World History short answers

Hunnic confederation

"The Huns" (376-476 CE) nomadic tribe from somewhere between the eastern edge of the Altai Mountains and the Caspian Sea, roughly modern Kazakhstanyears of war with the Romans lead to a peace treaty between the two empires

Shihuangdi

- "first emperor"- Qin dynasty- Ruler of win imposes rule over china- Policies of centralization under the "first emperor" nobles of conquered regions have to move to capital, private ownership of weapons is illegal, appointment of officials to govern territories, census of population, standardization of weights, measures, coinages, and writing, building projects

the Punic Wars

- 1st punic war 264 - 241 bce acquisition of sicily- 2nd punic war 218 - 202 bce hanibal (of carthhage) attacks from the north. Rome gains control of western mediterean- 3rd punic war 149 -146 bce rome destroys carthage war of spite, barbarism, no real reason, didn't want carthage to get back on its feet and be a competitor, wipes out carthhage population and those not killed are enslaved.

Julius Caesar

- 1st triumvirate = Julius, crassus and pompey friendship of conveince, very distrustful of eachother- 60 -53 bce- But when crassus is killed in battle Julius defeats pompey in 48 bce- Caesar allies with Cleopatra VII of eygpt in war against pompey- Caesar dictatorship 49 - 44 bce murdered in 44 by a group wanting to restore the republic

Barracks Emperors

- 26 emperors and 25 died violently- Military coup- Population declines by 1/3- Radical devaluation of coinage

The sacraments

- Baptism (become christain), communion (commerates last supper and has sacrificial meaning), confession (confess sins in order for forgiveness), ordination (becomes priest/bishop)

Octavian

- Caesar's heir- 2nd triumvirate (Octavian, marc Anthony, and Lepidus) - destroy republican army in 42 bce- Octavian gains control of Rome- Marc Anthony allies with Cleopatra but Octavian defeats them at Actium in 31 bce- Declared "Augustus" (really great) and princeps (1st citizen) by senate in 27 bce

Coloniae and municipia

- Coloniae: towns set up on roman model of veterans from roman army in places that weren't necessarily that "Romanized" yet- Municipia" same as coloniae but not veterans

Han Wudi

- Emperor 141 - 87 bce- Embraces Confucianism as political philosophy- Uses confucsian scholars as administrators- Continue though to use many legalist practices- Creates govt monopolies (over grain trade)- Carries out territorial expansion

Aristotle

- Logic and the syllogism- Doctrine of causes: material (matter), formal (form given to matter), efficient (cause of action to happen), and final (everything has purpose towards which it is heading to- Learns from Plato but disagree on somethings truth found by using sensory data and discipline process of reasoning

Constantine

- Period of civil war after Diocletian retires- But Constantine kills off all rivals in the west by 312- Battle of Milvian bridge (outside of Rome) (312) "under this sign, conquer", founds new imperial capital at Constantinople (all Christian)- Favors new capital and eastern half of empire- Western half disintegrates- Administrative reforms: makes virtually all professions hereditary, abandons tetrarchy systems and makes rule hereditary, new system encourages civil war and divided empire- Edict of Milan (313) - legal religion of roman empire = Christianity standardizes it

5 pillars of Islam

- Shahada: there is no god but allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of allah- Zakat: charitable giving- Ramadan- Salat: prayer 5x a day- Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca

Alexander the Great

- Trying to continue his fathers legacy (Philip) - Invades Persian empire 334- Battle of guagamela 331 bce most decisive battle, they defeat greatest Persian army, Persian king dies, BUT army goes all the way to india before turning around and alex dies when he returns home

Tetrarchy

- set up by diocletian- 2 emperors (augusti)- 2 emperors in training (caesars)- Beginning of division of empire into east and west- Separates civil and military jurisdiction- Makes some professions hereditary- Attempt to reform coinage with very little success- Develops more efficient and heavy system of taxation

Confucianism and neo-Confucianism

-is a moral, ethical, and metaphysical Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism, and originated with Han Yu and Li Ao (772-841) in the Tang Dynasty, and became prominent during the Songand Ming dynasties. Neo-Confucianism could have been an attempt to create a more rationalist and secular form of Confucianism by rejecting superstitious and mystical elements of Taoism and Buddhism that had influenced Confucianism during and after the Han Dynasty.[1] Although the neo-Confucianists were critical of Taoism and Buddhism, the two did have an influence on the philosophy, and the neo-Confucianists borrowed terms and concepts. However, unlike the Buddhists and Taoists, who saw metaphysics as a catalyst for spiritual development, religious enlightenment, and immortality, the neo-Confucanists used metaphysics as a guide for developing a rationalist ethical philosophy. -With particular emphasis on the importance of the family and social harmony, rather than on an otherworldly source of spiritual values,[4] the core of Confucianism is humanistic. The worldly concern of Confucianism rests upon the belief that human beings are fundamentally good, and teachable, improvable, and perfectible through personal and communal endeavor, especially self-cultivation and self-creation. Confucian thought focuses on the cultivation of virtue in a morally organised world.

First and Second Jewish Revolts

1. The Great Revolt began in the year 66 CE, during the twelfth year of the reign of Nero, originating in Roman and Jewish religious tensions.[3]The crisis escalated due to anti-taxation protests and attacks upon Roman citizens by the Jews.[4] The Roman governor, Gessius Florus, responded by plundering the Second Temple, claiming the money was for the Emperor, and the next day launching a raid on the city, arresting numerous senior Jewish figures. This prompted a wider, large-scale rebellion and the Roman military garrison of Judaea was quickly overrun by the rebels, while the pro-Roman king Herod Agrippa II, together with Roman officials, fled Jerusalem 2. Simon bar Kokhba, the commander of the revolt, was acclaimed as a Messiah, a heroic figure who could restore Israel. The revolt established an independent state of Israel over parts of Judea for more than two years, but a Roman army made up of six full legions with auxiliaries and elements from up to six additional legions finally crushed it.[29] The Romans then barred Jews from Jerusalem, except to attend Tisha B'Av. Although Jewish Christians hailed Jesus as the Messiah and did not support Bar Kokhba,[30] they were barred from Jerusalem along with the rest of the Jews.[citation needed] The war and its aftermath helped differentiate Christianity as a religion distinct from Judaism (see also Split of early Christianity and Judaism)

Cyrus the Great (559 BCE)

A remarkable leader who managed to reunite he Persian Empire in a powerful kingdom. Defeated his grandfather in a rebellion and took over. Cyrus was a successful military commander, but he also recognized the need to leave the regions that he conquered in good economic order if they were going to provide him with tribute revenues. To achieve this, Cyrus left local rulers in place after conquering a region, and he allowed the local population to continue practicing their preferred religious traditions. These policies ensured that conquered regions continued to function economically and reduced the chance that they would rebel against him. In ancient Mesopotamia, a common imperial strategy was to relocate conquered populations to new areas in order to break up their political and cultural unity and make them less dangerous to the ruling power. Cyrus reversed this practice by allowing the Jews, who had been relocated by the Babylonians, to return to Israel and establish a tributary state

Linear A and Linear B MINOANS

All assumptions and hypotheses about Linear A and Minoan (their underlying language) are based primarily on comparison with the well-known Linear B, the famous child system developed from Linear A. Linear A has hundreds of signs, believed to represent syllabic, ideographic, and semantic values in a manner similar to Linear B. While many of those assumed to be syllabic signs are similar to ones in Linear B, approximately 80% of Linear A's logograms are unique;[4][3] the difference in sound values between Linear A and Linear B signs ranges from 9% to 13%.[5] It primarily appears in the left-to-right direction, but occasionally appears as a right-to-left or boustrophedon script. Discovered in Crete, likely from 1800 to 1450 BCE. Linear B: is a syllabic script that was used for writing Mycenaean Greek, the earliest attested form of Greek. The script predates the Greek alphabetby several centuries. The oldest Mycenaean writing dates to about 1450 BC.[1] It is descended from the older Linear A, an undeciphered earlier script used for writing the Minoan language, as is the later Cypriot syllabary, which also recorded Greek. Linear B, found mainly in the palace archives at Knossos, Cydonia,[2] Pylos, Thebes and Mycenae,[3] disappeared with the fall of Mycenaean civilization during the Late Bronze Age collapse. The succeeding period, known as the Greek Dark Ages, provides no evidence of the use of writing.

Mycenaeans

An Indo-European people who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C. Mycenaean culture flourished on the Greek mainland in the Late Bronze Age, from about 1600 to 1100 B.C.E. The name comes from the site of Mycenae. The Mycenaean period of the later Greek Bronze Age was viewed by the Greeks as the "age of heroes" and perhaps provides the historical background to many of the stories told in later Greek mythology, including Homer's epics. Several heavily fortified towns Evidence of each being ruled by a king Heavy cultural borrowing from Minoans Linear B writing system borrowed from Minoans Linear B deciphered: expresses an early form of Greek Mycenaeans invade and dominate Crete, c. 1450-1350 BCE Evidence of Mycenaean war with Troy: Many scholars believe that there is a historical core to the tale, though this may simply mean that the Homeric stories are a fusion of various tales of sieges and expeditions by Mycenaean Greeks during the Bronze Age. Those who believe that the stories of the Trojan War are derived from a specific historical conflict usually date it to the 12th or 11th century BC, often preferring the dates given by Eratosthenes, 1194-1184 BC, which roughly corresponds with archaeological evidence of a catastrophic burning of Troy VII,[4] and the Late Bronze Age collapse. Mycenaean civilization collapses during 1100s Role of warfare and invasion The Sea Peoples and Dorians:The Dorian invasion is a concept devised by historians of Ancient Greece to explain the replacement of pre-classical dialects and traditions in southern Greece by the ones that prevailed in Classical Greece. The latter were named Dorian by the ancient Greek writers, after the Dorians, the historical population that spoke them. Greek legend asserts that the Dorians took possession of the Peloponnesus in an event called the Return of the Heracleidae (Ancient Greek: Ἐπιστροφὴ τῶν Ἡρακλειδῶν). Nineteenth-century Classical scholars saw in the legend a possibly real event they termed the Dorian invasion. The meaning of the concept has changed several times, as historians, philologists and archaeologists used it in attempts to explain the cultural discontinuities expressed in the data of their fields. The pattern of arrival of Dorian culture on certain islands in the Mediterranean, such as Crete, is also not well understood. The Dorians colonised a number of sites on Crete such as Lato

Jainism

An ancient religion of India with a small following today of only about 10 million followers. Originated in the 800s BCE. They prescribes a path of non-violence towards all living beings. Its philosophy and practice rely mainly on self-effort to progress the soul up the spiritual ladder to divine consciousness. Any soul that has conquered its own inner enemies and achieved the state of supreme being is called jina (Conqueror or Victor). Mahavira—the "great hero" —was a contemporary of the Buddha and founder of the Jain faith. This religion, with its emphasis on harsh asceticism, has been less popular than Buddhism and did not spread beyond continental South Asia. Nonetheless it has survived to the present and through the centuries has enjoyed strong support from the merchant and banking classes. The artistic heritage of Jainism is thus especially rich.

hieroglyphics

Ancient Egyptian writing is known as hieroglyphics ('sacred carvings') and developed at some point prior to the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3150 -2613 BCE). According to some scholars, the concept of the written word was first developed in Mesopotamia and came to Egypt through trade. While there certainly was cross-cultural exchange between the two regions, Egyptian hieroglyphics are completely Egyptian in origin; there is no evidence of early writings which describe non-Egyptian concepts, places, or objects, and early Egyptian pictographs have no correlation to early Mesopotamian signs. The designation 'hieroglyphics' is a Greek word; the Egyptians referred to their writing as medu-netjer, 'the god's words,' as they believed writing had been given to them by the great god Thoth. According to one ancient Egyptian tale, in the beginning of time Thoth created himself and, in the form of an ibis, lay the cosmic egg which held all of creation. In another story, Thoth emerged from the lips of the sun god Ra at the dawn of time, and in another, he was born of the contendings of the gods Horus and Set, representing the forces of order and chaos. In all of these, however, the constant is that Thoth was born with an immense breadth of knowledge and, among the most important, the knowledge of the power of words.

Peter and Paul

Apostles of Jesus who spread his teachings / Christianity after his death. Paul: Self-appointed apostle of Jesus, whom he never met, Paul was born Saul in Tarsus and was probably a Roman citizen. He was definitely a devout Jew, and among those who persecuted the early followers of Jesus for breaking Jewish law. He changed his name to Paul after a revelation convinced him of the truth of Jesus' divinity-this is often called his conversion, though it did not require him to deny Judaism in any way. Paul spent the rest of his life spreading the new faith, and his letters to the various congregations around the Eastern Mediterranean are the only contemporary records from the movement. Peter:Friend and disciple of Jesus, Peter was a fisherman from Galilee. He is sometimes called "Cephas," the Aramaic form of his name, which means "rock." He is often called the leader of the twelve apostles, and by some accounts was the first to call Jesus "Messiah." Immediately following the crucifixion of Jesus, he left Jerusalem, returned after having a vision of Jesus' resurrection. He was present at the revelation of the holy spirit at Pentecost, and imprisoned for his beliefs. According to tradition, he traveled to Rome and served as the first Bishop of Rome before being crucified upside-down.

Pericles

Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon. Pericles (l. 495-429 BCE) was a prominent Greek statesman, orator, and general during the Golden Age of Athens. The period in which he led Athens, in fact, has been called the Age of Pericles due to his influence, not only on his city's fortunes, but on the whole of Greek history during the 5th century BCE and even after his death. He was a fierce proponent of democracy, although the form this took differed from the modern day as only male citizens of Athens could participate in politics. Even so, his reforms would lay the groundwork for the development of later democratic political systems. He increased Athens' power through his use of the Delian League to form the Athenian empire and led his city through the First Peloponnesian War (460-446 BCE) and the first two years of the Second Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE). He was still actively engaged in political life when he died of the plague in 429 BCE. The most famous of these speeches is his Funeral Oration, given at the conclusion of the First Peloponnesian War. In this work, Pericles praises the soldiers who fell in battle, the bravery of their Athenian ancestors, the families who sacrificed loved ones for the city, and encourages survivors to honor the memory of the fallen. His primary focus, however, is the glory of Athens and how unique it is among all the other cities of the world. - 9 archons (magistrates, elected annually), the areopagus, council of 500 (the boule), the assembly of all male citizens, popular courts, ostracism

Corpus Iuris Civilis

Body of the Civil Law, the Byzantine emperor Justinian's attempt to codify all Roman law. for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534 by order of Justinian I, Eastern Roman Emperor. It is also sometimes referred to as the Code of Justinian, although this name belongs more properly to the part titled Codex Justinianus. The work as planned had three parts: the Code (Codex) is a compilation, by selection and extraction, of imperial enactments to date; the Digest or Pandects(the Latin title contains both Digesta and Pandectae) is an encyclopedia composed of mostly brief extracts from the writings of Roman jurists; and the Institutes (Institutiones) is a student textbook, mainly introducing the Code, although it has important conceptual elements that are less developed in the Code or the Digest. All three parts, even the textbook, were given force of law. They were intended to be, together, the sole source of law; reference to any other source, including the original texts from which the Code and the Digest had been taken, was forbidden

First and Second Persian Wars

First Persian War - Greek colonies rebelled in 499 BCE; Greek colonies appeal to Athens and Sparta for aid, only Athens helps the colonists; rebellion collapses in 494 BCE; Darius strikes back at the Battle of Marathon, 490 BCE, which the Greeks win. Darius wanted to expand, when greeks rejected his call to surrender he attacked the cyclades. Second Persian War - King Xerxes invades Greece in response to the Battle of Marathon with 160,000 soldiers and 600 ships in 480 BCE. Thermopylae 480 BCE 300 Spartans held off the Persians and allowed for the rest of the cities to fortify for the oncoming invasion; Greek navy destroys the invading Persian navy at Salamis after drawn them into the narrow straits and attacking with their fast, maneuverable ships; Xerxes withdraws from Greece; Greeks came behind the idea of Panhellenism (Greek unity/oneness) to repel the invading Persian army. Unified Athens, Sparta and the rest of the greek city states.

Patricians and plebeians

From the start the roman society was split into two classes. The patricians who were considered to be the upper class could serve as priests, senators and magistrate. The plebeians were the commoners- farmers, laborers and artisans. The wealth did not define the class, some plebeians were rich and more patricians could be poor.

Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C.E.).

Hammurabi (also known as Khammurabi and Ammurapi, reigned 1792-1750 BCE) was the sixth king of the AmoriteFirst Dynasty of Babylon, assumed the throne from his father, Sin-Muballit, and expanded the kingdom to conquer all of ancient Mesopotamia. The kingdom of Babylon comprised only the cities of Babylon, Kish, Sippar, and Borsippa when Hammurabi came to the throne but, through a succession of military campaigns, careful alliances made and broken when necessary, and political maneuvers, he held the entire region under Babylonian control by 1750 BCE. According to his own inscriptions, letters and administrative documents from his reign, he sought to improve the lives of those who lived under his rule. One of the most important works of this First Dynasty of Babylon was the compilation in about 1754 BCE of a code of laws, called the Code of Hammurabi, which echoed and improved upon the earlier written laws of Sumer, Akkad, and Assyria.

Karma, Dharma, and atman

Hinduism is bound to the hierarchical structure of the caste system, a categorization of members of society into defined social classes. An individual's position in the caste system is thought to be a reflection of accumulated merit in past lives (karma) The goal is to reach a point where you detach yourself from the feelings and perceptions that tie you to the world, leading to the realization of the ultimate unity of things—the soul (atman) connected with the universal (Brahman). To get to this point, one can pursue various paths: the way of knowledge, the way of appropriate actions or works, or the way of devotion to God.

Daoism, Laozi

In this way, the Dao was often described as resistant to description or definition: a nameless, shapeless, but also a creative force in the universe. This may seem like a contradiction, but it makes sense when you consider the fact that Daoism is a kind of anti-activism; it asserts that the best life is one of willful ignorance, seeking no knowledge and avoiding involvement in politics or public life. Daoists were not convinced that governments could create social order and harmony. Instead, they focused their attention on individual human behavior and the ways it might be modified to be in harmony with the Dao. The Dao is meant to represent the natural order of the universe, and Daoism stipulates that human beings are the only species that disobeys the Dao. Rather than seek to elevate oneself through words and deeds, Daoists cultivated a practice of wu wei, or inaction, giving in to thoughtless, effortless, and natural action.

Saul, David, and Solomon

Kings of Israel: SAUL according to the Hebrew Bible, was the first king of the Kingdom of Israel and Judah. His reign, traditionally placed in the late 11th century BCE,[1] marked a transition from a tribal society to statehood.[2] Saul's life and reign are described in the Hebrew Bible. He was anointed by the prophet Samuel and reigned from Gibeah. He fell on his sword(committing suicide) to avoid capture in the battle against the Philistines at Mount Gilboa, during which three of his sons were also killed. The succession to his throne was contested by Ish-bosheth, his only surviving son, and his son-in-law David, who eventually prevailed. According to the Hebrew text of the Bible Saul was thirty years old when he came to the throne and reigned for forty years, but scholars generally agree that the text is faulty and that a reign of twenty or twenty-two years is more probable. DAVID:is described in the Hebrew Bible as the second king of the united monarchy of Israel and Judah, after Ish-bosheth. In the biblical narrative, David is a young shepherd who gains fame first as a musician and later by killing the enemy champion Goliath. He becomes a favorite of King Saul and a close friend of Saul's son Jonathan. Worried that David is trying to take his throne, Saul turns on David. After Saul and Jonathan are killed in battle, David is anointed as King. David conquers Jerusalem, taking the Ark of the Covenant into the city, and establishing the kingdom founded by Saul. As king, David commits adultery with Bathsheba, leading him to arrange the death of her husband Uriah the Hittite. Because of this sin, God denies David the opportunity to build the temple, and his son Absalom tries to overthrow him. David flees Jerusalem during Absalom's rebellion, but after Absalom's death he returns to the city to rule Israel. Before his peaceful death, he chooses his son Solomon as successor. He is honored in the prophetic literature as an ideal king and the forefather of a future Messiah, and many psalms are ascribed to him. Historians of the Ancient Near East agree that David probably existed around 1000 BCE. SOLOMON:was, according to the Hebrew Bible, Old Testament,[3] Quran, and Hadiths, a fabulously wealthy and wise king of the United Kingdom of Israel who succeeded his father, King David.[4]The conventional dates of Solomon's reign are circa 970 to 931 BCE, normally given in alignment with the dates of David's reign. He is described as the fourth king of the United Monarchy, which would break apart into the northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judahshortly after his death. Following the split, his patrilineal descendants ruled over Judah alone. According to the Talmud, Solomon is one of the 48 prophets.[5] In the Quran, he is considered a major prophet, and Muslims generally refer to him by the Arabic variant Sulayman, son of David. The Hebrew Bible credits him as the builder of the First Temple in Jerusalem,[4] beginning in the fourth year of his reign, using the vast wealth he and his father had accumulated. He dedicated the temple to Yahweh, the God of Israel.[6] He is portrayed as great in wisdom, wealth and power beyond either of the previous kings of the country, but also as a king who sinned. His sins included idolatry, marrying foreign women and, ultimately, turning away from Yahweh, and they led to the kingdom's being torn in two during the reign of his son Rehoboam

Assyrians

Known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to centeral Egypt; used ladders, weapons like iron-tipped spears, daggers and swords, tunnels, and fearful military tactics to gain strength in their empire For much of the 1400 years from the late twenty-first century BCE until the late seventh century BCE, the Akkadian-speaking Assyrians were the dominant power in Mesopotamia, especially in the north. The empire reached its peak near the end of this period in the seventh century. At that time, the Assyrian Empire stretched from Egypt and Cyprus in the west to the borders of Persia—modern-day Iran—in the east. The major exceptions to Assyrian dominance were the Babylonian Empire established by Hammurabi and some more chaotic dark ages where there wasn't a dominant power. The Assyrian Empire which had dominated the Near East came to an end at around 600 B.C.E. due to a number of factors including military pressure by the Medes (a pastoral mountain people, again from the Zagros mountain range), the Babylonians, and possibly also civil war.

ma'at

Ma'at (pronounced may-et) is the ancient Egyptian goddess of truth, justice, harmony, and balance (a concept known as ma'atin Egyptian) who first appears during the period known as the Old Kingdom (c. 2613 - 2181 BCE) but no doubt existed in some form earlier. She is depicted in anthropomorphic form as a winged woman, often in profile with an ostrich feather on her head, or simply as a white ostrich feather. The feather of Ma'at was an integral part of the Weighing of the Heart of the Soul ceremony in the afterlife where the heart of the soul of the dead person was weighed in the scales of justice against the feather.

Theodosius I

Made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire. (c.379-395 CE) He divides the Roman Empire into two different empires (Roman & Byzantine). Upon his death each half was given to one of his two sons, He also makes Christianity the only religion you could be.

Mohenjo-Daro

Mohenjo-daro is thought to have been built in the twenty-sixth century BCE; it became not only the largest city of the Indus Valley Civilization but one of the world's earliest major urban centers. Located west of the Indus River in the Larkana District, Mohenjo-daro was one of the most sophisticated cities of the period, with advanced engineering and urban planning.

Shia Islam

Muslims who believe in the Imamah, successorship of Ali. It holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successorand the Imam (leader) after him,[2] most notably at the event of Ghadir Khumm, but was prevented from the caliphate as a result of the incident of Saqifah Shia Islam is based on the prophet's hadith (Ghadir Khumm).[8][9] Shia consider Ali to have been divinely appointed as the successor to Muhammad, and as the first Imam. The Shia also extend this Imammah to Muhammad's family, the Ahl al-Bayt ("the people/family of the House"),[10] and some individuals among his descendants, known as Imams, who they believe possess special spiritual and political authority over the community, infallibilityand other divinely ordained traits.[11] Although there are many Shia subsects, modern Shia Islam has been divided into two main groupings: Twelversand Ismailis, with Twelver Shia being the largest and most influential group among Shia. OCCULTATION

Nebuchadnezzar (604-561 B.C.E.)

Nebuchadnezzar (604-561 B.C.E.) largely rebuilt this ancient city including its walls and seven gates. It is also during this era that Nebuchadnezzar purportedly built the "Hanging Gardens of Babylon" for his wife because she missed the gardens of her homeland in Media (modern day Iran)

Justinian and Theodora

Ruler of Byzantine Empire (527-565) and his wife, known for Golden Age achievements in Constantinople and the expansion of the empire.

The Babylonian Captivity/Nebuchadnezzar

The Babylonian captivity or Babylonian exile is the period in Jewish history during which a number of people from the ancient Kingdom of Judahwere captives in Babylonia. After the Battle of Carchemish in 605 BCE, King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon besieged Jerusalem, resulting in tribute being paid by King Jehoiakim.[1] Jehoiakim refused to pay tribute in Nebuchadnezzar's fourth year, which led to another siege in Nebuchadnezzar's seventh year, culminating with the death of Jehoiakim and the exile of King Jeconiah, his court and many others; Jeconiah's successor Zedekiah and others were exiled in Nebuchadnezzar's eighteenth year; a later deportation occurred in Nebuchadnezzar's twenty-third year. The dates, numbers of deportations, and numbers of deportees given in the biblical accounts vary.[2] These deportations are dated to 597 BCE for the first, with others dated at 587/586 BCE, and 582/581 BCE respectively.[3] After the fall of Babylon to the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE, exiled Judeans were permitted to return to Judah

Hittites

The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian (modern-day Turkey) people who formed an empire between 1600-1180 BCE. The Hittites manufactured advanced iron goods, ruled over their kingdom through government officials with independent authority over various branches of government, and worshipped storm gods. The Hittites' ongoing conflicts with Egypt produced the world's first known peace treaty. The Hittites were an ancient group of Indo-Europeans who moved into Asian Minor and formed an empire at Hattusa in Anatolia (modern Turkey) around 1600 BCE. The Hittite Empire reached great heights during the mid-1300s BCE, when it spread across Asia Minor, into the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia. Like many Indo-Europeans, the Hittites were able to travel long distances and migrate to other lands due to the domestication of horses. The spread of technologies like the wheel and wagon, which were also used in ancient Mesopotamia and other early civilizations in the region, also assisted pastoralists and agrarian civilizations. After about 1180 BCE, the empire ended and splintered into several independent Neo-Hittite—new Hittite—city-states, some of which survived until the eighth century BCE.

Peloponnesian War

The Peloponnesian War fought between ancient Athens and Sparta (who won) and their respective allies came in two stages, the first from c. 460 to 446 BCE and the second and more significant war from 431 to 404 BCE. With battles occurring at home and abroad, the long and complex conflict was damaging to both sides but Sparta, with financial help from Persia, finally won the conflict by destroying the Athenian fleet at Aegospotami in 405 BCE. With one side predominantly a land-based army and the other a great maritime power it is not perhaps surprising that the war dragged on for decades with indecisive victories and ineffectual raids. The principal Spartan strategy was to annually attack Athenian lands, starting in 431 BCE, creating as much destruction as possible such as burning farms, chopping down olive trees and vineyards. However, the actual effect of this on the Athenian economy is unclear, especially when considering that the city could always be resupplied by sea via the city's port of Piraeus protected by the Long Walls. It may have been a Spartan strategy to entice the Athenians out from behind their fortifications into open battle, a temptation that Athens, and particularly Pericles, always resisted. Athens could also and did retaliate by landing troops by sea into Spartan territory and inflict similar damage. Athens was hit by a devastating plague (arriving from Egypt via Persia) in 430 BCE and Sparta even postponed her annual invasion to avoid it. - Athhens is defeated and sparta installs a friendly govt in Athens (Athenians called it: the council of 30 tyrants)

Analects

While little of Confucius's original thoughts survives, The Analects of Confucius—which means "the collected sayings of Confucius"—was composed by his students and followers based on conversations they had with him. In the Analects, we get a sense of what proper social behavior, including filial piety, looked like to Confucius. Here's a snippet from Book One of the Analects: The Master said: When the father is alive, observe the son's intent. When the father dies, observe the son's conduct. One who does not alter his late father's [way] for three years may be called filial. Confucius urged ethical and upright behavior, framing responsible government as a moral duty similar to parenthood. He believed providing a good example of moral conduct to the people would spur them to act within the confines of the law.

Seljuks

a Turkish group who migrated into the Abbasid Empire in the 10th century and established their own empire in the 11th century. The Seljuks united the fractured political landscape of the eastern Islamic world and played a key role in the first and second crusades. The Seljuq dominion was established over the ancient Sasanian domains, in Iran and Iraq, and included Anatolia, Syria, as well as parts of Central Asia and modern Afghanistan.[36] The Seljuk rule was modelled after the tribal organization common in Turkic and Mongol nomads and resembled a 'family federation' or 'appanage state'.[36] Under this organization, the leading member of the paramount family assigned family members portions of his domains as autonomous appanages.[36]

varnas

a Vedic social hierarchy in which people are born into one of four classes: Brahmin(A Brahmin is a member of the highest caste or varna in Hinduism. The Brahmins are the caste from which Hindu priests are drawn, and are responsible for teaching and maintaining sacred knowledge), Kshatriya(Kshatriya is the second Varna within the social hierarchy. The Brahmin and the Kshatriya make up the upper castes, 20 percent of India's population is within this category. The Kshatriya constitutes the ruling and military elite, the warriors), Vaishya(Hindu religious texts assigned Vaishyas to traditional roles in agriculture and cattle-rearing, but over time they came to be landowners, traders and money-lenders), and Shudra(the fourth and lowest of the traditional varnas, or social classes, of India, traditionally artisans and labourers); this forms the basis of the caste system, which still influences social structures in south Asia

Four Noble Truths

known as the Four Noble Truths (also known as the dharma and the law) so when they die they cease to be caught up in samsara, the endless cycle of birth and death. The Four Noble Truths:1. life is suffering (suffering=rebirth)2. the cause of suffering is desire3. the cause of desire must be overcome4. when desire is overcome, there is no more suffering (suffering=rebirth) Once individuals come to fully understand The Four Noble Truths, they are able to achieve Enlightenment, or the complete knowledge of the dharma. In fact, Buddha means "the Enlightened One" and it is the knowledge that the Buddha gained on his way to achieving Enlightenment that Buddhist practitioners seek on their own journey toward Enlightenment.

Lycurgus

legendary ruler of Sparta; tradition credits him with the constitution that changed Sparta into a military state. was the quasi-legendary lawgiver of Sparta who established the military-oriented reformation of Spartan society in accordance with the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi. All his reforms promoted the three Spartan virtues: equality (among citizens), military fitness, and austerity. - 2 kings (1 army, 1 govern; for life), council of elders, 5 ephors (magistrates), assembly of all male citizens - Designed Sparta's successful form of government: constitution- A mixed constitution

Phoenicians

was a thalassocratic, ancient Semitic-speaking Mediterranean civilization that originated in the Levant, specifically Lebanon, in the west of the Fertile Crescent. Scholars generally agree that it was centered on the coastal areas of modern day Lebanon and included parts of what are now northern Israel and southern Syria reaching as far north as Arwad, but there is some dispute as to how far south it went, the furthest suggested area being Ashkelon.[4] Its colonies later reached the Western Mediterranean, such as Carthage in North Africa, and even the Atlantic Ocean, such as Cádiz in Spain. The civilization spread across the Mediterranean between 1500 BC and 300 BC. Around 1050 BC, a Phoenician alphabet was used for the writing of Phoenician.[8] It became one of the most widely used writing systems, spread by Phoenician merchants across the Mediterranean world, where it evolved and was assimilated by many other cultures, including the Roman alphabet used by Western civilization today.[9] The Canaanite-Phoenician alphabet consists of 22 letters, all consonants.[9] Starting around 1050 BC,[28] this script was used for the writing of Phoenician, a Northern Semitic language. It is believed to be one of the ancestors of modern alphabets.[29][30] By their maritime trade, the Phoenicians spread the use of the alphabet to Anatolia, North Africa, and Europe, where it was adopted by the Greeks who developed it into an alphabetic script to have distinct letters for vowelsas well as consonants.[31][32]

Heraclius

was the Emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 610 to 641. His rise to power began in 608, when he and his father, Heraclius the Elder, the exarch of Africa, led a revolt against the unpopular usurper Phocas. Heraclius's reign was marked by several military campaigns. The year Heraclius came to power, the empire was threatened on multiple frontiers. Heraclius immediately took charge of the Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628. The first battles of the campaign ended in defeat for the Byzantines; the Persian army fought their way to the Bosphorus but Constantinople was protected by impenetrable walls and a strong navy, and Heraclius was able to avoid total defeat. Soon after, he initiated reforms to rebuild and strengthen the military. Heraclius drove the Persians out of Asia Minor and pushed deep into their territory, defeating them decisively in 627 at the Battle of Nineveh.

Enkidu

• The goddess of Uruk, Anu, created Enkidu because she heard that Gilgamesh was believed to be unmatched/unparalleled by all means and meant to form someone that is his equal.• Enkidu was "civilized" after being brought to Uruk by a harlot. The harlot managed to convince Enkidu to follow her after laying with her she then questioned why he desired to return the hills where he came and desired to return to his more savage ways to be proved to be no longer capable of doing in the city he met, challenged, and befriended Gilgamesh and had "become like a God"