World History II Homework 7

Why was the Russo-Japanese War significant?

For the first time, a non-Western nation had defeated a major European power, giving hope to societies under Western domination. It made Japan a world power.

What was Ci Xi like?

Forceful and intelligent, she was also greedy and irresponsible.

How did Meiji Japan gain some colonial territory?

Fought two wars; The Sino-Japanese War and The Russo-Japanese War.

When did Ci Xi dominate the imperial empire?

From 1861 to 1908

What did Hong Xiuquan believe?

God had appointed him the new Son of Heaven to destroy evil.

Who did the emperor of China appoint and what was the person's task?

The emperor appointed the mandarin Lin Zexu to go to Canton and end the opium trade

What was the role of the emperor in Japan?

The emperor in Japan was relatively powerless

How did the government of Japan pay for the restoration?

The government financed all this through tax revenues, so it did not need to borrow money from Western countries.

What was the Meiji Restoration?

A Japanese revolution against the Tokugawa shogunate that returned power to the emperor and embraced western ideas

Who was Ci Xi?

A concubine of the old emperor who had become the regent of the new child emperor.

What did Western intrusion in Japan provoke?

A crisis for the Tokugawa government and a national debate about whether Japan should accommodate Westerners more or use military force to expel the intruders.

What did Hong Xiuquan preach?

A doctrine blending Christianity and Chinese thought, a mixing of local and Western ideas that was typical in Asia and Africa as a response to Western disruption.

What did Hong Xiuquan promote?

A new form of government, equal distribution of goods, communal property and equality between men and women.

What was the Open Door Policy?

A policy proposed by the US in 1899 for free and equal trade in China and respect for the territorial integrity of China

What was the Boxer Rebellion

A popular movement in 1900 that aimed to drive the foreigners out of China but resulted in an even stronger Western presence

How did the opening of Japan to foreign trade force a change in government?

Americans were not subject to Japanese law, and Christian missionaries were allowed into Japan.

Who were the Boxers ("Righteous Harmony Fists")?

An anti-Western, anti-Christian secret society comprising mostly poor peasants.

Why was the Open Door Policy created?

Because the United States wanted to discourage full colonization by promoting an "Open Door" policy that allowed equal access by all the foreign powers to China's vast markets and resources.

How did the British enter the Arrow War?

China had imprisoned some Chinese sailors for suspected piracy aboard a Chinese ship, registered in Hong Kong, giving the British a pretext to attack China.

What did the Taiping Rebellion invoke?

Chinese nationalism

What did each treaty after the Treaty of Nanjing do?

Each successive treaty expanded foreign privileges.

What did Empress Dowager Xi Ci do in response to Guangxu plan?

Empress Dowager Xi Ci and her conservative allies blocked the proposals, arrested the reformers, placed the emperor under house arrest, promoted an anti-foreign atmosphere, and encouraged the Chinese to organize anti-foreign militias

What did the Manchu emperor, Guangxu, do in response to the crisis of the rapidly industrializing Japan?

He called for dramatic changes, later known as the 100 Days of reform, including a crash program of economic modernization

What did Hong Xiuquan fail and study?

He failed to pass the civil service examinations and had also studied with Christian missionaries.

Who led the peasants in the Taiping Rebellion?

Hong Xiuquan

What happened with anti-Tokugawa leaders in 1868?

In 1868, anti-Tokugawa leaders, backed by military force, seized the imperial palace and persuaded the emperor to dismiss the shogun and decree the restoration of his own rule.

What did Japan do to Korea?

In 1910, Japan made Korea a Japanese colony.

How did Chinese leaders respond to the British opium trade?

Isolating the Western traders and attacking the opium trade

Why was the Open Door Policy important?

It enabled the industrialized nations to avoid conflict and acquire wealth without the high political and military costs of conquering and governing China

What effect did the Taiping Rebellion have on China?

It left China in shambles, with provinces devastated and 20 million Chinese killed.

What was the Taiping Rebellion?

It was a revolt in China against the Qing Dynasty.

What was the Russo-Japanese War?

It was a war between Russia and Japan over the control of Korea and Manchuria

How did the Meiji Restoration get its name?

It was called the Meiji Restoration because it was carried out in the name of the emperor whose reign name was Meiji

Why did the Japanese want Korea?

Japan had long desired Korea for its fertile land but now also viewed it as a market for Japanese products.

What did Lin Zexu do?

Lin ordered his officials to raid the Western settlement, where they seized and destroyed 20,000 chests of opium worth millions of dollars.

How did the British respond to the seizure of the opium?

Lin's seizure of opium outraged Western traders, and Britain declared war.

What did the Gaungdong province, on the Southeast coast, experienced that contributed to the Taiping Rebellion?

Particularly severe social and economic dislocations that increased popular unrest. Many peasant families had no food surplus and were reduced to eating the chaff of the wheat.

What did most of the educated elite do in response to the Taipings?

Rallied to the Qing and organized provincial armies to resist the Taipings.

What did Ci Xi do?

She diverted money intended to build a modern navy to construct the magnificent Summer Palace, just outside Beijing, for her imperial retreat.

What war caused a blow to the Chinese pride and credibility of the Qing rulers?

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1985) (China tried to help the Koreans fight off Japan)

What happened after the Treaty of Nanjing?

Soon, other Western countries signed treaties with China that gave them the same rights as the British

Who did the Qing support in the Boxer Rebellion?

The Boxers ("Righteous Harmony Fists")

What did the British do in China during the 1830s?

The British doubled opium imports during the 1830s while also pressing for reform of the trading system

What did the British fleet do in the Opium War?

The British fleet raided up and down the Chinese coast, blockading and bombarding ports, including Canton.

How did the British try to increase trade with China?

The British tried to increase trade in China by smuggling opium into China, reaping huge profits. They were indifferent to the terrible moral and social consequences of their enterprise.

What did the Europeans and Russia do after the Boxer Rebellion?

The Europeans talked openly of dismantling China, and the Russians used the rebellion as an excuse to occupy Manchuria.

Why did Western influence contribute to Japan's political development?

The Japanese adopted Western philosophy, social theory, economic thought, and literature. Japan became an imperialist power through wars.

What did the Japanese do in the Russo-Japanese War?

The Japanese seized a Russian-held Manchurian port and then destroyed the Russian fleet sent out from Europe.

What did the Meiji employ Western advisers to do?

The Meiji employed thousands of Western advisers to train Japanese to do government jobs, but the Westerners were only given short-term contracts for the purposes of training.

What was the state of the Qing government after the Taiping Rebellion?

The Qing government was now deeper in debt to the West and compelled to adopt even more pacifying attitudes.

Who fought in the Arrow War (Second Opium War) and how long did it last?

The United Kingdom and the French Empire against the Qing dynasty of China, lasting from 1856 to 1860

What did the decree from the emperor do?

The decree ousted the Tokugawa family from their land and positions, opened the government to men of talent, appointed the rebels as advisers to the emperor, and announced that all issues would be decided by public discussion

What was the Taiping Rebellion fueled by?

The rebellion was fueled by economic insecurity, famine, loss of faith in government, and a desire for social change.

What was the Arrow War?

The second Opium War

What did the Treaty of Nanjing do?

The treaty gave Britain permanent possession of Hong Kong; opened five ports to British trade; set fixed tariffs so that China no longer controlled its economic policy; gave the British extraterritoriality, or freedom from local laws; and forced China to pay British for the war costs.

What was the result of the Sino-Japanese War?

The war resulted in a smashing Japanese military victory and consequent dominance in Korea.

How did the British, Americans, and French respond to the Boxer Rebellion?

They organized an international force that routed the Boxers, occupied Beijing, and forced the Qing to pay another huge indemnity and to permit foreign military forces to stay in China.

What effect did the peasants giving up their land during Meiji Restoration have?

This allowed peasants to move to the cities looking for work and thus support industrialization.

What did the Westerns do in the Taiping Rebellion?

Various Western nations assisted the Qing with money, arms, mercenary soldiers, and military advisers.

What was Hong Xiuquan impressed by?

Western military power but also proudly Chinese.

How did the Westerns feel about the Taipings?

Westerners often sympathized with the progressive Taiping social message, but knew that a weak Manchu government meant more Western ability to continue exploiting China.

How did the Opium War end?

When the British were prepared to blow down the walls of the major city of Nanjing, the Qing were forced to negotiate for peace.

When was the old order in Japan abolished?

When the Meiji recruited both samurai and commoners into a new bureaucracy and convinced the daimyo to give up control of their land and the peasants living on it, in exchange for appointment as regional governors with guaranteed salaries.

How did the Qing and Boxers work together in the rebellion?

While the Boxers attacked foreigners in north China, occupied Beijing, and besieged the foreign embassies, the Qing declared war on the foreign powers

Did Japan honor all treaties?

Yes, Japan joined the world community and agreed to honor all treaties.

Was China defeated in the Arrow War?

Yes, and they were forced to sign the Treaty of Tianjin.

Did the Chinese fight back the British in the Opium War?

Yes, the Chinese fought back, often resisting against hopeless odds, but they lacked the weapons to triumph.

What was the Treaty of Tianjin?

a new unequal treaty that opened more coastal and interior ports to Western traders, established foreign embassies in Beijing, and permitted Christian missionaries to enter the Chinese interior

What did the Opium War become to the Chinese?

a permanent symbol of Western imperialism

What was the Sino-Japanese War?

a war between China and Japan over the influence of Korea

What parts of China did the Taiping armies conquer?

large parts of central and southern China

What did the Taipings suffer from?

leadership conflicts

What did the British discover about the officials in China?

officials could be bribed to overlook opium smuggling

What did Hong Xiuquan prohibit?

opium use, footbinding, prostitution, and arranged marriages.

What did the Taipings hostility to traditional Chinese culture cost them?

popular support

What did Hong Xiuquan establish?

the Taiping, Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace, that rejected Confucian traditions and envisioned a God-oriented utopia where all people would be equal

What was the Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking)

the first of a series of embarrassing unequal treaties that nibbled away at Chinese sovereignty (ended the Opium War)