World History Practice

10. What civilization was initially responsible for the unification of the Middle East, Asia Minor (modern Turkey), and the Iranian plateau? A. Rome B. Egypt C. Ottoman D. Persian

10. D. The Persians developed a political culture that encouraged conquest, building the first great empire throughout the Middle East.

11. What statement accurately compares the government of the Han dynasty with that of the Roman Republic? A. Power in the Han dynasty was concentrated in a centralized bureaucracy dominated by Confucian scholars while power in the Roman Republic was shared among the major landowning families of Rome. B. Power in the Han dynasty rested solely with the emperor while in Rome all citizens were able to express their opinions and influence government. C. Power in the Han dynasty was concentrated in a centralized bureaucracy dominated by Confucian scholars while in the Roman Republic all citizens shared power in governmental decisions. D. Power in the Han dynasty rested in the hands of the military generals and their successors, who had helped defeat the previous Qin dynasty, while power in the Roman Republic rested in the hands of legion commanders and provincial governors.

11. A. The basic element of all Chinese dynasties was the strong Confucian bureaucracy while wealthy families dominated the Roman Republic. Initially, family wealth was based on land ownership. Later, merchant families gained political power.

12. What statement defines the dynastic cycle? A. Chinese governments ruled based on the power of a single family. B. While at first militarily powerful, as a dynasty came to depend more on Confucian scholars than generals, it became weaker militarily and would eventually fall to foreign invasion. C. Chinese government depended upon economic growth to sustain power, and as the economy declined, based on cycles, so too did the dynasties. D. Initially a Chinese government enjoyed prosperity and economic growth, but over time corruption, internal disasters, and external invasions all eroded a dynasty's power.

12. D. This statement gives a rough description of all of Chinese history until the rise of the People's Republic of China in 1949.

13. What statement best explains the changes in the Roman legions after about 200 CE? A. The legions stopped using the traditional phalanx formation that was developed by Greek warriors and instead began to fight with more open lines and swords instead of spears. B. The legions no longer protected the Roman frontier as they turned to looting the wealthy provinces of Italy and Greece. C. The legions became more dependent on foreign recruits, especially Germans, as fewer Romans volunteered for military service. D. The legions became more devoted to individual commanders and not to the Senate and people of Rome.

13. C. A decline in general civic responsibility along with the great expanse of the empire eventually forced the Romans to allow foreigners into legionary service.

15. Identify the major trade network between Asia and Europe. A. Trans- Saharan caravans B. The Silk Road C. Indian Ocean sea- lanes D. Mediterranean sea- lanes

15. B. The route takes its name from the iconic good transported from China to the rest of Asia, Europe, and Africa.

16. In the eighth century CE, identify the city that became the center of trade along the Silk Road. A. Venice B. Timbuktu C. Calicut D. Baghdad

16. D. Baghdad became the center of Islamic power as trade routes shifted to the new capital during the Abbasid caliphate.

30. Identify the nation that led European exploration through government efforts to provide their sailors with the most advanced navigation instruments and techniques available. A. Spain B. France C. Portugal D. Great Britain

30. C. Portugal's Prince Henry earned the title "the Navigator" for his efforts at developing Portugal's maritime empire

42. What European nation established the largest land-based empire by the mid- eighteenth century? A. Great Britain B. France C. Austria- Hungary D. Russia

42. D. Russia initially pushed eastward to prevent renewed attacks from the tribesmen of the steppe. It then focused on Central Asia and Siberia for natural resources and a variety of luxury goods like furs. Russia also pursued its long- term goal of establishing a warm- water port

1. For what period would archaeologists first begin to find permanent human settlements? A. The Paleolithic B. The Classical Era C. The Bronze Age D. The Neolithic

1. D. The Neolithic saw the introduction of agriculture, the key requirement for permanent settlements.

14. What statement offers the most complete analysis of the decline of the Han dynasty? A. Migrations of Germanic people from the north; lack of citizen participation in government; unemployment due to excessive numbers of slaves. B. Attacks by militarily superior horse-mounted steppe tribesmen equipped with strong bows; regional political rivalries taking advantage of a weak central government; diseases/plagues devastating the populations of major cities. C. Attacks by militarily superior horse-mounted steppe tribesmen equipped with strong bows; internal revolts due to increased taxes and weakening central authority; weak emperors and corrupt bureaucracy. D. Disruption of trade networks by well-equipped tribesmen from the steppes; exhaustion of local agricultural lands due to overfarming; decline in the available number of slaves due to military defeats and slave revolts.

14. C. This description fits the decline of typical Chinese dynasties (see the section on the dynastic cycle for more information).

"Thus says the Lord, the God of Israel, 'Let my people go, that they may hold a feast to me in the wilderness.'" — Moses's words to Pharaoh as recounted in the Bible, Exodus 5:1 17. Identify which of the following religions that would NOT accept the statement above as part of their religious heritage. A. Roman Catholicism B. Islam C. Eastern Orthodox D. Zoroastrianism

17. D. Roman Catholicism, Islam, and Eastern Orthodoxy all accept AP World HIStory PrACtICe eXAM 47 books of the Torah (the Bible's Old Testament) as part of their religious tradition.

18. Though often not officially interested in foreign trade, what example below indicates the involvement of the Chinese government in internal trade? A. The Great Wall of China B. The opening of the civil service exam to all backgrounds C. The construction of the Grand Canal D. The use of tax money for flood contro

18. C. The Grand Canal was part of an internal transportation system (roads, rivers, and canals) that was more extensive than any other in the premodern world.

19. Which of the following is a correct analysis of the impact of the early Mongol Empire on trade? A. The Mongols looted caravans to the point that the Silk Road no longer facilitated trade across Asia. B. The Mongols patrolled trade routes and protected caravans in their empire, leading to a boom in trade along the Silk Road. C. Merchants sought other routes, especially through Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean, to avoid the Mongol tribesmen. D. Merchants were forced to turn to other professions as the Mongols refused to allow other peoples to move through their empire.

19. B. The Mongols quickly learned the benefits that taxation of trade (demands for tribute from settled societies) had over raiding

2. Identify the statement that best begins an explanation of the Neolithic Revolution. A. In Northern Europe, nomadic hunters began to produce more complex stone tools. B. In East Asia, early settlers began using markings on turtle shells and bones as an early form of record keeping. C. In the Middle East, people began to settle in small communities and practice agriculture. D. In Mesoamerica, agricultural settlements saw an expansion of their populations and the beginning of more complex governments.

2. C. The key component of the Neolithic Revolution was the development of agricultural-based communities. From agriculture, a food surplus developed that allowed for job specialization, complex governments, and eventually the growth of cities. This first occurred in Mesopotamia in the Middle East.

21. What statement best explains the adoption of the Arabic language across North Africa? A. The retreat of the Roman Empire allowed people to return to their native language. B. The Islamic conquest destroyed the native population living in this region. C. The Islamic conquest of the region resulted in many conversions to Islam and the adoption of Islamic customs. D. The defeat of the Byzantine Empire convinced many inhabitants of the superiority of Arabic culture.

21. C. Arabic was not only the language of the conquerors, it was and remains the language of Islam.

22. What statement explains the origins of Swahili culture? A. Bantu peoples moving into southern Africa pushed many groups toward the India seacoast, where they were forced to adopt local customs. B. Bantu peoples moving into southern Africa traded with Arabs along the east coast, creating a blended culture. C. Arab merchants dominated trade along the African coast, forcing their culture on the small and weak local city- states. D. Arab merchants inhabited the coastal regions of East Africa but were forced to change their agrarian and trade customs to fit the local climate.

22. B. By definition, Swahili is a blend of the Arabic and Bantu languages. The culture reflects this pairing.

23. In many Southeast Asian trade cities, diasporic communities from this culture played a very important role in the local economy and politics. A. Indian B. Greek/Hellenic C. Japanese D. Chinese

23. D. While Confucian bureaucrats may have looked down on trade, many Chinese families made their fortunes and many Chinese moved to communities along the trading routes in order to take advantage of the demand for luxury goods produced in China.

25. The influence of Islam in Southeast Asia is an example of A. imperialism. B. migration. C. cultural diffusion. D. ethnocentrism.

25. C. Islam became a key component of Southeast Asian culture, not just the religion of a small minority community in some of the trade cities.

26. What statement best explains how Greek and Roman learning was preserved during the Middle Ages in Europe? A. Monasteries saw it as their mission to copy all of the older texts of the Greek and Roman philosophers. B. The works of Greek and Roman philosophers were preserved by both the Byzantine and the Islamic civilizations. C. The Roman Catholic Church maintained extensive libraries of Greek and Roman works throughout Europe. D. The collapse in Western Europe was not so great as to cause a shutdown of universities at the major population centers.

26. B. While generally ignored in favor of religious texts in Western Europe, the Byzantines and the Islamic civilizations continued to study and expand upon Greek and Roman thought during the European Middle Ages. As Western Europe began to reengage in international trade, this knowledge found its way back into European centers of learning.

27. Identify the major source of instability across Asia and Europe during the fourteenth century. A. Steppe tribesmen B. The Black Death C. The Islamic caliph D. Famine

27. B. The massive loss of life caused by the plague devastated the economies of all societies, both those dependent heavily on agriculture (by destroying the supply of labor) and those based more on trade (because it so damaged cities as to destroy entire regional markets and to cut key sections out of trade routes as cities disappeared and nations no longer maintained political control over vast regions).

28. What statement explains the bureaucratic view of Buddhism during the Tang dynasty? A. Buddhism provided the society with a means of appeasing the poorer peasant classes because, unlike Confucianism, it was egalitarian. B. Buddhism was a threat to the power of the Confucian bureaucracy because it offered an alternative social organization. C. Buddhism was not recognized as an issue for the bureaucracy because it was a religion that did not address political issues. D. Buddhism was seen as a challenge to the Confucian religious beliefs held by many in the bureaucracy.

28. B. Confucian scholars feared that, as a religion, Buddhism's appeal could replace the social organization they championed. Also, many left large sums of money to Buddhist monasteries, allowing for Buddhist leaders to gain access to powerful families, including the imperial family.

29. How did the caravel alter European society in the fifteenth century? A. It allowed for more accurate navigation. B. It gave the European powers a strong military advantage over their chief rivals, the Ottoman Empire. C. It allowed for long- distance ocean travel. D. It provided Europeans with a means of challenging Islamic power in the Mediterranean.

29. C. More than anything else, the technological advances that allowed Europeans to establish trade connections that bypassed the Middle Eastern powers (Ottoman, Persian) and to discover the wealth of the New World led to global European domination by the nineteenth century

More reliable and abundant food supply Job specialization based on a surplus of food development of a more formal social hierarchy Increased population creating some social pressures as traditional family/clan loyalties broke down. 3. All of the above resulted from what cultural change? A. The development of complex government B. The adoption of agriculture C. The development of metal tools D. The growth of complex, organized religion

3. B. Agriculture was the ultimate cause of each of these. All of these in turn led to the development of civilizations.

41. What was the purpose of the European monarchs in claiming rule through the divine right of kings? A. To reinforce the power of the church over secular rulers B. To establish a stronger connection between church and state C. To strengthen a king's claim to absolute power over his subjects D. To allow the nobility to use the king as a symbol of central political authority without actually giving the king this great power

41. C. Throughout history, the elites have used religious beliefs and traditions to maintain greater control over their society.

31. What allowed Britain and France to benefit from Spain's silver mining in Latin America? A. Both nations manufactured goods for sale to Spain, which did not develop a strong manufacturing sector. B. Britain used military resources to take Spanish colonies while France's royal family inherited the Spanish throne through marriage. C. Britain used military resources to take Spanish colonies while France provided Spain with manufactured goods. D. Both of these nations used military force to seize colonies in the silver- producing are as.

31. A. Spanish control over the great wealth of the Americas kept the nobility firmly in control and actually hindered the development of an entrepreneurial middle class, because the nobility did not allow for others to rise to positions of power or encourage the development of a manufacturing economy based in cities, which could be dominated by the king and give power to those of other classes.

32. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, what fueled the increase in global trade? A. The export of cheap labor in the form of slaves from Africa B. The active participation of the Chinese government in expanding trade C. The massive amounts of silver made available from New World mines D. The influx of New World cash crops like sugar and tobacco

32. C. The initial boost in trade came from the discovery of silver mines in the New World. This allowed European merchants to purchase more goods from other areas and encouraged the development of greater manufacturing in Europe, which attracted even more silver.

33. What statement best compares the results of the Columbian Exchange in Europe and China? A. Both areas saw population increases and economic growth fueled by New World silver. B. While Europe saw great economic growth, the Chinese economy failed to benefit from new wealth and suffered due to population growth caused by the New World crops. C. Europe benefited economically from New World silver while there was almost no impact in China. D. Europe's economy failed to grow because most New World silver went to China to purchase luxury trade goods like porcelain and silk.

33. A. Potato cultivation led to massive food increases, producing a population boom in Europe and China in addition to the economic increase caused by the increasing supply of wealth and growing manufacturing.

34. What statement best compares agricultural changes in the New and the Old Worlds due to the Columbian Exchange? A. In the New World, the importation of new grain crops provided a boost to world food production while exotic crops like tomatoes had little impact on Old World agriculture. B. In the New World, cash crops like sugar became the key agricultural product while potatoes and corn contributed to increased food production in the Old World. C. In the New World, little agricultural change occurred because the native population was devastated by disease; however, potatoes and corn contributed to population growth in Europe and China. D. In the New World, both food production and cash crop production grew rapidly while the Old World experienced little agricultural changes.

34. B. The suitability of land for the cultivation of cash crops like sugar came to dominate the agrarian sector of many colonial economies in the Americas while the arrival of potatoes and corn allowed for increased cultivation and reduced food cost.

35. What identifies one result of cash crop production in the New World? A. Deforestation B. Urbanization C. Desertification D. Famine

35. A. The most immediate result of the agricultural changes in the Americas was a cutting of forests in order to increase the amount of cultivated lands. The low population density of many areas of the Americas had meant no large-scale farming was taking place. To provide the demands for sugar and other products in Europe as well as to feed growing cattle and human populations, forests needed to be cleared for cultivation.

36. The spread of Islam into India and Southeast Asia was facilitated by A. the military conquest of the caliphate. B. the introduction of Sufi mysticism. C. the lack of native belief systems. D. the Mongol conquest.

36. B. Sufi mysticism was able to gain more acceptance in these regions because of the similarities between some of its practices and Hindu mysticism.

37. The creation of the Atlantic trade network greatly facilitated the spread of what religion? A. Islam B. Sikhism C. Animism D. Christianity

37. D. Europeans dominated the Atlantic and spread Christianity to the conquered peoples in the Americas and into many parts of Africa. Some animist beliefs from Africa moved into the Americas due to the slave trade, but D is the better answer.

38. The Renaissance resulted from economic growth in Europe, but it was most recognized for A. the creation of political systems dominated by the middle class. B. innovations in visual and performing arts. C. the establishment of global empires by the European powers. D. the elimination of the aristocracy as the elite class of the European social system.

38. B. The most obvious sign of the Renaissance was a renewal of high culture in Europe, but it was only possible due to the rapid economic growth that originated in Italy's contacts with the Eastern Mediterranean and spread slowly into Western Europe as new trade routes were developed.

39. What was the purpose of the encomienda system in the Spanish colonies of the New World? A. Provide an incentive for Spanish settlers to immigrate to the New World B. Allow for the creation of independent states allied with the Spanish Crown C. Provide labor for the creation of Spanish plantations, ranches, and mining D. Facilitate the conversion of the native population to Roman Catholicism

39. C. The Spanish treated the New World as an extension of the feudal system when it came to the agrarian economy. Natives and then slaves were required for agricultural production.

4. Which of the following civilizations shares the most in common with the Harappan civilization found in the Indus River Valley? A. The Mogul Empire in India B. The Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan C. The Olmec civilization in Mesoamerica D. The Athenian city- state in ancient Greece

4. C. The Olmec and Harappan share important traits. First, each is the original civilization in their areas. Second, both developed key cultural components that were passed to successor civilizations in their regions.

40. What social class developed in the Spanish colonies of the New World that had the ability to amass economic wealth but could not achieve political power? A. Mestizos B. Creoles C. Mulattos D. Peninsulares

40. B. The Creoles were European, and many came from powerful noble families. However, they were denied greater political power in the 50 AP World HIStory Americas so that the court in Spain could maintain greater control by directly appointing nobles tied to Spain itself.

43. All of the following factors contributed to the Industrial Revolution in Europe EXCEPT A. the accumulation of capital. B. improved agricultural productivity. C. improvements in navigational tools. D. legal protection of private property

43. C. Navigational tools contributed to the age of exploration during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but by the time of the Industrial Revolution, economic growth required capital (money), cheap labor (recently freed up by better agricultural production), and legal protections for businesses and the entrepreneurial middle class.

44. The steam engine and the internal combustion engine both made possible the exploitation of A. fossil fuels for energy. B. the forests of Europe for energy. C. the newly discovered riches of the Americas. D. agriculture workers due to improved transportation.

44. A. The use of fossil fuels allowed for much greater control over where manufacturing could take place, allowing for better use of resources for manufacturing and concentration of labor in key regions.

45. In the nineteenth century, all of the following areas industrialized EXCEPT A. the United States. B. Russia. C. Japan. D. China

45. D. China's Qing dynasty failed to adopt modern economic practices due to traditional Confucian ideas and high levels of government corruption

46. What statement best describes the economies of the newly independent nations of South America during the nineteenth century? A. These nations began industrializing through the process of import substitution. B. These nations developed subsistence farming economies to replace the imports of European grains. C. Latin America became dependent on the production of a small number of natural resources or cash crops for export to global markets. D. Latin America attracted large numbers of immigrants, which provided cheap labor for its growing industrial economy.

46. C. Even with independence, economies in the Americas depended on investments from Europe and the United States, which continued to make money for their elites but did not allow for the development of local industries.

47. In the nineteenth century, India's economy was forced to A. industrialize to meet the growing demands of a wealthy British middle class. B. abandon much of its food production in favor of expanding the production of textiles and cash crops. C. provide cheap labor for the factories of Britain. D. abandon its participation in the larger global economy in order to improve British trade.

47. B. During the industrial age, colonies were used to produce the raw materials needed for the factories of Europe. In many cases, this created economies that were dependent on global markets and generally unable to sustain themselves.

48. What market held the greatest attraction for the European powers during the nineteenth century? A. The United States B. Africa C. China D. Latin America

48. C. China produced both high-demand products like tea and also held the potential for large markets for manufactured goods.

49. As the world's economy expanded in the nineteenth century, the need for greater supplies of money led to a rush to develop new gold and diamond mines in A. South Africa. B. Brazil. C. Alaska. D. Arabia.

49. A. While Brazil and Africa both experienced gold rushes, South Africa developed into a major gold and diamond producer along with many other rare metals and gems.

5. Identify the important original contribution of the Hebrew culture to the civilizations in the Middle East and Mediterranean during the Classical Period. A. Monotheism B. Written legal code C. Phonetic alphabet D. Priest caste

5. A. While the overall population and political influence of the Hebrew state(s) was small, the development of the Hebrew monotheistic religion would give rise to both Christianity and Islam.

50. By the late nineteenth century, leading industrial powers like Great Britain and the United States depended upon an economic system originally described by A. John Locke. B. Adam Smith. C. Karl Marx. D. Alexander Hamilton.

50. B. Both nations adopted the basic ideas of free-market capitalism originally described by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations

51. Prior to the railroad, what allowed for the rapid and regular transportation of goods in Great Britain? A. An extensive paved road system B. A fleet of coastal barges C. A small number of highly urbanized population centers D. A system of rivers and water canals

51. D. The relatively small size of Great Britain and an abundant supply of natural bodies of water made canal construction relatively cheap and rapid

52. Why was Communism viewed as a threat in industrial nations like Great Britain and Germany? A. Communism required greater participation of the working poor in government. B. Communism called for the violent overthrow of those in power and did not protect private property. C. Communism demanded an end to the colonial system so that workers in the home nations could demand better pay and benefits. D. Communism would create a political system that did not protect the special privileges of the nobility or middle class

52. B. While capitalism does not address social class like Communism, it does depend upon the protection of accumulated capital (wealth and money). Communism called for the rising of the masses against those in power, especially the owners of the means of production (the wealthy).

53. What was the goal of the Chinese Self-Strengthening Movement started by Prince Gong in the late nineteenth century? A. To fight corruption in the bureaucracy by enforcing a strict version of Neoconfucian ethics B. The expulsion of foreigners from China by military force, which was rebuilt with increased taxes on the landowning class C. The adoption of Western technology and governmental systems to prevent further outside domination of China D. To unite the nations of East Asia, Japan especially, with China in order to better oppose European and American exploitation of Asia

53. C. As corruption and defeats by foreign nations weakened the central government of the Qing dynasty, some sought to adopt Western economic models to prevent the further humiliation of China. These efforts were eventually halted by the existing government structure as a danger to their power.

54. During the nineteenth century, why did conservative governments in Europe expand voting rights, establish public health-care systems, pay for social security pensions, and institute free public education systems? A. To avoid social and political unrest by appeasing the middle and urban poor classes B. To provide a better educated and happier industrial work force C. To prevent further emigration from Europe to the Americas D. To strengthen the loyalty of the people to the monarchies without real government reform

54. A. Conservative governments that generally oppose great change often adopt policies to enfranchise more in order to win their long-term support. They saw greater voting rights and legal protections as inevitable.

56. In what colony did slavery result in a successful slave rebellion that established an independent state? A. Brazil B. Haiti C. Colombia D. Jamaica

56. B. The unrest of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte allowed Haitian slaves to rebel against the French and win their independence. British opposition to Napoleon prevented an effective French response to the rebellion, thus allowing it to succeed.

57. In 1900, European, American, and Japanese troops landed in China to put down a rebellion initiated by the Society of the Righteous Harmonious Fist, called Boxers by Westerners, because A. even though the Westerners did not favor the Qing dynasty, they did not want it replaced by a stronger Chinese government. B. of treaty obligations the Western governments and Japan had negotiated with the weak Qing dynasty. C. the Boxers' goal was the expulsion of foreigners and their influence from China. D. the rebellion provided an excuse to permanently station Western troops in China based on a series of previous treaty agreements

57. C. The Boxers directly attacked European interests, specifically missionaries and diplomats. European and American governments could not allow their economic connections to the Chinese markets to suffer from unrest, and they did not believe that China's officials, already weak after losing several wars and seriously corrupt, would respond effectively to the Boxer threat. In fact, the empress dowager even assisted the Boxers in the area around Peking, the capital.

58. The population boom in many areas of Eastern and Southern Europe during the latter part of the nineteenth century did not create excessive economic hardships because A. many in these areas were able to emigrate to the United States or South America. B. these areas were also in the midst of rapid industrialization and needed a supply of factory workers. C. the decline of the Ottoman Empire allowed nations in Eastern Europe to expand into new territory. D. Russia encouraged many in the region to migrate to Siberia to establish new agrarian and mining communities.

58. A. For decades the Americas provided a population safety valve for much of the rest of the world.

59. In the early twentieth century, what scientist developed a set of new theories that challenged Sir Isaac Newton's position as the leading theoretical physicist? A. Sigmund Freud B. Marie Curie C. Max Planck D. Niels Bohr

59. C. Planck ushered in a new wave of scientific progress aided by both human theories and better scientific instruments, which allowed for testing and adjusting these theories. Another important name in physics at the time was Albert Einstein

61. During World War I, what new military technique led to unprecedented numbers of combat deaths? A. Submarine warfare B. Atomic weapons C. Trench warfare D. Aerial combat

61. C. The failure of the German invasion plans against France resulted in a stalemate along the western front. As both sides dug in, they found that the new weapons of the twentieth century allowed for killing on a scale never before imagined.

62. Which of the following statements is an accurate comparison of the Ottoman, Russian, and Qing Empires in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A. Prior to their collapse, each of the empires attempted a series of Western-style reforms, but the ruling elites eventually failed to support the needed changes. B. Overexpansion of empires caused each to face economic turmoil as taxes were increased to pay for military expenditures. C. The Ottoman and Russian Empires survived because of the adoption of some Western-style reforms while the Qing failed because it refused to alter centuries of Chinese tradition. D. The Ottoman Empire and Qing dynasty both lost territory to aggressive European powers while Russia, acting as an aggressor, expanded its empire during this time

62. A. Each empire failed to achieve reform because the basic economic, political, and social structures needed for successful change were not in place (no significant middle class, lack of legal protections for property, government accountability to a large segment of the population).

63. Which of the following best describes the Indian National Congress? A. A group of Indian nationalists who, disappointed in the failure of the 1857 rebellion/mutiny, banded together to organize opposition to British rule B. A group of educated Indians who joined together to press for greater autonomy within British India C. A radicalized group of Indians who banded together to promote attacks upon British authorities in India D. A pacifist movement organized by Indian Hindus to oppose outside influences in India

63. B. Many Indians who received a Western-style education wanted greater economic freedoms in their society and sought to adopt Western methods and ideologies to achieve them. The Indian National Congress established itself along the lines of a traditional political party like those in England.

64. Which of the following was NOT an aspect of the colonial struggle for independence between Algeria and France? A. The presence of large numbers of French citizens in the Algerian colony B. Divided public opinion in France over military action in Algeria C. Direct intervention by the Soviet Union in assistance to the Algerian rebels D. The use of terror attacks against French citizens in Algeria

64. C. During the Cold War, the superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union often found themselves on different sides in local conflicts. However, very rarely did either directly get involved, preferring to support local groups instead of sending in their own armed forces. In Algeria, the Soviets lent political support at the United Nations for the rebels but did not become directly involved in the conflict.

65. Which of the following was a common result after independence was achieved in an African nation? A. Movement toward a representative government to integrate the various ethnic groups into a common society B. The deliberate isolation of the nation from international politics so as to avoid a new form of imperialism based on economic domination C. The establishment of strong regional alliances to promote economic growth without dependence on developed nations D. The breakdown of society into ethnic rivalries, leading to internal conflict

65. D. The Berlin Conference that established the colonial boundaries of Africa failed to consider the ethnic diversity of the African peoples. Independence movements generally united various tribal groups, but

66. After seizing control of Egypt, what larger policy was promoted by Gamal Nasser in order to strengthen his position internationally? A. Pan- Africanism B. Communism C. Nonalignment D. Pan- Arabism

66. D. Nasser had ambitions to control a large secular Arab state, but while many Arabs agreed in principal in the idea of strength in numbers, the political elites of the various nations did not agree to turn power over to Nasser. The movement eventually collapsed.

Article 2 ...any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: • Killing members of the group; • Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; • Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; • Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; • Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. 67. The above article, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, defines what as a crime under international law? A. Torture B. War C. Genocide D. Terrorism

67. C. The Holocaust perpetrated by Nazi Germany prompted the new United Nations to address the crime of genocide and establish it as a crime against humanity

68. What statement best assesses how the Great Depression contributed to the beginning of World War II. A. New democratic governments failed to deal with the economic crisis caused by the Depression, allowing more radical political ideologies like fascism to take hold in their countries. B. The economic turmoil created the need to expand colonial possessions in order to secure scarce resources. C. The economic decline actually encouraged all nations to reduce military spending and attempt to maintain the peace much longer than in previous decades. D. Governments attempted to use military action to promote nationalism and to distract people from the failure of economic policies to alleviate the crisis.

68. A. People in Germany and Italy did not have faith in their new democratic governments and blamed them for many of their economic problems. This allowed more radical parties to take shape and become dominant forces within the nations. In both Italy and Germany, fascism rose to power initially through democratic elections, but in each case the fascist winners immediately moved to end true democratic institutions.

69. During the 1960s and 1970s, which of the following contributed to the establishment and continuation of authoritarian governments in the developing world? A. The nonaligned movement B. Cold War tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States C. An abundance of cheap commodities and manufactured goods in the global market D. A decision by the United Nations to respect the sovereignty of each nation regardless of its political organization

69. B. The Soviets sought to establish Communist dictatorships wherever possible during this period, and the United States and its NATO allies were more often concerned with halting the expansion of Communism than with the establishment of democratic governments. The end of the Soviet Union saw a new emphasis on the West in spreading good governance and democratic institutions.

7. Confucianism established political and social systems in China while what other philosophy contributed significantly to China's medical practices and art and architecture? A. Legalism B. Shintoism C. Hinduism D. Daoism

7. D. Daoism concerned itself chiefly with harmony in nature and the use of herbal knowledge to cure man's ailments

70. The Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China each used Five- Year plans to A. map out a strategy for the expansion of Communist parties in other nations. B. develop stronger military cooperation between the two countries. C. manage economic policies for agricultural and manufacturing production. D. act as term limits to allow for changeover in political leadership

70. C. Communism, a form of socialism, established government control over the economy. It was a command economic system. The five- year plans allowed for government planning of production by establishing quotas over agricultural and manufacturing production and distributing the resources of the state. The Soviet Union began the system under Vladimir Lenin, and China adopted it under Mao Zedong's leadership once his Communists had achieved victory over the Nationalists in 1949. The Chinese still adopt five-year economic policies, but their economy now operates more under the influence of market forces rather than government dictates.

8. In addition to Judaism, identify the two cultures that most influenced the development of early Christianity. A. Sumerian and Egyptian B. Greek and Roman C. Egyptian and Greek D. Sumerian and Roman

8. B. Christianity, an evangelical religion, depended upon converts. To better bring in new members, early Christian missionaries adopted many Greek and Roman traditions into the church.

9. What statement best explains the presence of Greek architectural styles throughout the Middle East and the Mediterranean? A. Greek trading empires and the conquests of Alexander the Great spread Hellenic culture across these areas. B. The Romans adopted Hellenic culture and then spread it to all parts of the empire. C. The Persian conquest of the Greek city-states allowed for Greek culture to spread into its empire. D. The decline of pre-Classical civilizations made Greek culture the most attractive to people living in these regions.

9. A. The Greeks depended heavily on trade to provide grain and some luxury goods to the city-states. In addition, Alexander the Great, although a Macedonian, respected Greek culture, and his army included thousands of Greek soldiers and advisors.

Which of the following was a cause of both World War 1 and World War 2? A. Political instability in the nations of eastern Europe B. The complicated network of secret alliances forged by European nations C. The massive dept owed by Germany to other parts of the World D. The inability of the league of Nations to enforce its decisions

B

Which of the following is not a true statement about the Holy Roman Empire? A. The empire did not have one common language or nationality B. The empire granted citizenship to men in some conqured territories C. The empire had a decentralized government with strong local autonomy D. The empire split into germany, austria, and italy in the late 1300's

D