indian society; not considered a real part of the caste system, often given degrading jobs

provinces

Mauryan ruler divided his empire into these

Kālidāsa

One of ancient India's most famous authors from the Gupta era

Analects

Record of confucious sayings

the Eightfold Path

Right view knowing the Four Noble Truths. Right intention resolving to attain Enlightenment. Right speech speaking truthfully and with kindness. Right action leading a moral life. Right livelihood working in a responsible, harmless way. Right effort ceaseless, unwavering striving to Enlightenment. Right mindfulness controlling our thought. Right concentration meditating to see the world as it is.

bhakti-yoga

The Yoga of devotion. It is a way of transforming one's personality through love and devotion. Closer to traditional religions than other form of Yoga, it includes ritual worship, chanting, and the worship of God; affirmed that the religious devotee followed a path as dignified and productive as the performance of austerities or the mastery of learned teachings. became one mechanism by which devotees of various gods and goddesses that were originally quite outside the Vedic and Hindu cultural and historical universe were embraced as genuine participants in an increasingly complex set of Hindu traditions.

Tao Te Ching, or The Way of the Dao

The chief ideas of Daoism are discussed in a short work known as

Sanchi

The most impressive Buddhist Stupa, called the Great Stupa is located in

Gupta rulers

They lived in luxury, awakening to the sound of music and spending much time in dining with followers and guests. It was said that "the king and his companions drank wine out of ruby cups [padmaragsukti]. Outside... lutes were strummed."

Kushinagar

Where Buddha died at the age of 80

The foothills of the Himalayas/Nepal

Where Buddha was born

pilgrim

a person who travels to a shrine or other holy place

Legalism

a popular philosophy developed in China toward the end of the Zhou dynasty; it proposes that human beings are evil by nature and can be brought to the correct path only by harsh laws

Bhagavad Gita

a sermon by the god Krishna on the eve of a major battle. In this sermon, he sets forth one of the key points of Indian society: In taking action, one must not worry about success or failure. One should be aware only of the moral rightness of the act itself.

Silk Road

a set of routes extending from the Mediterranean Sea to China along which silk was a major article of trade and exchange

bodhi

a state of awakeness and enlightenment

Daoism

a system of ideas based on the teachings of Laozi; teaches that the will of Heaven is best followed through inaction so that nature is allowed to take its course

gods

according to Buddhist ideals, they also suffered from ignorant greed

Han Wudi

added the southern regions below the Chang Jiang into the empire. Part of what is now northern Vietnam, along the South China Sea coast, became part of the empire. Han armies also went westward into Central Asia, extending the Chinese boundary there. Han Wudi also had to deal with the Xiongnu, the nomads beyond the Great Wall to the north. His armies drove the Xiongnu back, and after he died in 87 b.c., China experienced almost another 150 years of peace.

Greek alphabet

adopted by the kushan empire in bacteria, adapted to their language

dalit

another word for untouchables, "the opressed"

Buddhism

began in the sixth or fifth century b.c.; The new religion appeared in northern India and soon became a rival of Hinduism.

reincarnation

believed in by Hindus & Buddhists. It is the belief that the soul/self is reborn after death. Depending on the dedication and effort of the self, after some number of rebirths it will achieve its final goal of union with Brahman.

Hinduism and Buddhism

both originated in India

Xianyang

capital of Qin dynasty

Indian Accomplishments

carved stone pillars, Buddhist stupas (reliquary mounds), and rock-cut caves. Many bore inscriptions containing Aśoka's edicts and Buddhist teachings and were topped by carvings of lions or bulls. Stupas were stylized burial mounds intended to house a relic, some remnant of the Buddha's body advancements in astronomy charted the stars and worked out that Earth was a sphere that rotated on its axis. most important contribution was in the field of mathematics, including working with algebra. introduced the concept of zero and used a symbol (0) for it. Arab scholars would spread Indian ideas in science and mathematics throughout Southwest Asia, Europe, and beyond. Metalworking, in particular, was highly developed.

Mahabharata

consisting of about 90,000 two-line stanzas, is the longest poem in any written language. Taking place around 1000 b.c., it describes a war between cousins for control of the kingdom. The poem also includes riddles about the meaning of life.

Ramayana

dates from at least the fourth century b.c. Both epics are attributed to individual authors, but were edited and re-edited over the centuries. Celebrating heroic, world-saving deeds, these epics preserve information about early Indian culture.

caste

derived from the worst casta used by portugese newcomers to western India in the late 15th and early 16th century to designate the fixed social groups into which individuals are born.

the caste system

determined what jobs people could have, whom they could marry, and with whom they could socialize.

Dao

duty and humanity. The concept of duty meant that people had to subordinate their own interests to the broader needs of the family and the community. humanity—compassion and empathy for others.

ascetics

first thing Buddha tried Relates to Buddhism; people who practiced self-denial to achieve an understanding of ultimate reality

Liu Pang

founder of han dynasty, was of peasant origin but became known by his title of Han Gaozu—Exalted Emperor of Han.

Sunga dynasty

he last Mauryan ruler was killed by one of his generals, who thereupon established the

awake

how Buddha described himself

strengthen the existing system of walls and to link them together

how the gr8 wall was built

strong central government, large army, and secret police

important parts of the Mauryan Empire.

Nirvana

in Buddhism, ultimate reality, the end of the self and a reunion with the Great World Soul

dharma

in Hinduism, the complex concept of duty, law, and right conduct that establishes and sustains order and the world. For individuals, it defines duty and right behavior. Duty will differ according to status.

karma

in Hinduism, the force generated by a person's actions that determines how the person will be reborn in the next life

jati

in traditional Hindu society, a social group that defines a family's occupation and social standing

wootz

indian steel

fall of gupta empire

invasions by nomadic Huns

Bactria

location of the Kushān empire

Five Constant Relationships

parent and child, husband and wife, older sibling and younger sibling, older friend and younger friend, and ruler and subject Parents should be loving, and children should revere their parents. Husbands should fulfill their duties, and wives should be obedient. The elder sibling should be kind, and the younger sibling respectful. The older friend should be considerate, and the younger friend deferential. Rulers should be benevolent, and subjects loyal

censorate

part of the Chinese bureaucracy that made sure government officials were doing their jobs

Kushans

practiced both Hinduism and Buddhism, as well as Zoroastrianism from Persia developed a calendar based on the sun and the moon, and their calendar is the basis of the Indian calendar used today.

The Kushān Empire

rade expanded rapidly in the first century a.d. Sailors learned to navigate the Indian Ocean, understanding ocean currents and seasonal monsoon winds. For the first time, goods could be shipped with some certainty from the Mediterranean to seaports on the west coast of India. From there, the goods could be carried overland to China. Fell due to invaders from Perisa

The Cloud Messenger

remains one of the most popular Sanskrit poems. In the poem, an exiled male earth spirit shares his grief and longing for his wife

area south of the Gobi

resided a nomadic people known to the Chinese as the Xiongnu

Great Wall of China

serves as an architectural reflection of the Qin dynasty's defensive needs. Some of the walls built by Shihuangdi do remain, but most of them were built of loose stone, sand, or piled rubble and disappeared long ago.

hospitals

set up by Aśoka for the welfare of humans and animals

the rudder and fore-and-aft rigging

ships could sail into the wind. This made it possible for Chinese merchant ships carrying heavy cargoes to travel throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and India, leading to a major expansion of trade in the Han period.

Samudra Gupta

son who expanded empire

Candra Gupta II

the Guptas created a golden age of Indian culture ecspecially under this ruler, shown in the flowering of Hindu and Buddhist arts.

civil service examination

the administrative service of a government, not including the armed forces, in which appointments are determined by competitive examination. Students were expected to learn the teachings of Confucius, as well as Chinese history and law.

attachment/desire

the cause of pain and sorrow we experience, according to Buddhism

Aśoka

the grandson of Candragupta Maurya, is considered by many to be the greatest ruler in the history of India. After his conversion to Buddhism, Aśoka used Buddhist ideals to guide his rule and to shape Indian civilization. sponsored Buddhist missionaries who spread Buddhist traditions and ideas throughout India and eventually to China.

the renunciant order

the monastic community of individuals who gave up life in the world in order exclusively to pursue the path to Enlightenment.

Āryabhata

the most famous mathematician of the Gupta Empire, concluded that Earth revolves around the sun. one of the first scientists known to have used algebra

meditation

the second thing Buddha tried, was successful and led to enlightenment

Pataliputra

the site of the decaying palace of the Mauryas, capital of empire of the guptas

confucionism

the system of political and ethical ideas formulated by the Chinese philosopher Confucius toward the end of the Zhou dynasty; it was intended to help restore order to a society that was in a state of confusion -taught that humans are basically good -the ruler must set a good example -government service should be open to all men of superior talent and not limited to those of noble birth

Legalism

was adopted as the official ideology of the Qin regime

central bureaucracy

was divided into three divisions: the civil division, the military division, and the censorate

confucious's philosophy

was political and ethical, not spiritual

fall of han dynasty

weak government and nomadic raids wars, intrigues at the court, and peasant uprisings In a.d. 190 rebel armies sacked the Han capital. The final blow came in a.d. 220, when a general seized control. He was unable to maintain his power, however. China again plunged into civil war, made worse by invasions of northern tribal peoples. The Han empire had achieved the lasting greatness of a classical civilization. The next great dynasty would not arise for 400 years.

Legalists

were referred to as the "School of Law" because they rejected the Confucian view that government by "superior men" could solve society's problems. Instead, the fundamental idea of Legalism was to have a system of impersonal laws.

religious trade as pilgrims

where most wealth of gupta empire came from