World History (Human Legacy) Chapter 5

What were two of the places considered sacred by all Greeks

Delphi and Olympia

What were Helots

state slaves. They were captured when Sparta captured nearby towns and were given to Spartan citizens to work on farms so that the citizens did not have to perform manual labor. They could instead focus on training for war.

What famous building was on the Athens Acropolis?

the Parthenon

What percentage of the popular could vote in 300 BC

10%

When was the Second Persian Invasion

480 BC

What happened at Thermopylae

A small Spartan force was able to hold back a much larger Persian army for three days in a narrow mountain pass to give the Greek forces time to prepare the troops for battle. A local resident showed the Persians how to get through the mountains. The Persians surrounded and killed all the Spartans.

What is direct democracy

A system of government in which all people vote directly on an issue

Who was Peisistratus

A tyrant who used the renewed conflict, which emerged a few decades after Solons laws, to seize power

Why did the Delian League turn into an Athenian empire

As the leader of the Delian League, Athens controlled the ships and the money. The League grew quite wealthy as more and more city states joined. Athens would not allow city-states to quit using force to keep them in the alliance.

Who was the God of Athens

Athena

How did Solon use poetry

After Athenians gave up their campaign against the city-state of Megara for control of the island of Salamis, a law was passed that imposed the death penalty on anyone who wrote or said that Athens should continue to fight. Solon pretended that he had gone mad, wrote and motorized a rousing poem called "Salamis" and then went out and sang the piece as if it had just come to him. The war continued.

What was the archon

An elected official who acted as the head of both the assembly and the Council of 500. They were elected for a term of one year, thought they could be reelected any times. They were public servants who could be removed from office or punished if they failed to serve the people well.

What role did Greek Mythology play in Greek culture?

Ancient Greeks used myths to make sense of the world around them.

Who was the god of Corinth

Apollo

When did the Greek City-States begin to emerge

Around 800 BC

How did the victory over the Persians shape power and influence in Greece?

Athens and Sparta, as the two leaders in the Persian Wars, became the two most powerful and influential city-states. Because the Spartans were not popular with the rest of Greece, Athens eventually became the leading city-state.

What two city states joined forces to repel the Second Persian invasion

Athens and Sparta, even though they were bitter rivals. Athens was in charge of naval operations while Sparta led the land campaign.

Why did the rebuilding of Athens after it was burned down by Xerxes make the other members of the Delian League angry

Athens used both its own funds and money from the League treasury to fund the rebuilding.

How were Spartans raised?

Babies who were not healthy were left in the wilderness to die. boys entered a school for combat at age 7 They became hoplites at age 20, remained in the army for 10 years and could then leave and become regular citizens. Women were expected to be physically fit and helped to run the city when men were away at war. They had the right to own property, something denied women in most of Greece.

What did the excavations at Knossos on Crete reveal about Minoan life?

Buildings wree solidly constructed with many private rooms, basic plumbing and brightly colored artwork on walls.

What was the typical polis like?

Built around a high area called an acropolis. Below the Acropolis was an agora surrounded by shops, houses, more temples and a gymnasium. Surrounding the entire polis was a sturdy wall for defense. Beyond the wall were mostly fields where the city's food was grown.

Where were the Minoans located

Crete

What does Polis mean and what is its significance?

City-state It was the basic political unit and the center of daily life and culture. People were extremely loyal to their Polis, considering themselves citizens of the Polis rather than of Greece.

Who followed Peisistratus after he died

Cleisthenes

Who is often called the father of democracy

Cleisthenes

Who led the first Persian invasion

Darius

What happened in the first Persian invasion

Darius invaded Greece in 490 BC at Marathon and was defeated

Who was Draco and what did he do

Draco was an official who reformed Athens' laws after the gap between rich and poor led to conflict in Athens.

What did Cleisthenes tribes do

Each elected 50 men to serve on a Council of 500 that proposed laws. Each elected on the the generals that led the Athenian army. Gave men from every class the same rights.

Did Solons reforms eliminate the tensions between rich and poor

For a few decades but then tensions flared up again

For what is Solon remembered

For his great love of Athens and his reforms as a lawgiver. He is appreciated for his ability to express his political beliefs in verse--a method that helped him communicate his ideas to the masses.

Who were the voters in Athens

Free males over age 20 who owned property and had military training.

Why did Polis's develop independently?

Greece is rugged, travel and communication is difficult between city-states. Each developed its own form of government, laws and customs.

What reforms did Cleisthenes introduce?

He introduced reforms that set the stage for Athenian democracy. To break the power of noble families, he divided Athens into 10 tribes based on where people lived. He made these new tribes, not families or social groups, the basis for elections.

How many gods and goddesses did the Greeks believe in?

Hundreds but about 12 of them were particularly influential. Each Polis had a god or goddess that it worhsipped as its special protector

What did Minoan Artwork reveal about the Minoan way of life?

Images of ships reveal that it was tied to the sea: ailing, trade, fishing Images of female priests reveal that women played a major role Frescoes in Minoan houses suggest Minoans leaped over charging bulls during festivals

When and where did democracy first develop

In Athens around 500 BC

What sort of a political system did Sparta have?

Initially it was led by two kings who served as military commanders, but over time an elected council of elders took over the governing of Sparta

Who was in the assembly and what did it do

It included all people eligible to take part in government. It made all the laws and important decisions for Athens.

How did Mycenaean society differ from the Minoan society of Crete?

It was dominated by intense competition, frequent warfare and powerful kings. Kings taxed trade and farming to raise money to build palaces and high walls Built massive monuments to show off their strength

What was an acropolis

It was located on a rocky hill on which several temples and monuments stood, In addition to temples to the gods it had spaces for public ceremonies.

What was Minoan writing called and why has it not been deciphered

Linear A. It does not appear to be related to the languages of mainland greece.

At which battle did the Athenians surprise the Persians as they were landing?

Marathon

Where and when did the Persian fleet come ashore during the First Persian invasions.

Marathon, 490 BC

What two distinct cultures developed in early Greece?

Minoan and Mycenaean

What are the legends based on Minoan and Mycenaean culture?

Minoan: The Minotaur, a bull Mycenaean: Trojan War (not clear if it happened but archaeological remains of a city believed to be Troy have been found and it looks as if city was destroyed during battle

Who are considered the first Greeks and why?

Mycenaeans because they spoke a form of the Greek language

In what areas did Mycenaean society build on Minoan society?

Mycenaeans traded with Minoans and expanded their trade after conquering Crete. They became great traders in their own right. They copied Minoan writing to develop their own system. Mycenaean writing has been translated

Was Athens always a democracy?

No. It was first ruled by kings and later by aristocrats. Most Athenians were poor and had little power. This led to conflict between rich and poor.

How much do we know about the Minoan civilization and how do we know it?

Not much. Much of it is guesswork. Can't relay on written records because historians have not been able to translate it. Most of what we know comes from excavations at Knossos on Crete, particularly the artwork found there.

Where was Sparta located?

On the Pelopnnesus

Who was largely responsible for the rebuilding of Athens

Pericles

At what battle were the Persians defeated

Plataea in 479, one year after Salamis. The Persians agreed to a peace settlement. The Greeks won the Persian Wars.

What did Solon do

Revised Athenian laws and overturned Draco's harshest laws.

At what battle did the Greeks lead the larger Persian fleet into a narrow channel with little room to move, then use their smaller and more maneuverable ships to sink their opponents.

Salamis

Describe the rebuilt Athens

The Athenians began with the Athens acropolis, building several temples, the grandest of which was the Parthenon dedicated to the goddess Athena. They expanded the port, built new roads and constructed high walls around the city. When completed, Athens was a city of stone and marble, its culture and sophistication at its height.

What happened at Salamis?

The Athenians led the larger Persian fleet into a narrow channel with little room to move, then used their smaller and more maneuverable ships to sink their opponents.

Who took the first real step toward democracy in Greece

Solon

Which Polis was least like the others?

Sparta

What is a hoplite

Spartan foot soldiers.

What happened at Marathon

The Athenians surprised the huge Persian fleet carrying tens of thousands of Persian troops. The Persians counterattacked but ended up retreating.

What were the causes of the Persian wars

The Ionian city-states, founded as Greek colonies, were some of the largest and wealthiest of the Greek cities. In the 500s BC they had fallen under Persian rule. In 499 they wanted independence dn rebelled. They asked other Greeks for help. The Athenians supplied ships. The rebellion was put down but Darius decided to seek revenge against the Athenians.

Who was Darius

The Persian Emperor

What were the three main bodies that existed at the height of Athenian democracy

The assemble, the Council of 500 and a complex series of courts

What were the Olympian gods.

The gods and goddesses who lived on Mount Olympus and were particularly influential in the lives of Greeks.

At which battle did a small Spartan force hold back a much larger Persian army for three days in a narrow mountain pass.

Thermopylae

Why did the Spartans emphasize war?

They believed it was the only way to keep order in society. The helots outnumbered Spartan citizens by about seven to one and were always ready to rebel against their rulers. Spartans needed a strong army to keep the helots in check.

Why were Spartan citizens free to spend all their time training for war

They had helots to do the manual labor

Why was Darius mad at the Athenians

They had sent aid to the Inonians during the Inonian uprising against the Persians.

Why did the people of Athens like Peisistratus

They liked that he pushed the aristocrats out of office and increased trade to make Athens richer

Those who were allowed to take part in the Athenian government were expected to do so fully. What exactly were they expected to do?

They were expected to vote in all elections, to serve if elected, to serve on juries and in the military.

What were the gods like?

They were flawed. They loved, hated, argued, made mistakes got jealous and played tricks on each other.

What role did myths about heroes play in Greek culture?

They were used to teach Greeks where they came from and what they should be.

who had no role in Athenian democracy?

Women, children immigrants slaves

What was the main task of Council of 500

Write the laws that would be voted on by the full assembly.

What happened in the second Persian invasion

Xerxes invaded Greece in 480 BC, was delayed at Thermopylae by the Spartans, burned Athens and then saw his fleet destroyed by the Athenians at Salamis. The Greek army led by the Spartans then defeated the stranded Persian army in 479 at Plataea.

Who led the second Persian invasion

Xerxes, Darius's son

What is democracy?

a form of government in which people govern themselves, either directly or through elected officials.

Who was Solon

a leader of Athens and a wise legislator who used every means to benefit Athens and its citizens--even poetry. c. 640 - c. 561

What is a tyrant

a leader who seizes power by force and claims to rule for the good of the people

What was the Parthenon?

a marble temple on the Acropolis to the goddess Athena and a symbol of Athens's glory It was begun by Pericles in 447 BC and took 14 years to build. When finished it was 200 feet long and 100 feet wide. A huge gold and ivory statue of Athena stood ins tide the temple. Slabs of marble above the many columns had scenes from myths carved into them. Parts were painted in vivid colors

What was the agora

a public place below the acropolis. It was the marketplace where people did business, etc.

What is a phalanx

a tight rectangle formation in which soldiers held long spears out ahead of a wall of shields

When did Athens enter its Golden Age

after the Persian Wars

What is the legend behind the modern 26 mile marathon race

an Athenian messenger ran from Marathon to Athens to announce the Greek victory against the Persions and then died from exhaustion.

What was the Delian League

an alliance of dozens of Greek city states to defend one another and punish Persia for the invasion. In theory an alliance of equals, it was actually controlled by Athens. It got its name because the treasury was kept not the island of Delos.

What are the dates of the Mycenaen civilization?

c. 1250- 1100 BC

When and why did the Minoan civilization fall apart

c. 1400 BC. It fell apart quickly. One possible cause was a huge volcanic eruption near Crete which may have affected weather patterns around the world. Would have done damage to ports and crops, which weakened the society. That could have been why the warlike Mycenaeans from the Greek mainland conquered the Minoans.

What are the dates of the Minoan civilization?

c. 2100-1400 BC

What events sped the downfall of the Mycenaeans?

droughts, famines, invasion from outside, end of trade, war between Mycenaean cities. City was in ruins by 1100 BC and a dark age followed. Lost use of writing for several centuries and Greek civilization almost disappeared.

What is Hubris

great pride. It was responsible for many hearoes meeting tragic ends. Their death served as lessons to the Greeks not to overstitch their abilities.

What political position did Pericles hold

he was one of the city's generals. elected in the 460s BC, he was reelected many times.

Why was Delphi considered sacred

it was where the priestesses of Apollo were thought to receive visions of the future.

What were the government systems of Corinth, Athens and Thebes

oligarchy, democracy, aristocracy

What is The Odyssey

one of the two great Greek epics about the Trojan War. It tells the story of Odysseus, the cleverest of all the Greek heroes who fought in the war. After the war, the gods forced Odysseus to spend 10 years wandering the seas before he could return to Greece

What were some of the specific reforms that Solon introduced once he became archon.

outlawed debt slavery. Freed those who had been imprisoned for debt. Tried to reduce poverty by encouraging trade Most significantly, allowed all men in Athens to take part in the assembly (or general assembly) that governed the city, not just those of noble birth or wealth. this was the first real step toward Democracy All men could also serve on the juries. He created a council of 400 elected men to help govern. Only wealthy men could run for or hold political office.

Why was Olympia considered sacred

site of olympic games where athletes me every four years to compete against each other and to honor the gods.

Who was Pericles

skilled politician and gifted speaker. Proponent of Democracy. Believed in superiority of Athens over the other city states.

What is the Peloponnesus

the large peninsula of southern Greece

How did Draco believe the unrest could be ended and did his approach work

through harsh punishment. His approach did not resolve the dispute between the classes. It only made it worse.