WORLD HISTORY TERMS
686 50. mass production 50. The generating of produce in vast quantities
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529 Mancus gold coin in Medieval Europe
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634 Massachusetts Bay Colony first British colony in New England - went on to be Massachusetts - started as joint-stock company
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636 Russian-American Company Russian trading company that had monopoly over trade with Alaska
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644 8. secular 8. Not bound by any religious faction
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645 9. diplomatic 9. An arbitrator between 2 or more groups
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658 22. Western Hemisphere 22. Often known as Western Europe or USA
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661 25. ethnocentrism 25. Belief in one's ethnic superiority
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702 66. Labor unions: A union is a group of workers who act collectively to address common issues; emerged at the end of the IR
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709 73. entrepreneurship: significant to the IR because entrepreneurs are who help begin the IR
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710 74. partial modernization: industrialization but only to a certain extent; see Samuel Hungtinton's Clash of Civilizations (good book...)
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712 76. zaibatsu: Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization
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725 89. Islamic slave trade: continued slave trade on the west coast of Africa
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726 90. Liberia: country founded by freed American slaves
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728 92. infant mortality rates: number of babies per 1000 who die at birth
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729 93. birth rates: number of births eventually drops again as middle class has less need for many kids
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745 109. social contract - an agreement between a state and its citizens to define the state's powers and the citizen's rights
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746 110. Seven Years War - global war between France and Britain from 1756 to 1763
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752 116. National Assembly - France's representative body
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762 126. Congress System/Metternich - Austrian diplomat at the Congress of Vienna - system of Europe working together
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770 134. Louisiana Territory - French territory in the United States
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784 148. Simon Bolivar - Creole military leader who fought for Colombian independence between 1817 and 1822
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787
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803 166. Giuseppi Garibaldi- Italian nationalist kicks out Spain.
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877 241. intertribal warfare - conflict between tribes.
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883 247. Mahdi - A leader who assumes the role of a messiah.
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884 248. "Long Peace" - Peace between 1871 and 1914 between European nations. Tensions are rising.
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889 253. Jingoism - Extreme nationalism characterized especially by a belligerent foreign policy
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89 89. aristocracy system of government with "rule by the best"
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964 Government of India Act Created in India in 1935 after Ghandi was jailed and it increased suffrage/provincial gov't to Indian leaders
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16 16. partrilineal/patrilocal
...Live with husband's family. Traced through father's lineage
242 101. Viking/Norse Scandinavian raiders
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257 117. woodblock printing It is a technique for printing used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China sometime between the mid-6th and late 9th centuries
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266 126. polyphonic music Music in which two or more melodies sound simultaneously
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359 219. Humanists The focus on humankind as the center o intellectual and artistic endeavor
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459 319. Middle Kingdom What China called itself. Idea of ethnocentrism by the Chinese
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460 320. Ming dynasty Dynasy after Yuan founded by Zhu Yuanjhan
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41 41. the Assyrians
...and cavalry warfare indigenous people of Mesopotamia and have a history spanning over 6700 years. Started cavalry warfare?
66 66. the Fujiwara clan
...dominated the Japanese politics of Heian period.
52 52. Homer
...legendary early Greek poet and rhapsode traditionally credited with authorship of the major Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey
57 57. plebians vs. patricians
...peasants/slaves vs. elite/upperclass
17 17. irrigation systems
...replacement or supplementation of rainfall with water from another source in order to grow crops
35 35. pyramids
...tombs for egyptian kings.
11 11. civilization Changes when agriculture started
Changes when agriculture started
422 282. bakufu military government established by the Minamoto
a powerful Japanese clan in 1185
62 62. Shi Huangdi king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BC to 221 BC
and then the first emperor of a unified China from 221 BC to 210 BC, ruling under the name First Emperor.
771 135. Latin America Wars of Independence - Causes - growing sense of nationalism
colonial economic policies, social class system, Napoleon
438 298. People of the Book (dhimmi) Christians and Jews who shared the Bible with Muslims
could be taxed by Muslims
1195 Andrei Sakharov Soviet nuclear physicist
dissident and human rights activist. Sakharov was an advocate of civil liberties and reforms in the Soviet Union.
478 conquistador Spanish soldiers
explorers, adventurers who spread across Americas
1194 stagnation in the Soviet Union USSR focus on military budget
no new forms of agricultural, focus on heavy industry led to downturn in productivity in 1970s and 1980s
1094 Good Neighbor Policy Roosevelt reduces US role in Latin America
no troops
642 6. aristocracy 6. The upper
noble and rich class
69 69. the Aryan invasion
of India Aryans invaded and destroyed Indus River civilizationsettled, moved to Ganges River.
908 communism system of government in which every one is equal
property is owned by the government
1196 Lech Walesa and Solidarity Polish shipyard worker
protests Soviet control - founded Solidarity movement - anti-Communists + Catholics working against Communism
639 3. democracy 3. Government by people
represented by them or by elected representatives
516 absolute monarchy heriditary leadership that controls executive
legislative, judicial decisions
1168 standard of living disparity - developed vs. developing health
life-expectancy wealth of industrialized nations dwarfs that of developing world
458 318. metropolitan a big city with a large population
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38 38. early China Xia
Shang, Zhou, Warring States Period, Qin, Han
647 11. liberalizing elements 11. Elements needed to free a nation
people
268 128. Avicenna Persian physician
philosopher, and scientist. He was the author of 450 books on a wide range of subjects. Many of these concentrated on philosophy and medicine. He is considered by many to be "the father of modern medicine"
823 186. "cult of true womanhood"- Virutes of submissiveness
piety, domesticity, modesty, feminity.
29 29. metallurgy and metalworking
the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements and their mixtures which are called alloys. craft and practice of working with metals to create parts or structures
303 163. puppet emperor Emperor with no real power. In Japan
the shogun (who acted in the name of the emperor) had all the major power
1018 Bosnia mountainous country in the western Balkans
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1087 Kita Ikki author/right-wing nationalist
"Asia for Asians" so kick out Europeans
231 90. Tang dynasty that succeeded the Sui in 618 C.E... more stable than the previous dynasty
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233 92. Temple of the Sun Inca Religious center located at Cuzco
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357 217. Charlemagne king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor; conqueror of the Lombards and Saxons (742-814)
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46 46. Greek city
-states region controlled exclusively by Greekand usually having sovereignty. Ex. Crete
237 96. Timur Lang leader of Turkic nomads - last Mongol nomad
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290 150. mawali non-arab converts to Islam
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90 90. parliamentary bodies Senate and ......[peasant voting body]
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20 20. foraging Looking for food
... Looking for food
"Out of Africa" thesis vs. multiregional thesis.
..Humans originated from Africa and proliferated vs. originated from Africa but multiple geographical locations first 100 million years
343 203. Louis IX Louis IX or Saint Louis
1214-70, king of France (1226-70), son and successor of Louis VIII
878 242. Belgium - Congo - the formal title of present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) between King Léopold II's formal relinquishment of personal control over the state to Belgium on 15 November
1908, to the dawn of Congolese independence on 30 June, 1960.
1099 Hipolito Irigoyen Argentina
1916 Radical party, reforms benefit peasants, labor unions become more active, overthrown in 1930
1098 Getulio Vargas Brazil
1930 Vargas takes over, censored press, tortured political opponents, modernized Brazilian economy (diversifies, free from coffee)
1112 Wannsee Conference January 20
1942 - high level Nazis meet secretly to discuss, agree upon "Final Solution"
1059 Fourteen Points Created by Woodrow Wilson during the Paris Peace Conference. (1. end to secret treaties
2. freedom of the seas, 3. arms reduction, 4. decolonization, 5. self-determination, 6.League of Nations-for disputes).
75 75. early Medieval Europe "Dark Ages" a period in history between the last emperor of Rome
475 A.D., and the Renaissance, about 1450 (15th century). Art production during this period was dominated by the Catholic Church.
1150 Indira Gandhi Indian Prime Miniters - 1966-77
80-84 - pushed nuclear power program - Green Revolution - increase in production due to new strains, techniques, pesticides
924 Akio Morita During postwar Japan
Akio Morita co-founded the Global company, Sony.
834 197. Fridrich Nietzche- "God is Dead"
All systems of morality valueless in the materialistic modern age.
885 249. Alliance System - After the Franco-Prussian War
Bismarck held that Germany was a "satiated state" which should give up ideas of further conquest. Thus Bismarck organized a system of alliances designed to maintain Germany's hegemony on the European continent
561 Society of Jesus Otherwise known as the Jesuits
Catholic response to Protestant Reformation - encouraged education, human rights
1204 Rise of China After psycho Mao leaves
China starts to industrialize logically, enter world stage, they have unique combo of state-controlled capitalism + pseudo communism - massive income/education disparity urban to rural
1047 Palestine/Israel The "Holy Land" of Islam
Christianity and Judaism where ongoing conflicts take place between the Jewish Community (who represent Israel) and the Arab Community (who represent Palestine). Israel was a recent creation for the Jewish people and named the "Jewish Homeland" by the British Empire.
1191 biotechnology
DNA, and genetics gave humans ability to clone, find cause of illnesses, root of personalities, leads to moral conflicts
360 220. Vikings A culture originating in Scandinavia (now Norway
Denmark and Sweden) around the mid-8th century AD The Vikings were fierce conquerors, brave explorers, and skilled craftspeople; they invaded and settled countries throughout Western Europe
1136 Camp David Accords US moderated peace talks between Egypt and Israel - broke down Arab unity
Egypt loses influence in Arab matters
1167 G-8 Summit Canada
France, Italy, US, Germany, UK, Japan, Russian Federation - represent 70% of world's economy - meet annually for economic/political discussions
1116 partition of Germany Divided among Allies - England
France, US, USSR - USSR section becomes E. Germany, others unite - W. Germany
1105 invasion of Poland Signalled beginning of World War II
France/England declare war on Germany
104 104. YHWH "Yahweh"
God's name.
778 142. "Hundred Days Reform" - 103 days of social and institutional reform in 1898 launched by the Qing emperor of China
Guangxu
61 61. Qin
Han, Tang Dynasties First three dynasties of China that we have recordings of. First of 'centralized' China.
126 126. Mandate of Heaven blessing of Heaven and that if a king ruled unwisely
Heaven would be displeased and would give the Mandate to someone else.
1073 Mein Kampf An autobiography written by Adolf Hitler. In it
Hitler outlines his plan for the revival of Germany from the losses of World War I and blames Germany's problems on capitalists and Jews.
1207 Hutu-Tutsi conflict Rwandan genocide - Belgians long ago said Tutsis have more than 10 cows
Hutus have less - Rwandans divided arbitrarily - led to centuries of frustration - eventually Hutus start slaughering Tutsis
996 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Oil cartel that determines supply of oil - of Algeria
Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela; since
372 232. High Renaissance later period of the Renaissance
Italy big, Hellenistic influence
65 65. Nara and Heian
Japan ast division of classical Japanese historyrunning from 794 to 1185. The Heian period is considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature. Nara: agricultural in nature, centered around villages. Most of the villagers followed the Shinto religion, based around the worship of natural and ancestral spirits.
71 71. Indian caste system system was a basically simple division of society into four castes (Brahman
Kshatriya, Vaishya and Sudra) arranged in a hierarchy, with the "Untouchable" (Dalit) outcasts below this structure. But socially the caste system was more complicated, with many more castes and sub-castes and other divisions.
110 110. Hinduism (Upanishads
Mahabharata, Bhagavad-Gita) encompasses many religious traditions that widely vary by culture, as well as many diverse beliefs and sects. The estimates of Hinduism's origin vary from 3102 BCE to 1300 BCE, and it is generally regarded as the world's oldest major religion.
195 53. Mali Country of western Africa; During the Middle Ages
Mali formed a huge territorial empire, noted as a center of Islamic study and as a trade route for gold. Its center was Timbuktu
291 151. Mali Empire model of Islamicized (reinforced kingship) Sudanic kingdoms
Malinke merchants traded throughout W Africa
965 Great Leap Forward In the late 1950's
Mao implemented this, huge communes were created to catapult the revolution towards its goal of a true Marxist state. But the local govts, couldn't produce the ridiculous amount of agricultural quotas demanded by the central govt, and lied about production, leading to the starvation and deaths of nearly 30 mill Chinese.
1127 Sino-Soviet Split China breaks from USSR
Mao wants more control/become Superpower also, mutual preservation from other's aggression
923 Mao Tse Tung Chinese communist leader
Mao, came to power in 1949 and proclaimed the People's Republic ofChina. While in power, he initiated the Great leap Forward and the founding of communes. He also Led the Cultural Revolution and established ties withThe West.
704 68. Ladies: Workers in Britain (1810-1820) who responded to replacement of human labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy the machines; named after a mythical leader
Ned Ludd.
1041 Multinational corporations Large Scale Companies that initially began as business in a certain region of the world but has grown to become so big and is now an "international" company. Examples: General Electric (GE)
Nike, Nokia, and McDonalds.
192 50. Machu Picchu An ancient Inca fortress city in the Andes northwest of Cuzco
Peru
1. prehistory vs. history
Prehistory - no written documents; History: written proof of history
711 75. Meiji Restoration: The Meiji Restoration also known as the Meiji Ishin
Revolution or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to a change in Japan's political and social structure. It occurred from 1866 to 1869, a period of 4 years that transverses both the late Edo (often called Late Tokugawa shogunate) and beginning of the Meiji Era. Probably the most important foreign account of the events of 1862-69 is contained in A Diplomat in Japan by Sir Ernest Satow.
589 Henry Hudson British explorer
Scandinvavia, Canada, and North Eastern Europe, looked for Northwest passage
2. features of civilization.
Social etiquette,religion, education, literature
507 Jesuits footsoldiers of the Pope
Society of Jesus, branch of Catholicism after Reformation, focused on educational/universities, missionary work and social justice
498 Treaty of Tordesillas Pope divides Latin America between Portugal and Spain - Brazil - Portuguese
Spain - everywhere else
807 170. Irish home rule- Should North
Split Catholic/ Protestant remain British or Irish, Should Ireland be set free.
977 purges In 1936
Stalin began a series of purges aimed at destroying all political opposition and dissident viewpoints. These also included intensive campaigns within key Soviet institutions and sectors like the Communist Party, the Army, the NKVD (secret police), and scientists/engineers.
6 6. Neolithic Era New
Stone Age
55 55. Western scientific thought
Systematic apporach of observation hypothesis formation, hypothesis testing and hypothesis evaluation that forms the basis for modern science.
1178 mass media our senses constantly bombarded with information from Internet
TV, movies, radio, cell phones
120 120. Daoism set of philosophical teachings and religious practices rooted in a specific metaphysical understanding of the Chinese character Tao. For taoists
Tao could be described as the continuity principle behind the whole process of the constantly changing Universe.
97 97. Polynesian migrations most likely began from the islands of Fiji
Tonga and Samoa, spreading east, south, and north, covering millions of square miles of ocean sparsely dotted with islands.Polynesians migrated throughout the Pacific in sailing canoes, ultimately forming a triangle, whose points are Aotearoa (New Zealand) to the southwest, Rapa Nui (Easter Island) to the east, and the Hawaiian Archipelago to the north.
145 3. Ali The 4th caliph; the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad who was meant to be the original successor of Muhammad but was too young. Caused warfare between the Sunnis and Shi'a for not punnishing the murderer of the 3rd caliph
Uthman
112 112. Brahma
Vishnu, Shiva The Creator, The Preserver, The Destroyer.
817 180. hereditary privileges- No more
abolishes feudalism. Meritocracy.
1134 decolonization following WWII - nations pushed to be free of European control - Europe focused on own issues
allowed decolonization at varying degrees - based on settler population
311 171. Yuan dynasty 1271 to 1368
also called the Mongol Dynasty. Period of Kublai Kahn and the Mongols dominance over China
1004 cubism most important movement since Renaissance - objects are broken up
analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form
790 153. Russification- All Russians had to learn Russian language and convert to orthodoxy
anyone who didn't' was persecuted, Jews.
124 124. Analects record of speeches by Confucius and his disciples
as well as the discussions they held.
1120 mutually assured destruction Deterrent policy in which neither USA-USSR would use nukes
because they would likewise be annihilated
619 apartheid legalized separating of races in South Africa based on color - you're either white
colored or black
307 167. imperial bureaucracy system to run centralized gov't
comprised of educated scholar-gentry
554 heliocentric theory belief that earth rotates around the sun
contradicts geocentric view held for centuries, and by church that universe revolved around earth
286 146. Sofala Southern port with gold produced in the interior
controlled by Kilwa
801 164. Anarchism- abolition of all government the organization of society on a voluntary
cooperative basis without recourse to force or compulsion.
361 221. Code of chivalry The collective term for the social codes of knighthood that originated in France in the Middle Ages. It was based on brave
courteous and honourable behaviour - what came to be known as 'gentlemanly conduct.'
1159 Kim Il Sung led north Korea from 1948 until 1994
created communist nation w/ strong ties to China
781 145. People's Principles - nationalism
democracy, people's livelihood
28 28. gender division of labor Labor
divided between man and woman hunting and gathering etc.
386 246. khanates region ruled under a khan
divided kingdoms under the mongol empire
767 131. Revolution of 1848 - causes - bad harvests
economic stagnation, reaction against conservative rule, negative social and economic effects of the Industrial Revolution, and nationalism
411 271. Tula capital of the Toltec people
established around 968 CE
490 Indo-Gangetic Plain a rich
fertile and ancient land encompassing most of northern and eastern India, the most populous parts of Pakistan, and virtually all of Bangladesh.
393 253. steppes a vast semiarid grass-covered plain
found in southeast Europe and Mongolia
234 93. Tenochtitlan center of Aztec power
founded on marshy island in Lake Texcoco
467 327. Chimor political grouping of the chimu culture that ruled the northern coast of Peru
from 850-1470
624 Hernan Cortes defeated Aztecs due to guns
germs, and steel
963 glasnost When Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union in 1985
he instituted policies of glasnost or openness and urged a perestroika (restructuring) of the soviet economy.
800 163. Conservatism- not changing or innovating
holding on to traditional values.
1043 Nongovernmental organization Organizations that are not established or associated with any specific organizations. They may be recognized
however, they run on their own. Examples are Green Peace and Amnesty International.
47 47. democracy form of government
in which policy is decided by the preference of the majority in a decision-making process usually elections or referendums, open to all or most citizens.
447 307. Middle Ages Time period between the postclassical era and the renaissance. Consists of Dark Ages and the High Middle Ages
in which the latter saw an improvement in trade, economy, and lives of peasants.
914 information revolution revolution in that allowed the increasing availability of information due to the use of things like computers
internet and other technologies
966 Guomindang The Chinese Nationalist Party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1919
it drew support mainly from local warlords. It initially formed an alliance with Communists in 1924, and after 1925 was dominated by Chiang Kai-shek.
118 118. nirvana not a place nor a state
it is an absolute truth to be realized, and a person can do so without dying.
688 52. Enclosure movement: During the Industrial Revolution
it was the consolidation of many small farms into one large farm, which created a labor force as many people lost their homes
382 242. Zimbabwe country where Bantu ppl began migrating into
linked to the establishment of trade ties with muslim merchants on Indian ocean (bout 10th century) trading natural resources such as gold, ivory, copper for cloth and glass
328 188. fiefs Plots of land owned by a lord
little kingdoms
588 North American fur trade Indians and French worked together
massive exporters of fur, beaverskin caps became rage in Europe, French colonized differently, mostly male-dominated initially along Mississippi
1016 Ethnic cleansing mass expulsion or killings of a certain ethnic or religious group; eg. WWII: the holocaus
massive killings of Tutsis by Hutus in the Rwandan Genocide.
1157 Liberal Democrats left-wing democrats - favor redistribution of wealth to poor
minorities - socially more liberal
538 Qing dynasty founded by Manch clan from Northeast
not Qin, claimed mandate of heaven, eventually couldn't keep out Europeans, died
70 70. Dravidians people
of southern and central India and northern Sri Lanka who speak Dravidian languagesthe best known of which are Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam.
696 60. Factory system: The factory system was a method of manufacturing adopted in England during the Industrial Revolution. Workers would come to work in a city factory
often making low-quality goods in mass amounts. The method prior to the introduction of factories was the domestic system. The result of the factory system was that the quality of goods declined. Since factories were based in large cities, people from rural areas moved into the city to get work.
593 viziers -ranking political (and sometimes religious) advisor or Minister
often to a Muslim monarch such as a Caliph, Amir, Malik (king) or Sultan
520 devshirme system of collection of young boys from conquered Christian lands by the Ottoman sultans as a form or regular taxation in order to build a loyal slave army and class of administrators: the Janissaries
or other servants such as tellak
423 283. bushi Japanese warrior leaders tasked with law and order
public infrastructure, tax collection, and organizing an army
471 331. mita Mandatory public service by society in ancient South America. During the Inca empire
public service was required in public works projects such as the building of road and military services
319 179. Prince Shotoku Prince of Japan. When young
received Buddhist influences from relatives that were affected by Paekche and Kokuryo Buddhisms. Established an official rank system (based on Chinese and Korean official rank system) and a constitution (stressed the acceptable behaviors of the people) and spread Buddhism around Japan
309 169. caliph Political
religious and militaristic leader of Islam
984 Warsaw Pact Military alliance
response to NATO, Soviet Union created own nuclear capability.
692 56. Protestant work ethic: a value system that stresses the moral value of work
self-discipline, and individual responsibility as the means to improving one's economic well being; important in the industrial revolution because of its stress in hard work, etc.
537 purdah practice of requiring women to cover their bodies so as to cover their skin and conceal their form
separates genders, some places more cultural than religious
327 187. manorialism Organization of rural economy and society by three classes of manors: a lord's own land
serf holdings, and free peasant land
955 coalition Alliance between entities (nations
states, groups). The US used diplomacy to create a wide coalition of support. In the Post Cold war alliances and coalition were always shifting. OPEC is the most successful coalition in history. After WWII a coalition government in China was encouraged, but the communists won in 1949.
519 creoles Spanish/Portuguese born in Latin America - on class scale
step below those actually born in Spain/Portugal
36 36. hieroglyphics
system of writing used by the Ancient Egyptians using a combination of logographic, syllabic, and alphabetic elements.
1151 "Guided Democracy" - Sukarno Indonesian leader Sukarno - controls democratic system - 60 political parties too much
takes a more dictatorial roll
1100 Juan and Eva Peron Argentina
takes over after WWII, populist leader, wife popular, appeal to lower class, raised salaries of working class, gov't controlled press, denied civil liberties
653 17. economic exploitation 17. The misuse
taking advantage of another, often more beneficial economy
539 Reconquista reestablishment of Christian rather than Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula
taking place between 718 and 1492
1106 blitzkrieg lightning fast war coordinating planes
tanks, infantry - move past border, directly to capital
116 116. Eightfold Path way to the cessation of suffering
the fourth part of the Four Noble Truths.
80 80. Bantu and their migrations To the 10th century
the wave reached the east African interior. Bantu-speaking herders in the north and farmers in the south mixed with older populations in the region. Others were moving to the African coast. Thus creating coastal trading ports.
907 social Darwinism social theory by Darwin on evolution applied to determine social class (the strong survives
the weak doesn't, Europeans= the best)
453 313. kamikaze a legendary typhoon said to have saved Japan from a Mongol invasion fleet in 1281. In Japanese
the word "kamikaze" is used only for this typhoon
814 177. samurai- Warrior class
top during Shogunate
842 206. Sepoy Mutiny - May 10th 1857. Sepoys
trained Indians as British soldiers were angered by the rumors that their rifle ammos were greased with lard and beef fat. Thus, they mutinied. The mutiny was harshly crushed by the British.
827 190. Essay on Population/Thomas Malthus- population growth led to poverty
war diseases, starvation needed to control population.
244 103. William the Conqueror Invaded England
was Duke of Normandie, and created a centralized feudal system
200 58. Mecca Religious Center of Islam
where Muslims pray towards, controlled by Umayyad
1053 trench warfare A type of combat where opposing troops fight one another in trenches
where conditions are extremely poor, hygienically.
910 capitalism Economic system
where means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned, profits gained in free market
428 288. kowtow formal recognition of the Chinese emperor's authority
where representatives from tribute states would present gifts and engage in a formal bowing ceremony
380 240. Crusade series of military campaigns
where roman catholics tried to capture "holy land" from muslims, some were in Europe
398 258. Mesoamerica known as the strip from Mexico to Midwestern United States and Canada
where the native Americans have inhabited over time
91 91. oligarchy Political regime where most political power effectively rests with a small segment of society (typically the most powerful
whether by wealth, military strength, ruthlessness, or political influence).
723 87. settler colonies: colonies with
you guessed it, settlers
336 196. King John Younger brother of King Richard
& bad king of England basically
100 100. Zoroastrianism one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. Worship of Wisdom
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1000 Hubble Space Telescope space telescope that circles earth - free of atmosphere - took astrophysics to another level
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1002 service industries post-industrial economies that provide services to consumer culture - white collar jobs - move away from factory labor
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1003 Sputnik 1957 First Soviet satellite into space - set off space race - threat by both sides of nuclear attack from space
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1007 mass consumerism wealth now spent on surplus items - consumer goods - industrialized world spends a ton of money bringing their world from a 10>11 instead of bringing everyone else up from a 0>1
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1010 Noh theater Japanese classical theater - musical - during meiji reached offical drama status
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1011 welfare state new activism of western European state in economic policy and welfare issues after WWII; reduced impact of economic inequality (avoid another world war).
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1013 guest workers Legal workers with no rights for citizenship/permanent recidency who immigrate for work; a threat to citizens for job opportunities; usually from a less developed country > developed country.
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1014 ozone depletion caused by industrial revolution due to high pollutions
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1017 Armenian genocide 1915: Young turk leaders killed millions and sent hundreds of Amermenians to Russia and Middle East to cover up the blunders of reverses on the Russian Front
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1020 Limited War a war whose objective is less than the unconditional defeat of the enemy
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1021 UN police action the United Nations starting a military action without declaration of war; against violators of international peace and order
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1022 "Powder keg of Europe" area in the Balkans; region where the wars would begin such as the assassination of Franz Ferdinand
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1023 massive retaliation to retaliate in a greater force; the ending of WWII by the bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima
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1024 Russian Revolution 1917: overthrowing of the Tsarist regine; 1918 (3rd Russian Revolution): series of anarchist rebellions and uprisings against both the Bolsheviks and the White movement
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1025 General Francisco Franco Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (following the victory of the Spanish Civil War)
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1027 Strategic Defense Initiative see above
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1028 Third Reich Hitler's plan to have Germany reign for a Thousand Year Empire over Europe - lasted 6 years - nice try
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1032 Muhammad Ali Jinnah Led the Indian Muslim League - pushed for partition of India - led to creation of Pakistan
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1033 Muslim League Political party in British India - driving force for partition of India - creation of Pakistan
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1034 India/Pakistan 1946 - Britain couldn't hold India together - Jinnah threatening civil war - Pakistan created - later divided into Bangladesh - tensions ever since over border disputes - Kashmere - largest refugee immigration in world history
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1035 Jomo Kenyatta founding father of Kenya - notice the name
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1036 Kwame Nkrumah anti-colonial African leader - founder of Ghana
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1037 Julius Nyerere teacher turned founder of Tanzania
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1039 Collapse of the Berlin Wall Symbolic end of the Cold War - divide between East and West Berlin - protesters threatened to take apart and military didn't stop them - 1989
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1040 Desalinization Expensive effort to turn salt water into fresh water - usually located in Persian Gulf regions
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1045 Terrorism The use of violence and intimidation to try and gain political awareness or right.
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1048 Northern Ireland A former member of the Republic of Ireland that broke away in 1920 after refusing to take part in the Irish Free State. Ruled and governed by Protestants and heavy discrimination exists against the Roman Catholic Minority. Capital: Belfast.
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1051 Schlieffen Plan The German plan to destroy France and gain victory over the Western Front during the first month of World War I. A counterattack by the French on the outskirts of Paris prevented the Germans. Alfred von Schlieffen wrote up the Plan.
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1054 submarine warfare a type of combat where submarines are used to fight against opposing forces underwater. Was used heavily in the Baltic Sea against Russia forces.
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1055 economic mobilization of home front the continuing of each country's own economy during the time of warfare and battles. New labor laws were set and women often replaced men as males had to serve time in military during the World Wars.
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1056 women in the workplace Women took men's place in jobs during wartime giving them more rights.
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1057 women and the vote Effect of WWI.
...
1058 Woodrow Wilson US President. Created 14 points. Wanted to make world "safe for democracy".
...
106 106. Moses and the Exodus from Egypt - Passover Passover to celebrate the day the Jews were led out of Egypt and into their land by Moses.
...
1060 War guilt clause During Treaty of Versailles. Said Germany must accept full blame (article 231).
...
1062 February Revolution Caused by dissatisfaction with the way the country was being run. Transfer of power from the Tsar.
...
1063 Provisional Government Shared power with local soviets thus ineffective during communist rule in the soviet union.
...
1064 October Revolution Brought the Bolsheviks to power.
...
1065 Leon Trotsky Expelled by Stalin; disciple of Marx; friend of Bolshevik; organized the victorious Red Army;
...
1066 Joseph Stalin General Secretary of communist party; premier of the USSR; rule marked by: forced collectivization of agriculture; policy of industrialization; victorious and devastating role for the soviets during WWII.
...
1067 Great Purges Expulsion/execution of rivals when Stalin became paranoid. Negative of collectivization.
...
1068 gulags Work camps where perceived dissidents sent. Negative of collectivization during Stalin's rule.
...
1069 Benito Mussolini Fascist leader in Italy. Anti-communist
...
1071 March on Rome the coup d'état by which Benito Mussolini came to power in Italy in late October 1922.
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1072 Weimar Republic the democratic government of Germany between the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II and the assumption of power by Adolf Hitler; it was unpopular because of its acceptance of the harsh provisions of the Treaty of Versailles
...
1075 Nurember Laws Nazi laws that used a pseudoscientific basis for racial discrimination against Jews with the religious observance of a person's grandparents to determine their race.
...
1076 Young Turks Members of a Turkish reformist and nationalist political party active in the early 20th century.
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1079 Balfour Declaration British minister Lord Balfour's promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine issued in 1917.
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108 108. Jewish Diaspora to the dispersion of the Jewish people throughout the world. The notion of diaspora is commonly accepted to have begun with the Babylonian Captivity in 597 BCE.
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1080 Ibn Saud Arab leader who was the founder and first king of Saudi Arabia (1932-1953).
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1081 Sun Yat-sen Chinese politician who served as provisional president of the republic after the fall of the Manchu (1911-1912) and later led the opposition to Yuan Shigai.
...
1083 Chinese Communist Party Founded by Chinese Communist leader and theorist Mao Zedong... who led the Long March (1934-1935) and proclaimed the People's Republic of China in 1949. He then initiated the Great Leap Forward and the founding of communes. He continued as party chairman after 1959 and was a leading figure in the Cultural Revolution (1966-1969).
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1086 Long March Journey undertaken by Red Army in 1934-35 when Jiangxi base was encircled by the Nationalist army & Chiang Kai-Shek
...
1101 occupation of Rhineland Hitler takes back land given away by Versailles
...
1103 Munich Conference Symbolic failure of appeasement; Hitler given Czech. Sudetenland for promise of no future aggression
...
1110 strategic bombing systematic targetting of civilians - both residential and industrial capability - destroy will to fight
...
1113 Auschwitz-Birkenau most famous extermination camp
...
1123 Soviet invasion of Hungary October 1956 hundreds of thousands Hungarian protesters put down by Soviet govt - leads to drop in support for Marxist ideas
...
1126 Brezhnev Doctrine 1968 policy - no Soviet Bloc country can try to break free from Warsaw Pact - control of Soviets
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1128 détente Term for reduction in tension between USA - USSR between 1960 and 1980s
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1129 Afghan War Failed attempt by USSR to take over Afghanistan - expense/negative public reaction hurt USSR communists - US supported Afghan guerillas
...
1130 European Coal and Steel Community 1958 - first attempt to unite W. European countries economically
...
1131 Charles de Gaulle First president of France's 5th Republic - Gaullism - independence from international world - withdraws from NATO - pushed for social welfare
...
1135 national liberation wars of liberation in which local/indigenous populations fought imperial powers - usually supported secrety by Soviet KGB or American CIA depending on ideology
...
1139 intifada Palestinian Arabs fighting against Israeli occupation of Gaza Strip/West Bank - boys w/ stones vs. tanks image
...
1140 Iranian Revolution Transformed Iran from pro-Western nation to fundamentalist Islamic nation. becomes religious theocracy
...
1141 Ayatollah Khomeini Leader of Iranian Revolution - group of students supporting seize US embassy 1979 - begins stage of anti-US sentiment - fundamentalist theocracy
...
1143 Algerian War of Independence Liberation movement against French - led to revolts in France - violent - French settler population refused to leave
...
1144 African National Congress South African black political party that took over control in 1994
...
1145 Desmond Tutu Bishop - spoke out against apartheid in S. Africa - Noble Peace Prize - called diverse S. Africa a Rainbow Nation
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1146 Idi Amin Ugandan military leader/president - responsible for hundreds of thousands of Christian/tribal deaths
...
1148 Patrice Lumumba First Prime Minister of Democratic Republic of Congo - eventually arrested and murdered
...
1149 AIDS/HIV epidemic Lacked initial funding/recognition as homosexual community disease - widespread epidemic in Africa - forces gov'ts to come up with policy on sex ed. and medicine
...
1152 Suharto 2nd president of Indonesia 1967-1998 - controlled Indonesia with force/political maneuvering
...
1163 Contras Supported by US both legally and illegally - anti-revollutionaries in Nicaragua - fought the Sandinistas (communist leaning)
...
1165 Bretton Woods 1944 meeting of 45 Allied nations to create International Monetary Fund and World Bank - help rebuild world
...
1166 Energy Crunch of the 1970s aftermath of an Arab oil embargo crimped American energy consumption
...
117 117. Siddhartha Gautama Buddha; founder of Buddhism.
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1170 consumerism massive purchase and industrialized toward consumer products - not necessities of life - just make us have a ton of stuff
...
1172 migration of peoples developing nations from rural to urban - attempt to move from developing to industrialized - leads to guest workers and conflict between immigrants and Nativists
...
1175 stream of consciousness literary method of merely writing random thoughts - no linear structure - thank you James Joyce
...
1180 Diego Rivera famous Mexican muralist - once put Mexican Communist leaders w/ US Founding Fathers in Rockefeller Center
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1181 Lo Hsun Chinese vernacular writer who discounted Confucian values and criticized Chinese society - thoughts led to May 4th Revolution
...
1183 Wole Soyinka Africa's most distinguished playwright
...
1184 Chinua Achebe Things Fall Apart - novel about African independence
...
1186 Isabel Allende Most popular Latin American author in world
...
1187 Salman Rushdie novel Satanic Verses - found faults in Islamic world - Ayatollah put out death sentence on him
...
1188 Albert Einstein - theory of relativitity 20th century theory of physics - relation between laws of physics for person moving vs. person standing still
...
1189 quantum physics deals with electron energy - atomic level of physics
...
119 119. Theravada (Hinayana) and Mahayana Buddhism T - Buddha is Teacher; M - Buddha is God.
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1190 rocketry and space exploration space race of 1950s - created for delivery system for nuclear weapons + world prestige + science - numerous subsequent scientific breakthroughs - built on German program of WWII - led to higher standards of education
...
1193 "global village" - Marshall McLuhan 1960s theory that technology and mass media would break down political boundaries
...
1197 Chernobyl explosion of nuclear power plant in USSR - led to lasting environmental distruction
...
1199 Boris Yeltsin followed Mikhail Gorbachev - attempted to rebuild Russian Federation while dealing with break up of Soviet Bloc
...
1205 nationalist extremism fanatic belief that your nation/ethnic group better than others/neighboring - usually found in developing nations frustrated by income disparity
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121 121. Tao-te Chng and the I Ching The Book of the Way and its Virtue (see chapter below on translating the title) is an ancient Chinese scripture. The work is traditionally said to have been written around 600 BCE by the famous sage called Laozi. oldest of the Chinese classic texts. It describes an ancient system of cosmology and philosophy which is at the heart of Chinese cultural beliefs.
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122 122. Laozi Founder/teacher of taoism.
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123 123. Confucianism an East Asian ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of Confucius.
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125 125. K'ung Fu-tzu (Confucius) Teacher/founder of Confucianism.
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128 128. Jesus of Nazareth Son of God.
...
129 129. the Bible (Old and New Testament) Holy text of Christianity.
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131 131. Peter and Paul Main disciples of Jesus; carried on teaching after death.
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132 132. Constantine and the Edict of Milan Outlawed/killed people practising christianity.
...
134 134. Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism (Great Schism of 1054) reflecting its claim to be the preserver of the original Christian traditions as well as those established by the church during the first 1000 years of its existence; maintain a belief that their episcopate can be traced directly back to the Apostles
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136 136. Allah God's name in Islam.
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137 137. Mohammed Last prophet of God.
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139 139. the Kaaba building located inside the mosque known as Masjid al Haram in Mecca (Makkah). The mosque has been built around the Kaaba. The Kaaba is the holiest place in Islam.
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143 1. Abbasid (750 C.E.) The Sunni dynasty that overthrew the Umayyads as caliphs
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144 2. Abu Bakr (632-634 C.E.) The first caliph; one of Muhammad's earliest followers and closest friends
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146 4. Axum Kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands; defeated kingdom of Kush around 300 B.C.E. and succeeded by Ethiopia. Received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity
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147 5. Baghdad Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphone
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149 7. Benin A powerful city-state formed around the 14th century; was not relatively influence by the Europeans despite coming into contact with the Portuguese'; important commercial and political entity until the 19th century
...
150 8. Bourbons (18th century) A dynasty in Spain which launced a seiries of reforms aimed at strengthening the state and its economy; influenced Charless III
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151 9. Burghers Dutch equivalence of bourgeoisie; the middle class
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153 11. Caliphate Political and religious successors to Muhammad
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154 12. Carolingian Dynasty (8-10th century) Royal house of franks that succeeded the Merovingian dynasty; most prominent member was Charlemagne
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155 13. Caste Social status or position conferred by a system based on class in India
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156 14. Charlemagne Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany
...
157 15. Charles Martel Charles the "Hammer"; led the the Battle of Tours and saved Europe from the Islamic expansion. (732 C.E.)
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158 16. Chichen Itza Originally a Mayan city; conquered by the Toltecs (1000 C.E)
...
159 17. Code of Bushido (Formulated 14th century) Way of the Warrior for Japanese samurais; defined service and conduct appropriate to their status
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161 19. Crusades series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims (temporarily succeeded in capturing Jersalem and establishing Christian kingdoms)
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162 20. Czar male monarch/emperor of Russia
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163 21. Daimyo warlord rulers of 300 small kingdoms following Onin War and disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate
...
164 22. Dome of the Rock Islamic shrine in Jerusalem; believed to be the site where Muhammed ascended to Heaven
...
165 23. Dynasty a family/group that maintains power for several generations
...
166 24. Eleanor of Aquitaine Queen of France as the wife of Louis VII; married Henry II that marriage was annulled and became Queen of England during 1152-1204
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167 25. Emperor Xuanzong (reigned 713-755) Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty; encouraged overexpansion
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169 27. Feudalism system where lords provided protection/aid to serfs in return for labor
...
171 29. Franks a group of Germanic tribes in the early Christian era; spread from the Rhine into the Roman Empire
...
172 30. Genghis Khan (1170s - 1227) from 1206 khagan of all Mongol tribes; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China and territories as far west as the Abbasid regions
...
173 31. Golden Horde one of four subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after Genghis Khan's death; territory covered much of present south-central Russia
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174 32. Hagia Sophia large church constructed in Constantinople during the reign of Justinian
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175 33. Hanseatic League organization of cities in N. Germany/Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance
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176 34. Heresies any opinions/doctrines at variance with the established or orthodox position; beliefs that reject the orthodox tenets of a religion
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178 36. Hordes nomadic Mongol tribes
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179 37. Hundred Years' War (1337 - 1453) conflict between England and France -fought over lands England possessed in France (issue of feudal rights vs. emerging claims of national states)
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180 38. Incan Group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create empire incorporating various Andean cultures. Term also used for leader of empire
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181 39. Inquisition An investigation; A tribunal formerly held in the Roman Catholic Church and directed at the suppression of heresy
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182 40. Interregnum The interval of time between the end of a sovereign's reign and the accession of a successor
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183 41. Islam Major world religion originating in 610 CE in the Arabian peninsula; literally meaning submission; based o prophecy of Muhammad
...
186 44. Justinian Eastern Roman emperor 527-565 CE; tried to restore unity of old Roman Empire; issued most famous compilation of Roman law
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187 45. Justinian Code Compilation of Roman law
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188 46. King Clovis Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity C. 496; allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom
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190 48. Kublai Khan Grandson of Chinggis Khan; commander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest of China; became khagan in 1260; established sinicized Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1271
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191 49. Kush An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile C 100 BCE; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries
...
193 51. Magna Carta Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy
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194 52. Magyars A Hungarian ethnic group
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196 54. Manors The district over which a lord had domain and could exercise certain rights and privileges in medieval western Europe
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198 56. Marco Polo A Venetian trader that went and learned about China under Kublai Khan
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201 59. Medina Great trading center where Muhammad fed to and solved their civil war
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205 63. Mohammed The prophet of Islam: born in 570 in clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca
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206 64. Mongol Central asian nomadic people; spread all over asia and Europe spreading their empire while pillaging
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207 65. Muslims People who believe and follow the Islamic religion
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208 66. Oral literature Oral literature corresponds in the sphere of the spoken (oral) word to literature as literature operates in the domain of the written word
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210 68. Otto the Great King of the Germans and arguably the first Holy Roman Emperor
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211 69. Peasant Agricultural worker that works land they own or rented
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215 73. Primogeniture an exclusive right of inheritance belonging to the eldest son
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218 76. quipu system of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system...could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records
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219 77. Qur'an the holy book of Islam... recitations of revelations received by Muhammad
...
220 78. Scholasticism dominant medieval philosophical approach... based on the use of logic to resolve theological problems
...
221 79. Serfs peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages
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222 80. Shogun military leaders of the bakufu
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223 81. Shogunate (bakufu) military government in 12th century Japan... established by the Minamoto after the Gempei Wars... retained emperor but real power resided in military government and samurai
...
226 85. St. Cyril a missionary sent by the Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans... converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity...responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic
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227 86. Sufis mystics within Islam... responsible for expansion of Islam in southeastern Asia
...
228 87. Sunni/Shia political and theological division within Islam... followers of the Umayyads
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229 88. T'ang Chinese emperor who overthrew the Hsia dynasty and founded the Shang dynasty
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230 89. Taika Reforms attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese- style emperor...also tried to make a professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army
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232 91. Tatars Mongols; captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state
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236 95. Tikal A ruined Mayan city of northern Guatemala. It was the largest of the Mayan cities and may also be the oldest
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238 97. Timur the Lame name given to Timur Lang
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240 99. Umayidd powerful Muslim family
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241 100. Vassals members of military elite who received land or benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty
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243 102. Vladimir Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev - converted kingdom to Christianity
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245 104. Wu Zhao Empress in China; supported Buddhism
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246 106. provincial leaders Regional Rulers
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247 107. Sharia Islamic Law
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248 108. ulama religious leaders - traditional leanings in Islamic Empire
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250 110. Bedouins Nomadic Arabs who originally inhabited desert areas of the Middle East and northern Africa and later began to move to other parts of the region
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255 115. Cyrillic alphabet an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages
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258 118. Arabesque Ornament or surface decoration with intricate curves and flowing lines based on plant forms
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259 119. astrolabe an instrument that was used to determine the altitude of objects (like the sun) in the sky. It was first used around 200 BC by astronomers in Greece. The astrolabe was replaced by the sextant
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261 121. mosque A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith
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263 123. dome a common structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere
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265 125. vernacular languages the native language of a particular locality
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271 131. Omar Khayyam He was famous during his lifetime as a mathematician and astronomer who calculated how to correct the Persian calendar. he objected to the notion that every particular event and phenomenon was the result of divine intervention; nor did he believe in any Judgement Day or rewards and punishments after life. Instead he supported the view that laws of nature explained all phenomena of observed life
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275 135. Conservative Person who generally likes to uphold current conditions and oppose changes; religious movement whose position lies between the Orthodox and Reform
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276 136. Hadith Traditions of the prophet Mohammad that played a critical role in Islamic law and rituals; recorded by women
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278 138. Shinto Religion of early Japanese culture; devotes worshipped numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world; offers of food and prayer made to gods and nature spirits
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280 140. Thousand and One Nights Arabian Nights' Entertainment: a collection of folktales in Arabic dating from the 10th century
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281 141. Great Schism Divide of the Christian church whereby for a time there were two popes
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284 144. Roman Catholic Church The Christian church characterized by an episcopal hierarchy with the pope as its head and belief in seven sacraments and the authority of tradition
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285 145. Swahili A Bantu language of the coast and islands of eastern Africa from Somalia to Mozambique
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288 148. monsoons winds from the southwest or south that brings heavy rainfall to southern Asia in the summer - method by which Arab merchants travelled
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293 153. hajj Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca
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296 156. Mansa Musa African prince from Mali who gave out so much gold during a pilgrimage it devalued
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298 158. calligraphy writing art form
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299 159. monochrome Either black or white
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301 161. interregnum The interval of time between the end of a sovereign's reign and the accession of a successor
...
302 162. shogun Japanese lord who wielded most power while the emperor was controlled
...
304 164. Taika reforms Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor
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310 170. Ali The fourth caliph or successor of Muhammad. He was also the Prophet's cousin. He is revered by Shi'a Muslims as the rightful first caliph
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313 173. compass Device used to determine geographic direction
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314 174. abacus A calculator that performs arithmetic functions by manually sliding counters on rods
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315 175. movable type invented in China in the mid-eleventh century. Individual characters made of fired clay were assembled and glued onto a plate to create a printing block. Introduced in Europe in the 15th century
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316 176. landscape painting Popular artistic style in China during the Tang-Song era. Previously popular Buddhist themes are pushed away by the new scholar-gentry classes interest in nature's beauty
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317 177. currency-based economy Unified monetary and banking systems are present in the economy
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318 178. new strains of rice new strains of rice - led to population growth in Asia
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320 180. Yamato clan Gained control of the nation over other rival clans around 400 CE. Established an imperial court similar to that of China in 700 CE
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324 184. pastoral nomadism Herding animals while moving from place to place
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326 186. feudalism Relationship between lord and serfs where protection is exchanged for crops/labor
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330 190. reciprocal relationship System where both parties benefit - such as feudalism in Europe - protection for labor
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332 192. nation-states Autonomous state with people sharing a common culture/history/language
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333 193. absolute despotism Where the ruler has complete authority/power
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334 194. William the Conqueror Duke of Normandy who invaded England in 1066 and conquered it
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335 195. jury system Judgment whereby there is a trial and people witnessing the trial deciding the guilt/innocence of a person
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338 198. Parliament Beginning in England with a House of lords (aristocracy) and House of Commons (rich merchants) governing legislative body
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339 199. power of the purse the power to raise and spend money
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341 201. Sundiata "Lion prince"; member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died in 1260
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342 202. Timbuktu Port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River
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344 204. centralized monarchy a monarchy whose rule included concentrated far-reaching power
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346 206. Aristotle Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world
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347 207. Plato Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal abstract form of government abstract principles
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348 208. Cicero Conservative Roman senator; stoic philosopher; one of the greatest orators of his day; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar
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350 210. scholasticism dominant medieval philosophy approach; base in the schools and universities; use of logic to resolve theological problems
...
351 211. Byzantine Empire Easter half of the Roman Empire following collapse of western half of the old empire; retained Mediterranean culture; capital at Constantinople
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352 212. iconoclastic controversy religious controversy with the Byzantine Empire in the 8th century; emperor attempted to suppress veneration of icons
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353 213. clergy Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion
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358 218. Eleanor of Aquitaine queen of France as the wife of Louis VII; that marriage was annulled in 1152 and she then married Henry II and became Queen of England (1122-1204)
...
363 223. Demesne land The part of the lord's manorial lands reserved for his own use and not allocated to his serfs or freeholder tenants. Serfs worked the demesne for a specified numbers of days a week
...
365 225. Gothic architecture A style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries; characterized by slender vertical piers and counterbalancing buttresses and by vaulting and pointed arches
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366 226. Hanseatic League a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas; formed in 1241 and most influential in the 14th century when it included over 100 towns and functioned as an independent political power; the last official assembly was held in 1669
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367 227. Hundred Years War
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373 233. Papal States group of territories in central Italy ruled by the popes from 754 - 1870
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374 234. Russian Orthodox Church conservative branch of Christianity that developed in Russia with Byyzantine cue
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375 235. Perspective in art development in the Renaissance that included realistic three-dimensional perspective
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390 250. city-states a sovereign state consisting of an independent city and its surrounding territory
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396 256. Bosporus a narrow strait separating European and Asian Turkey and joining the Black Sea with the Marmara Sea; also an important trade route
...
397 257. Dardanelles a straight connecting the Aegean Sea with the Sea of Marmara
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399 259. Maya A native American group of people that lived in Central America
...
400 260. Toltecs a member of a Nahuatl-speaking people of central and southern Mexico whose empire flourished from the 10th century under invasion by the Aztes in the 12th Century
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403 263. differentiated labor labor shared amongst the peasant class
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407 267. Inca A member of the group of Quechuan peoples of highland Peru who established an empire from northern Ecuador to central Chile before the Spanish conquest
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408 268. Hillside terracing method growing rice in bulk
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410 270. tribute The sacrificing to the gods or the offering and payments to the leaders and/or owners of the land
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412 272. Aztec Empire powerful Indian empire founded on Lake Texcoco (Mexico)
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413 273. Hernan Cortes Spanish explorer who defeated the Aztec Empire and brought most of Mexico under Spanish control
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414 274. Montezuma emperor of the Aztecs who saw his empire defeated by the Spanish
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415 275. Francisco Pizarro Spanish conquerer who defeated the Incan Empire of Peru from 1535-1540
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416 276. Atahualpa the 13th and last emperor of the Incan Empire
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417 277. Cuzco capital city of the Incan Empire
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418 278. Teotihuacan city founded by the Aztecs in 1325
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419 279. Acculturation the obtainment of culture by an individual or a group of people
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420 280. Calpulli Aztec clans that distributed land and provided labor and warriors
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421 281. Despotism a system of government where a single authority rules with absolute power
...
425 285. celadon Korean and Japanese pottery with a light green glaze
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426 286. daimyo Warlord rulers who divided Japan into 300 little kingdoms
...
430 290. seppuku ritual suicide/disembowelment in Japan (hara-kiri); demonstrating courage and restoring family honor
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431 291. tea ceremony Japanese ceremony with Chinese influences symbolizing tranquility
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432 292. Allah Muslim God
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435 295. harem living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household
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436 296. hijrah Mohammad's flight from Mecca to Medina
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437 297. Ka'aba Islamic shrine in Mecca; focus of annual truce among Bedouin tribes
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439 299. Ramadan Islamic month of fasting from dawn to sunset
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440 300. shariah Islamic law
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441 301. umma community of the faithful within Islam; creating political unity
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442 302. zakat bligatory tax for Muslims used for charity
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443 303. benefice A landed estate granted in feudal tenure.
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444 304. excommunication banishment from certain religion & Church
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445 305. investiture The act or formal ceremony of conferring the authority and symbols of a high office (there was investiture controversy - who got to do it)
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446 306. medieval relating to the Middle Ages
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448 308. moldboard plow plow invented during the Middle Ages to improve farming effeciency
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454 314. Khan Mongol ruler
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456 316. Malay sailors a lot traded and interacted with other Southeast Asian societies a lot
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457 317. Maori indigenous people of New Zealand
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463 323. steppe diplomacy institution that the Mongols employed to all empires under its control. Paying tribute was one aspect of it
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464 324. syncretism attempt to merge disparate traditions or practices and combine them with another tradition. (religion also)
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465 325. Anasazi A native American culture flourishing in southern Colorado and Utah and northern New Mexico and Arizona
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466 326. ayllus the basic political unit of pre-Inca and Inca life; core of extended families but nno non-related members were included
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469 329. Mexica what we know today as Mexicans
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470 330. Mississippians People of the Mississippi plains
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472 332. parallel descent The area southward of Mexico
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474 Babur founded Mughal Dynasty of India
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476 Sha Jahan Indian Mughal ruler - tried (not successfully) to expand frontier - built Taj Mahal
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479 Henry of Navarre First French monarch - Bourbon dynasty - religious tolerance for Protestant minority - Edict of Nantes - cared about welfare of people
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483 Prince Henry the Navigator Pushed Portugues efforts to explore African sea route to Asia
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485 ronin masterless samurai between 1180-1868
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486 Sikhs Ten Sikh gurus - Northern India - started religion - Sikhism - unique view of world through one God
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488 Sunni Ali 15th century - great king of Songhai Empire in sub-Saharan Africa - controlled Timbuktu - surpassed Mali Empire
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489 Guinea states States in West Africa known for gold and African slave labor
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491 Lepanto 1571 - Coalition of Catholic states navy defeats Ottoman Empire's navy - signals beginning of W. European/Spain/Portuguese dominance of Mediterranean and beyond
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492 Act of Toleration 1689 - British law granting tolerance to minority faiths - ends generations of bloodshed
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496 Dutch East India Company Trading corporation for Netherlands - controlled markets and resources of colonies
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497 British East India Company Controlled trade for Britain - became even stronger than some governments - controlled markets and resources
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502 John Calvin Calvinism - belief in predestination - anti-witches
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505 Huguenots Protestants living in Catholic France - minority - often persecuted
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506 Italian Renaissance rebirth of Classical (Greece/Rome) art/architecture - humanistic focus - patrons - families like Medici and the Catholic Church - blended natural world w/ religion - transition away from religion
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509 Philosophes French Enlightened thinkers who tried to explain society/human nature - led to Enlightenment
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514 Patronage of the arts Catholic Church and rich families paid artists to decorate walls/architecture/fountains/doors
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523 encomienda system of Spanish rule in Americas where Spanish landowners have right to forced labor for all indigenous people living on land grant
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524 Enlightenment attempt to apply logic from Scientific Revolution to human nature/government/economics
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526 Glorious Revolution 1688 overthrow of King James in England
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528 Janissaries Christian slave army that fought for Ottoman Empire - later developed monopoly on military and resisted technogical innovation
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530 mercantilism economic system where colonies market and resources for the sole use of mother country
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532 Mughal dynasty Muslim dynasty that ruled India
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533 mulatto offspring of a European and an African
...
535 parliamentary monarchy attempt to control monarchy through parliament - first experiment in England - usually controlled budget which controlled/limited monarch
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543 viceroyalty royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch - usually refers to method of colonial rule
...
547 Middle Passage term given for sea voyage of African slaves on way to Latin America/Caribbean/North America - 25-50% would perish on trip
...
556 laissez-faire economics belief that government should not control business - hands off - let market decide success/failure of a product
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557 natural laws belief that human interaction/rule of law is governed by a set of laws - similar to those found in nature like gravity
...
571 Copernicus provided the first modern formulation of a heliocentric (sun-centered) theory of the solar system
...
576 class diversification in Europe growth of middle class between aristocracy and peasantry
...
580 lodestone
...
584 Ferdinand Magellan 1521 - led first attempt to circumnavigate the globe
...
587 Jacques Cartier explorer popularly thought of as one of the major discoverers of Canada.
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594 Istanbul officially known as Constantinople until 1930 when its name was changed to Istanbul. Due to its three-thousand-year old history it is considered as one of the oldest still existing cities of the world
...
601 Isfahan cultural/political center of Safavid Empire - 3rd largest city in Iran today
...
603 Francis Xavier pioneering Christian missionary and co-founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuit Order). The Roman Catholic Church considers him to have converted more people to Christianity than anyone else since St. Paul
...
604 Qing Empire
...
608 Onin War 1467-1477 Civil War that entered into Warring States period - mass struggle of Daimyos
...
612 Delhi Shogunate various Afghan dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526
...
617 Osei Tutu Leader of loosely run Ashanti confederacy in Africa - of firearms bought from European traders in exchange for gold and slaves he greatly expanded the power of the city-state
...
627 Spanish importation of smallpox and measles Columbian exchange negative - immunity lacking in indigenous people - led to millions of deaths - huge demographic switch
...
628 Bartolome de Las Casas demonized role of Spanish and Columbus in treatment of Native Americans
...
630 Portuguese sugar production Portuguese cultivated in Brazil 1532 - surpassed honey as primary sweetener
...
631 Peter Stuyvesant last Dutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherland from 1647 until it was ceded provisionally to the English in 1664. He was a major figure in the early history of New York City
...
632 Jamestown first British colony in future United States
...
633 Plymouth Rock first British colony in New England - famous Pilgrims - became religious focused w/ semi-theocracy
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637 1. absolutism 1. A political theory that states all power should be held by one ruler
...
640 4. mercantilism 4. The practice of merchants; commercialism
...
641 5. feudalism 5. A political and economical system; relation of a vassal and its lord is characterized by homage and protection
...
646 10. conservative backlash 10. A retaliation from often strict religious groups
...
648 12. democratizing elements 12. Elements needed for political freedom
...
649 13. exploration 13. The search of new borders and areas
...
650 14. colonization 14. The act of acquiring nations for the benefit of the mother nation's economy
...
651 15. unprecedented 15. Lacking previous experience of the sort
...
652 16. imperialism 16. A policy of extending a nation's powers through diplomacy or military practice
...
654 18. Enlightenment 18. The use of reason to scrutinize humanitarian reforms
...
655 19. unification 19. The joining of two or more groups
...
656 20. industrialization 20. The growing or birth of production
...
657 21. imperialism 21. A policy of extending a nation's powers through diplomacy or military practice
...
659 23. nationalism 23. Devotion to the culture of a nation
...
660 24. eugenics 24. The study of heredity improvement of the human race controlled by selective breeding
...
662 26. Social Darwinism 26. The belief that one achieves more than others by genetic or biological superiority
...
663 27. White Man's Burden/Rudyard Kipling 27. The belief that god asked Caucasians to enslave or take responsibility of the colored
...
664 28. Middle Kingdom 28. China
...
665 29. communication revolution 29. A change in the people communicate
...
666 30. urbanization 30. The change from rural to urban lifestyle
...
668 32. manufactured/finished goods 32. The completion of raw material
...
671 35. plantation system 35. The use of cotton gins and slaves for production
...
672 36. Monroe Doctrine 36. The proclamation that prevented European nations from colonizing in the Americas
...
673 37. foreign investment 37. Investing in other countries' economies
...
674 38. capital 38. The initial amount of money to start a business
...
675 39. Ottoman Empire 39. Modern Day Turkey
...
676 40. domestic/putting out system 40. Working on pieces of a product at home and the finalizing and selling them in the marketplace
...
677 41. Tanzimat Reforms 41. Reorganization in the Ottoman Empire
...
680 44. Qing China 44. The last Chinese dynasty
...
681 45. Opium War 45. The war that led Western imperialism in China
...
682 46. Opium Trade 46. The trade of illegal narcotics in China
...
683 47. serfdom 47. A person in bondage or servitude
...
684 48. Commodore Perry 48. US Commodore who defeated British on Lake Erie
...
685 49. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade 49. The triangular slave trade- from Africa to Caribbean and then the Americas
...
695 59. Bessemer Process: Process of rendering cast iron malleable by the introduction of air into the fluid metal to remove carbon. This was the first process for mass-producing steel inexpensively.
...
697 61. Interchangeable parts: important for the industrial revolution because it signified the ability to change parts of products comparatively easier than before
...
698 62. Assembly Line An assembly line is a manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create an end product.
...
700 64. Proletariat: new class of factory workers that emerged as a result of the industrial revolution
...
706 70. monoculture: agriculture based on only one crop; resulted in many European colonies in the 1800-1900 because of mercantilism
...
707 71. "Banana Republic": a small country (especially in Central America) that is politically unstable and whose economy is dominated monoculture because of European mercantilism
...
715 79. suffrage: voting rights; suffrage movement; universal suffrage
...
720 84. Women's Emancipation movements: movements for greater female rights; referred to as feminist movement
...
721 85. push factors: conditions in a location or region that encourage people to migrate from it
...
730 94. Louis Pasteur: creator of germ theory and pasteurization - led to improved health
...
731 95. sweet potato: important NA starch in China
...
732 96. finished goods: manufactured goods
...
733 97. air pollution: pollution in the air; from coal
...
734 98. water pollution: pollution in the water; from poor sanitation
...
735 99. cholera/tuberculosis: various diseases that spread through urban eras during the IR
...
736 100. upper class women: affluent women with absolutely no lives; led the women's rights movements at the end of the IR
...
737 101. Victorian Age - the era of Britain's industrial revolution and Queen Victoria's reign from 1837 to 1901
...
738 102. social mobility - the ability of an individual to change his/her social status
...
739 103. abolitionists - supporters of ending slavery
...
740 104. emancipation of Russian serfs - edict issued in 1861 by Alexander II
...
741 105. cult of domesticity - American view that preached women's role was in the house taking care of the children
...
742 106. temperance - a movement to moderate and lessen alcohol consumption
...
743 107. constitutional monarchy - a monarchy whose power is defined and limited by a constitution (defines monarch as head of state)
...
744 108. John Locke - English philosopher who argued that the government's power came from the people and that revolution against tyrants was acceptable
...
748 112. Common Sense/Thomas Paine - writing by American revolutionary that advocated separation from Britain and republican government
...
753 117. Declaration of the Rights of Man - French revolutionary document that outlined the rights of the people
...
754 118. Reign of Terror - the period where the monarchy and aristocracy were targeted along with opponents of the French Revolution
...
755 119. Directory - the government of revolutionary France from 1795 to 1799
...
756 120. Cycle of Revolution - calls for change from monarchy followed by moderate government followed by radical government followed by moderate government followed by monarchy
...
757 121. universal manhood suffrage - voting rights extended without discrimination
...
758 122. nationalistic uprisings - independence movements based on loyalty to free states
...
759 123. guerilla warfare - unorganized warfare using hit and run tactics
...
76 76. feudalism The social organization created by exchanging grants of lands r fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service; typical of Zhou dynasty and European Middle Ages; greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords in return for military service.
...
760 124. Napoleon - absolute leader of France who conquered most of Europe and was defeated in 1815
...
761 125. Congress of Vienna - European meeting after Napoleon's defeat to try and restore political stability and settle diplomatic disputes
...
763 127. spirit of conservatism - after era of revolution attempt by European diplomats to return order to the good ol' days when autocracy ruled and people stopped rebelling
...
764 128. radicalism - democratic movement that called for liberalism and extended rights
...
765 129. parliamentary system - representative government led by a prime minister
...
766 130. militaristic - aggressive war based ideology
...
769 133. Toussaint L'Ouverture - a leader of the Haitian revolt against France
...
772 136. caudillos - military juntas or governments - military men that take over power - sets precedent
...
773 137. economic backwardness - Latin America - caused by mercantilism and monoculture system
...
774 138. Miguel Hidalgo - Creole priest in Mexico who led rebellion against Spain
...
775 139. Pancho Villa - Mexican revolutionary who fought in the revolution from 1910 to 1917
...
776 140. Sino-Japanese War - war fought between China and Japan over Korea from 1894 to 1895
...
777 141. Empress Cixi - disastrous Chinese monarch whose policies led to economic stagnation and China's decline
...
779 143. Abdication of Manchu Emperor - emperor abdicates in 1912 - ends foreign rule - Mandate of Heaven dynasties
...
780 144. Sun Yat-sen - father of modern china and institutes constitutional democracy
...
782 146. Nationalist Party - Kuomintang - Chinese political party that favored republican government
...
783 147. Chiang Kai-shek - leader of the Kuomintang and founder of the Republic of China
...
785 149. Jose de San Martin leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata; successful in 1816
...
786 150. King John VI - Portuguese King who ruled in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 because of Napoleon's invasion
...
79 79. Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates Umayyad: Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam. Abbasid: Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam (750 C.E.) A caliph is a political and religious successor to Muhammad.
...
795 158. Creoles- European born Foreign
...
796 159. Mestizos- Indigenous and European mixed
...
797 160. Mulattoes- Mixed European and black
...
798 161. Marxism- More radical socialism (economic competition is inherently unfair and leads to injustice/ inequality)
...
799 162. Liberalism- willing to respect or accept behavior or opinions different from one's own. Open to new ideas.
...
805 168. King William II- Emperor of the German Empire
...
808 171. Second and Third Reform Acts 1867/1885 - universal suffrage
...
809 172. Fourth Republic- France becomes democratic republic- universal suffrage.
...
81 81. Nubia The Coptic (Christians of Egypt) influence spread up the Nile into Nubia (the ancient land of Kush). Muslims attempted to penetrate Nubia and met stiff resistance in the 9th century (left Christian descendants of ancient Kush - left as independent Christian kingdom until 13th century).
...
810 173. Dreyfus Affair- Jewish officer accused of selling secrets to Germ
...
811 174. Augsleich- "compromise" - becomes Austria-Hungary
...
815 178. stratified society- No chance for social mobility.
...
822 185. "Women Question"- What is their sphere and role.
...
825 188. later phases of feminist reform- pushed for suffrage led by upper class women.
...
826 189. "dismal science"- Negative views of capitalism.
...
828 191. Iron Law of Wages/David Ricardo- Employer will pay lowest possible wage to make money. Supply of labor goes up then salaries will drop.
...
829 192. Socialism- economic competition is inherently unfair and leads to injustice/inequality
...
831 194. Eastern Question- gradual decline of the Ottoman Empire presented Europe with choices
...
838 201. economic imperialism - practice of promoting the economy of one nation in another. It is usually the case that the former is a large economically or militarily powerful nation and the latter is a smaller and less developed.
...
839 202. la mission civilisatrice - French idea of spreading their advanced civilization to others through colonization. Also referred to as "mission civilisatrice."
...
840 203. British East India Company - A joint-stock company of investors with the intent to favor trade privileges in India. Eventually transformed from a commercial trading venture to one which virtually ruled India.
...
843 207. zamindars - was employed by the Mughals to collect taxes from peasants
...
846 210. sati - funeral custom in which the widow immolated herself on her husband's funeral pyre.
...
847 211. thuggee - The practice of robbery and assassination practiced by the Thugs.
...
848 212. sectarian strife - violent conflict between Muslims and Coptic Christians in Egypt.
...
851 215. King Chulalongkorn - fifth king of the Chakri dynasty of Thailand.
...
854 218. bullion - Gold or silver considered with respect to quantity rather than value.
...
856 220. Christian missionaries - Christians who traveled into other countries and attempted to spread the Christian faith. Enthusiastically persecuted in Japan by Tokugawa...
...
857 221. footbinding - Chinese custom of binding women's feet. They preferred small feet? Confined women to homes. Degrading practice for women of China.
...
859 223. Taping Rebellion - Rebellion initiated by Hong Xiuquan to overthrow the Manchurians and establish the kingdom of Heaven in China. Got off to an impressive start militarily but only because Hong avoided attacking large urban centers.
...
861 225. Open Door Policy - The Open Door Policy is the maintenance in a certain territory of equal commercial and industrial rights for the nationals of all countries.
...
863 227. Henry Puyi - Last emperor of the Qing Dynasty to rule over China. No more emperors after him.
...
866 230. Berlin Conference - The Berlin Conference of 1884-85 regulated European colonization and trade in Africa
...
867 231. Liberia/Ethiopia - Ethiopia is a republic in northeastern Africa on the Red Sea
...
868 232. Coptic Christian Kingdom One of the few regions in Africa unoccupied by the Europeans.
...
869 233. Ashanti Kingdom - was a powerful state in West Africa in the years prior to European colonization. It was located in what is today southern and central Ghana.
...
87 87. Anasazi Ancestral Puebloans were a prehistoric Native American civilization centered around the present-day Four Corners area of the Southwest United States.
...
870 234. Boers/Afrikaners - Indians trained to be British soldiers.
...
873 237. African National Congress - founded to defend the rights of the black majority
...
874 238. Muhammad Ali - Egyptian ruler who caused Egypt to industrialize.
...
875 239. Suez Canal - a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea
...
879 243. "Great Game" - used to describe the rivalry and strategic conflict between the British Empire and the Tsarist Russian Empire for supremacy in Central Asia.
...
88 88. cultural diffusion versus independent innovation spread through cultures vs. independent inventing
...
881 245. Young Turks - A member of a Turkish reformist and nationalist political party active in the early 20th century.
...
890 254. Modernization Theory - developed countries emphasize individuality and capitalism. Economic prosperity due to industrialization is the key to a nation's advancement. All countries will naturally modernize.
...
891 255. Dependency Theory - less developed nations either intentionally or unintentionally depend on the developed nations for economic support. Some countries will never be able to break out of dependent cycle...modernization theory doesn't apply. Ex. Latin American nations depend on Europe during colonization. Later result in monoculture.
...
892 256. Marxist Theory - socialism is the only way to a nation's prosperity. Also known as Communism.
...
894 230. Berlin Conference - The Berlin Conference of 1884-85 regulated European colonization and trade in Africa
...
895 231. Liberia/Ethiopia - Only countries that don't fall to colonialism during scramble for Africa
...
896 232. Coptic Christian Kingdom - One of the few regions in Africa unoccupied by the Europeans.
...
897 233. Ashanti Kingdom - was a powerful state in West Africa in the years prior to European colonization. It was located in what is today southern and central Ghana.
...
901 237. African National Congress - founded to defend the rights of the black majority
...
902 238. Muhammad Ali - Egyptian ruler who caused Egypt to industrialize.
...
903 239. Suez Canal - a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea
...
905 241. intertribal warfare - conflict between tribes.
...
909 populism a political philosophy supporting the right and power of the people in their struggle against he privileged elite
...
912 collective security system for international peace
...
913 embargo A prohibition by a government on certain/all trade with a foreign nation - method of pressuring a nation diplomatically
...
920 Mikhail Gorbachev soviet leader who brought an end to the cold war through his foreign policy
...
921 Gamal Nasser Led social revolution in Egypt in 1952 And was an army officer and politician who servedAs both prime minister (1954-56) and president 1956-58). His nationalism of the Suez Canal precipitatedan international crisis in 1956.
...
925 Bill Gates American computer software designer who Co-founded Microsoft and built it into one of the Largest computer software manufacturers
...
926 Walt Disney American film maker who created animated Cartoons and famous characters (Mickey Mouse)
...
928 Anschluss A political union including the one unifying Nazi Germany and Austria in 1938
...
929 appeasement The policy of granting concessions to potential enemies to maintain peace. (Such as in the Munich Conference of 1938)
...
93 93. theocracy form of government in which a religion or faith plays a dominant role.
...
932 Great Depression International economic crisis following WWI. Began With the collapse of the American stock market in 1929 and caused mass unemployment.
...
933 Holocaust Term for Hitler's attempted genocide of European Jews during WWII.
...
934 League of Nations International diplomatic and peace organization Created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended WWI;One of the chief goals of President Woodrow WilsonIn the peace negotiations
...
935 mandate Governments entrusted to European nations in theMiddle East in the aftermath of WWI.
...
936 Pan-Slavic movement movement in the 1800's to unite the Slavic people in Austria and the Ottoman Empire
...
937 Potsdam Conference meeting of the Allies of WWII to clarify and implement agreements made at the Yalta Conference
...
938 reparations the act of making amends. (Germany's war payments as agreed to in the Treaty of Versailles)
...
939 Russification cultures under the Russian Empire become a part of a Great Russian Culture- loyalty to the tsar; a form of nationalism
...
940 Spanish Civil War Conflict between supporters and opponents of the Spansh republic; there was a Nationalist victory due in part to 'non-intervention' of Western democracies
...
947 imperialism Extending a nations authority over another nations economy/politics (new driving force behind Latin American revolutions)
...
948 militarism predominance of armed forces in the administration/policy of a state (Japan during WWII)
...
950 Alliance for Progress U.S. assistance program for Latin America to counter revolutionary politics (1961)
...
958 containment Where the US prevented the spread of Communism by establishing the Truman Doctrine to aid nations threatened by communism.
...
959 Cuban Missile Crisis In 1962 Soviets were installing their missiles in Cuba and Pres Kennedy established a naval blockade around Cuba. If the missiles were launched the US would retaliate against the Soviet Union. The Soviets backed down and Americans promised not to invade Cuba.
...
96 96. trade routes sequence of pathways and stopping places used for the commercial transport of cargo.
...
961 Five Year Plans Stalin discarded the New Economic Policy (NEP) of Russia and imposed the Five Year Plans and collectivization played a huge part.
...
969 kulaks Russian agricultural entrepreneurs who used the Stolypin reforms to increase agricultural production and buy more land
...
974 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Created in 1949 under U.S. leadership to create an alliance between most of the Western powers (including Canada) in defense against possible Soviet aggression
...
975 perestroika Mikhail Gorbachev's policy calling for economic restructuring in the USSR in the late 1980s. This included more scope for private ownership and decentralized control in the areas of industry and agriculture
...
978 Red Guard Student brigades utilized by Mao Zedong and his political allies during the Cultural Revolution to discredit political opponents/enemies
...
979 Sandinistas Members of Nicaraguan social movement named after Augusto Sandino - during the 1980s successfully carried out a socialist revolution in Nicaragua
...
98 98. Eurasia's great age of migrations Increase in migrations from Eurasia.
...
985 Al-Qaeda International Islamic fundamentalist organization. To reduce outside influence upon Islamic affairs. (some classify it as International terrorist organization)
...
987 International Monetary Fund IMF- resources for development usually for badly strapped for investment funds and essential technology.
...
988 Persian Gulf War 1991 led by US and various European and Middle Easter allies against Iraqi occupation of Kuwait. This led to Iraqi withdrawal and a long confrontation with Iraq about armaments and political regime.
...
991 European Economic Community European Economic Community- create a single economic entity across national political boundaries.
...
994 McDonaldization Same multinational corporations everywhere
...
999 Helsinki Accords 1975 agreement - apply human rights to Soviet bloc countries
...
48 48. Persian Wars
... a series of conflicts between the Greek world and the Persian Empire that started about 500 BC and lasted until 448 BC.
39 39. the Celts
... group of peoples that occupied lands stretching from the British Isles to Gallatia. Went to war with Romans.
19 19. ethnocentrism
... to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture
67 67. Lady Murasaki and
..."The Tale of Genji Written by Murasaki. First novel of japanese/world literature.
74 74. Justinian r. 527 - 565 CE
...- Justinian is the Eastern Roman emperor who tried to restore the unity of the old Roman Empire. He issued the most famous compilation of Roman Law. He was unable to maintain a hold in Italy and lost the provinces of north Africa. It was the last effort to restore the Mediterranean unity.
60 60. Roman Empire
...Ancient Roman polity in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Octavian.
21 21. sedentary agriculture
...Domestication of plants and animals
73 73. Constantinople/Byzantine
...Empire Made into second capital by Constantine in attempts to help Rome turn its economy around.
15 15. migratory farmers
...Farmers that migrate instead of settling after using up the land.
13 13. Domestication of plants and animals
...Farming system where animals are taken to different locations in order to find fresh pastures
12 12. Neolithic Revolution
...Farming uses; start of agriculture
32 32. Hammurabi's Law Code
...First set of defined laws within a civilization.
31 31. Gilgamesh
...Gilgamesh became a legendary protagonist in the Epic of Gilgamesh.
53 53. Socrates and Plato
...Greek philosopher/student.
72 72. Ashoka of the
...Mauryan empire from 273 BC to 232 BC. A convert to Buddhism.
9 9. nomadic hunters/gatherers
...Move place to place according to environment; adapts to environment
10 10. Ice Age
...Period of time where Earth was covered partly in ice
59 59. Julius Caesar
...Roman military and political leader. He was instrumental in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. Dictator for life.
49 49. Peloponnesian War
...began in 431 BC between the Athenian Empire (or The Delian League) and the Peloponnesian League which included Sparta and Corinth.
18 18. metalworking
...craft and practice of working with metals to create parts or structures. It requires skill and the use of many different types of tools
44 44. the Phoenicians and the alphabet
...enterprising maritime trading culture that spread right across the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC. First form of language.
24 24. matrilineal System
...in which one belongs to mother's lineage
26 26. independent invention Creative
...innovations of new solutions to old and new problems
58 58. Punic Wars
...series of three wars fought between Rome and the Phoenician city of Carthage. Reason: clash of interests between the expanding Carthaginian and Roman spheres of influence.
42 42. The Persian Empire
...used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). the Achaemenid Empire that emerged under Cyrus the Great that is usually the earliest to be called "Persian." Successive states in Iran before 1935 are collectively called the Persian Empire by Western historians
63 63. Chinese tributary s
...ystem form of conducting diplomatic and political relations with China before the fall of the Qin Dynasty.
64 64. the Silk Road X
...ystem form of conducting diplomatic and political relations with China before the fall of the Qin Dynasty.
607 Ashikaga Shogunate
1336-1573) was a feudal military dictatorship ruled by the shoguns of the Ashikaga family. most of the regional power still remained with the provincial daimyo, and the military power of the shogunate depended largely on their loyalty to the Ashikaga. As the daimyo increasingly feuded among themselves in the pursuit of power, that loyalty grew increasingly strained, until it erupted into open warfare
849 213. Dutch East India Company - was established on March 20
1602, when the Estates-General of the Netherlands granted it a monopoly to carry out colonial activities in Asia. It was the first multinational corporation in the world and it was the first company to issue stocks.
522 Dutch learning Rangaku - method by which Japan kept abreast of Western technology and medicine in the period when the country was closed to foreigners
1641-1853, because of the Tokugawa shogunate's policy of national isolation
717 81. cotton gin/Eli Whitney: The cotton gin is a machine invented in 1793 invented by American Eli Whitney (granted a patent on March 14
1794) to mechanize the production of cotton fiber. Led to increase of Atlantic Slave Trade
1074 Enabling Act Passed by Germany's parliament (the Reichstag) on March 23
1933. It was the second major step after the Reichstag Fire Decree through which the Nazis obtained dictatorial powers using largely legal means. The Act enabled Chancellor Adolf Hitler and his cabinet to enact laws without the participation of the Reichstag.
1109 Operation Overlord June 6
1944 - Invasion of Normandy, sets up Western Front against Germany, USSR pleased, known D-Day
956 Cold War US (democracy) vs. Soviet Union (totalitarian communist). Lasted nearly 50 years
1945 to early 1990's. US and Soviets vied for global domination and tried to pull the rest of the world into the war. Arms race between the two nations.
1091 Rape of Nanking one atrocity of the war
200,000 ~ 300,000 women/children attacked
148 6. Battle of Tours (October 25
732) Charles Martel, the Frankish Leader went against an Islamic army led by Emir Abd er Rahman; the Islamic army was defeated and Emir Abd er Rahman was killed. The battle stopped the northward advancement from Spain
433 293. Battle of Tours (October 25
732) Charles Martel, the Frankish Leader went against an Islamic army led by Emir Abd er Rahman; the Islamic army was defeated and Emir Abd er Rahman was killed. The battle stopped the northward advancement from Spain
693 57. Wealth of Nations/Adam Smith: Considered the founding father of economics
Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776. His most famous concept was that markets guide economic activity and act like an "invisible hand" - allocating resources through prices, which rise when there is a shortage of a commodity and fall when it is plentiful.
922 Nelson Mandela After being released from prison for helping to lead The black organization
African National Congress, In South Africa, he became the nation's first Democratically elected president in 1994
541 Taj Mahal finest example of Mughal architecture - Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned its construction as a mausoleum for his favorite wife
Arjumand Bano Begum, who is better known as Mumtaz Mahal
931 Central Powers An alliance during WWI with Germany
Austria-Hungary, Italy(though it left and became neutral), and the Ottoman Empire (which joined after Italy left)
927 Allied Powers Created by Otto von Bismarck in the 1880's with Germany
Austria-Hungary, and Italy
3. stages of hominid development
Austrolopithecus, homo habilis, homo erectus, homo sapiens
354 214. Avignon In France
Avignon's architecture is marked by papal history. Where the Palace of the Popes was built in the 14th century
1206 Yugoslav Wars (Croatia
Bosnia, Kosovo) after fall of USSR - ethnic divisions resulted in all-out Civil War - genocide on massive scale - United Nations comes in but struggles to figure out who is good guy/bad guy
477 Charles V Holy Roman Emperor - heritage from German Hapsburgs
Burgundy, Spanish heritage - united empires
321 181. compatibility of Chinese values Both Confucianism and Daoism co-existed and were patronized side by side
C providing guidelines, and D satifying spiritual need
381 241. Bantun term used to describe 400 diff enthnic groups in Africa
Cameroon to south Africa, which were untied by a common language (Bantu languages)
1029 Triple Alliance
Central Powers World War I alliance - Ottoman Empire, German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire - the bad guys
1050 Germany's "blank check" After Sarajevo
Count Leopold von Berchtold, the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister, sent a letter to Emperor Francis Joseph to sign and send to Wilhelm II to try and convince him of Serbia's responsibility of Franz Ferdinand's assassination. On July 6th, Wilhelm II and Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, told Berchtold that Austria-Hungary could rely that Germany would support whatever action was necessary to deal with Serbia -- in effect offering von Berchtold a 'blank check.'
976 Prague Spring In 1968
Czechoslovak Communist Party leader Alexander Dubcek tried to liberalize the country's communist regime by introducing democratic reforms such as free speech and freedom of assembly. The period came to be known as the Prague Spring, but it was ended when Warsaw Pact (Soviet) troops invaded in a military crackdown.
818 181. Constitution of 1890- elected parliament
Diet - Japan
86 86. Mississippian culture The Mississippian culture was a Mound-building Native American culture that flourished in the Midwestern
Eastern, and Southeastern United States in the centuries leading up to European contact. The Mississippian way of life began to develop around 900 A.D. in the Mississippi River Valley (for which it is named). Cultures in the Tennessee River Valley may have also begun to develop Mississippian characteristics at this point. The Mississippian (archaeological) Stage is usually considered to come to a close with the arrival of European contact, although the Mississippian way of life continued among their descendants. There are many regional variants of the Mississippian way of life, which are treated together in this article.
816 179. Meiji Restoration- Japan's Modern age
Embrace West to survive/ compete.
484 Oliver Cromwell British military leader - based on meritocracy - though a military dictator
England became first Republic
586 northern wave of exploration France
England, Dutch explore North America set up independent colonies with direct ties to Western Europe, less role of the Catholic Church, greater political independence than Latin America, developed more diverse societies than monoculture of Latin America
1201 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty attempt to keep nuclear technology from spreading past original US
French, British, Russian - not so successful - see Iran, N. Korea, India, Pakistan - nations know once they get bomb - they are world players
1092 Amritsar Massacre British fire on unarmed protesters
Gandhi goes to prison, British get more restrictive
503 English Enlightenment 1649-1690 - England reduces power of monarchy through overthrow of Cromwell
Glorious Revolution, English Bill of Rights, and writing by John Locke and Thomas Hobbes
105 105. Abraham the first of the Old Testament patriarchs and the father of Isaac; according to Genesis
God promised to give Abraham's family (the Hebrews) the land of Canaan (the Promised Land); God tested Abraham by asking him to sacrifice his son; "Judaism, Christianity, and Islam each has a special claim on Abraham"
1192 computer technology
Internet, WWW connects world, puts largest library in the world on your desk, flattens world, allows service/IT work to be done anywhere, changed face of workplace, increased consumer culture
1038 Persian Gulf States Cooperation council of nations border Persian Gulf - Bahrain
Iran (Persia), Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.
941 Tehran Conference A conference in Tehran
Iran involving USSR, US and Britain aimed at strengthening cooperation in WWII
1015 Axis Powers Alliance of Germany
Italy, and Japan during World War II.
833 196. literacy rates- greater access to public education increased through 1800s
Literacy rates rose.
5. Paleolithic Era
Old Stone Age
788 151. King Pedro/Pedro II- Portuguese king John VI flees to Brazil
Portuguese government from Brazil. John leaves and leaves his son, Pedro, Pedro lives entire life in Brazil and declares independence for brazil and becomes emperor. Pedro gives power to Pedro II rules for most of 19th century. Stable monarchy
1208 East Timor
Roman Catholic ethnic group that fought to gain independence in Indonesia - Suharto falls from power, they fight back - poorest nation in the world - newest nation in the world
1200 Nuclear club nations with nuclear weapons - United States of America
Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), the United Kingdom, France, and the People's Republic of China. Since the formulation of the NPT, two non-signatory states of the NPT have conducted nuclear tests—India and Pakistan. Israel
114 114. Buddhism religion and philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha
Siddhārtha Gautama. Originating in India, Buddhism gradually spread throughout Asia to Central Asia, Sri Lanka, Tibet, Southeast Asia, as well as the East Asian countries of China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, Vietnam and Thailand.
609 reunification of Japan The reunification of Japan is accomplished by three strong daimyo who succeed each other: Oda Nobunaga (1543-1582)
Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598), and finally Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616) who establishes the Tokugawa Shogunate, that governs for more than 250 years, following the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600
812 175. Crimean War- 1853-1856
Tsar Alexandar II forced to implement liberal reforms, Modernize Russia, Emancipation of serfs in 1861, lightened censorship, widened powers of local govt, 1881, Alexander II assassinated
1203 Gulf War 1980s Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein invades Kuwait for more oil
US + coalition kick him out, but leave him in power - leads to Iraq War 12 years later
945 Yalta Conference Meeting between USSR
US and Britain, demanded Germany's unconditional surrender and called for the division of Germany
1154 Vietnam War Based on Domino Theory
US wanted to prevent communist takeover by Vietcong forces up North
1001 International Space Station Permanent human presence outside earth - combined five space agencies - US
USSR, European, Japanese, Canada - teamwork through science
50 50. Alexander the Great
United Ancient Greece; Hellenistic Ageconquered a large empire.
967 Iron Curtain After WWII
Winston Churchill coined the phrase to describe the division between free and Communist societies that was occurring in Europe
279 139. Tao Te Ching The Way of Changes
a Chinese classic written by Lao Tzu around the 3rd century BC It is the fundamental text of Taoism
264 124. pillars In architecture and structural engineering
a column is that part of a structure whose purpose is to transmit through compression the weight of the structure
103 103. the Talmud of a series of disputations that took place in Europe during the Middle Ages
a group of rabbis were called upon to defend the Talmud. The attacks against Judaism was based on a long held idea that rabbis had "distorted" the Bible through their interpretations, keeping Jews from "adopting" Christianity.
225 84. Spanish Inquisition In the Middle Ages
a judicial procedure that was used to combat heresy... in Spain, authorized by Sixtus IV in 1478; the pope later tried to limit its powers but was opposed by the Spanish crown...the grand inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada was responsible for burning about 2,000 heretics at the stake
185 43. Joan of Arc A French military leader of the fifteenth century
a national heroine who at the age of seventeen took up arms to establish the rightful king on the French throne. She claimed to have heard God speak to her in voices. These claims eventually led to her trial for heresy and her execution by burning at the stake. Joan of Arc is a saint of the Roman Catholic Church
30 30. Fertile Crescent
a region in the Middle East incorporating present-day Israel West Bank, and Lebanon and parts of Jordan, Syria, Iraq and south-eastern Turkey.
406 266. pyramids A solid figure with a polygonal base and triangular faces that meet a common point
a religious burial temple
858 222. White Lotus Rebellion - It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society
a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers.
572 Galileo improvements to the telescope
a variety of astronomical observations, the first and second laws of motion, and effective support for Copernicanism. He has been referred to as the "father of modern astronomy", as the "father of modern physics", and as "father of science".
101 101. the Ten Commandments list of religious and moral imperatives which
according to the Bible, was spoken by the god YHWH to Moses on Mount Sinai and engraved on two stone tablets.
1089 Emperor Hirohito figurehead of Japan
actually controlled by military when the war starts for Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
980 Six-Day War Fought between Egypt and Israel in 1967; was disastrous for Egypt and one of the failed foreign adventures under Gamal Abdul Nasser
adding to the regime's problems
140 140. Medina (the Hegira) Medina is the second holiest city of Islam
after Mecca. Its importance as a religious site derives from the presence there of the Shrine of the Prophet Mohammad by Masjid al-Nabawi or the Mosque of the Prophet
23 23. slash-and-burn
agriculture Trees cut downplots made for agriculture
1046 Fundamentalist jihad A holy war raged by Muslims against Non-believers
although in recent times, even attacks by one Muslim group against another have risen.
845 209. civil service exam - Exam all Chinese government official-to-be's had to go through in order to prove themselves. Very rigorous
although once you passed, instant success was guaranteed.
992 European Union started as European Economic Community
an alliance of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, later joined by Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Swede, Austria, Finland. It was to create a single economy across national boundaries in 1958.
37 37. Indus valley civilization
an ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River and the Ghaggar-Hakra river in what is now Pakistan and western India. The Indus Valley Civilization is also sometimes referred to as the Harappan Civilization of the Indus Valleyin reference to its first excavated city of Harappa
283 143. Greek Orthodox Church The state church of Greece
an autonomous part of the Eastern Orthodox Church
45 45. the Lydians and coinage
ancient kingdom of Asia Minor first to mint coins.
917 Adolf Hitler leader of Germany
and Nazi party. He started WWII in Europe
569 Maria Theresa and Joseph II first and only female head of the Habsburg dynasty. She was Archduchess of Austria
and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia and ruler of other territories from 1740 until her death. She also became the Holy Roman Empress when her husband was elected Holy Roman Emperor. She was one of the so-called "enlightened despots" . She was one of the most powerful rulers of her time, ruling over much of central Europe.
138 138. Mecca The city is revered as the holiest site of Islam
and a pilgrimage to it is required of all Muslims who can afford to go
613 Babur the Tiger founded the Mughal dynasty of India. He was a direct descendant of Timur
and believed himself to be a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his mother
109 109. Vedism (Rig-Veda) of hymns counted among the four Hindu religious scriptures known as the Vedas
and contains the oldest texts preserved in any Indo-Iranian language.
197 55. Mansa Musa African King who made pilgrimage to Mecca
and gave out so much gold, that worth of gold dropped rapidly
614 Aurangzeb ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1658 until 1707. He was and is a very controversial figure in South Asian history
and is considered a tyrant by most Indians, Hindus, Sikhs, and other non-Muslims During his reign many Hindu temples were defaced and destroyed, and many non-Muslims (mostly Hindus) converted (widely believed forcibly) to Islam.
133 133. Saint Augustine saint and the pre-eminent Doctor of the Church according to Roman Catholicism
and is considered by Evangelical Protestants to be (together with the Apostle Paul) the theological fountainhead of the Reformation teaching on salvation and grace
591 Osman I 1299 - Osman is regarded as the founder of the Ottoman Empire
and it is from him that its inhabitants, the Turks, called themselves Osmanli until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
212 70. Pepin Mayor of the Palace of the whole Frankish kingdom (both Austrasia and Neustria)
and later King of the Franks; born 714; died at St. Denis, 24 September, 768. He was the son of Charles Martel
852 216. Spanish American War - took place in 1898
and resulted in the United States of America gaining control over the former colonies of Spain in the Caribbean and Pacific. Cuba would be declared Independent in 1902.
888 252. Spanish-American War - took place in 1898
and resulted in the United States of America gaining control over the former colonies of Spain in the Caribbean and Pacific. Cuba would be declared Independent in 1902.
455 315. lateen sail a triangular sail set on a long yard mounted at an angle on the mast
and running in a fore-and-aft direction. Adopted in the Late Middle Ages, and Europeans were able to sail out of the Mediterranean
850 214. Singapore - The island of Singapore was ceded to the British East India Company in 1819
and the city was founded the same year by Sir Thomas Raffles. The British took complete control in 1824 and added Singapore to the newly formed Straits Settlements in 1826. Otherwise known as the place we currently live in.
77 77. Charlemagne Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany (800 C.E). He helped restore some church-based education in western Europe
and the level of intellectual activity began a slow recovering. After death, the empire could not survive.
837 200. Cecil Rhodes- Britain/Africa - "I contend that we are the finest race in the world
and the more of it we inhabit, the better it is."
127 127. Judeo-Christian tradition body of concepts and values which are thought to be held in common by Christianity and Judaism
and typically considered a fundamental basis for Western legal codes and moral values.
251 111. Moors The Medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus and the Maghreb. They captured Spain in 700s
and were expelled from Spain in 1492
599 Safavid Empire native Iranian dynasty from Azarbaijan that ruled from 1501 to 1736
and which established Shi'a Islam as Iran's official religion and united its provinces under a single Iranian sovereignty, thereby reigniting the Persian identity and acting as a bridge to modern Iran
355 215. Reformation religious movement which made its appearance in Western Europe in the sixteenth century
and which, while ostensibly aiming at an internal renewal of the Church, really led to a great revolt against it, and an abandonment of the principal Christian beliefs
1164 Modern versus postmodern culture Postmodern is a reaction to modern culture - prevalent in gay movements
anti-globalization, peace movement, anarchism
508 Northern Renaissance spread to Nothern Europe - literature
art - blended human form w/ religion - literature/arts in vernacular for the masses
392 252. Balkan Peninsula geographic name used to describe southern Europe
as it was surrounded by the Adriatic, Ionian, Aegean...seas from southwest , south and southeast
209 67. Orthodox Christianity Orthodox Christianity is a generalized reference to the Eastern traditions of Christianity
as opposed to the Western traditions which descend from the Roman Catholic Church
273 133. Li Tai-Po Chinese poet living in Tang Dynasty . He is best known for the extravagant imagination and striking Taoist imagery in his poetry
as well as for his great love for liquor. He is said to have drowned in the Yangtze River, having fallen from his boat while drunkenly trying to embrace (the reflection of) the moon
669 33. raw materials 33. Unfinished products
at its first stage
559 predestination belief that a long time ago
at the dawn of creation, all spirits/souls were predetermined on who was going to heaven, so...going to heaven not based on works/actions, but on God's choosing
718 82. Muckrakers: A muckraker is a journalist
author or filmmaker who investigates and exposes societal issues such as political corruption, corporate crime, child labor, conditions in slums and prisons, unsanitary conditions in food processing plants, fraudulent claims by manufacturers of patent medicines and similar topics.
813 176. Tokugawa Shogunate- seized control in 1600s
authority with emperoer, reality with shogunate, Samurai top, centralized Japan. Warring states to peaceful country.
525 Estates-General meeting of French governing body called to find way of bringing in more income to the state
backfires and leads to French Revolution
820 183. social hierarchy- During Tokugaw social hierarchy ended
based on merit, civil service exam.
1108 Pearl Harbor Attempt to destroy US navy before they enter war
becomes catalyst for US entering war
689 53. Second Agricultural Revolution: A period of technological change from the 1600s to mid-1900s beginning in Western Europe
beginning with preindustrial improvements like crop rotation and better horse collars, and concluding with industrial innovations to replace human labor with machines and to supplement natural fertilizers and pesticides with chemical ones.
1124 Fidel Castro and Cuban Revolution Overthrows Cuban gov't
believed too much of Cuban nation controlled by foreign interests, adopts Communist-state-controlled/nationalized economy
214 72. Pope Innocent III Supported Otto
believing Otto will give church back power but Otto betrayed and seized church's land and distributed among vassals
995 North American Free Trade Organization - NAFTA free trade agreement
benefits from economic alliances. (United States, Mexico, and Canada)
595 Mehmet II 1480 first Ottoman ruler to claim the title of Caesar of the Roman Empire (supreme ruler of all Christians)
besides such usual titles as King, Sultan (ruler of a Muslim state), Khan (ruler of Turks), etc. He made this claim after his conquest of Constantinople (1453), and assumption of that imperial regalia along with his own
670 34. Atlantic World 34. The water ways
between continents
1005 evangelical not Catholicism - personal experience of conversion
biblically-oriented faith, and a belief in the relevance of Christian faith to cultural issues
555 indulgence selling of passes out of pergatory into heaven to pay for Renaissance architecture/art in Rome
big complaint of Martin Luther
1202 weapons of mass destruction - nuclear
bio, chem new phase of military technology that can be delivered by individuals, not states, requires less money, heavy civilian casualties
727 91. life expectancy rates: expected age until death - improved due to improved health care
brief drop at beginning of Industrial Revolution due to living conditions,
804 167. Otto von Bismarck- Prime minister of Germany
build the military. Consolidating the region under Prussia's authority.
1061 Totalitarianism New form of gov't created during the interwar years in Italy. Uses modern tech
bureaucracy to control everyone, imposed censorship, controlled culture, put dissidents in prison, propaganda to create cult of personality.
724 88. pogroms: A pogrom (from Russian: "погром" (meaning "wreaking of havoc") is a massive violent attack on a particular ethnic or religious group with simultaneous destruction of their environment (homes
businesses, religious centers). The term has historically been used to denote massive acts of violence, either spontaneous or premeditated, against Jews, but has been applied to similar incidents against other minority groups.
1077 Mustafa Kemal Ataturk The military and political leader who brought about the end of the Ottoman Empire and the beginning of modern Turkey. He was promoted to general at the age of 35 and given command of the army near the Black Sea port of Samsun. He defied the Sultan's orders to quash opposition and instead built an army of his own to fight for independence from European control. The Sultan ordered his arrest
but 1919- 1923 he successfully fought off foreign armies as well as opposition forces from Turkey. On 23 October 1923 the national parliament declared the existence of the Republic of Turkey with Kemal as president. His fifteen years in office were turbulent -- he ruled as a dictator as he attempted political and social reforms -- "father of the Turks."
1176 abstract and surrealist art art that doesn't depict objects in the natural world - weird looking stuff - not an apple
but apple with man crawling out
254 114. ideographic A type of character representation in which characters do not represent pronunciation alone
but are also related to the component meanings of words
832 195. "sick man of Europe"- Ottoman Empire - falling apart
but better than chaos
997 World Trade Organization (WTO) international body that sets the rules for global trade - competitive trading
but give chance for developing nations to join, must follow certain civil rights codes
1084 Chiang Kai-shek - Nanjing Republic A military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the Guomindang or Nationalist party in China in the mid 1920's; became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930's
but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the communist after World War II.
511 Rococo The Rococo style of art emerged in France in the early 18th century as a continuation of the Baroque style
but in contrast to the heavier themes and darker colors of the Baroque, the Rococo was characterized by an opulence, grace, playfulness, and lightness. Rococo motifs focused on the carefree aristocratic life and on lighthearted romance rather than heroic battles or religious figures; they
1104 Nazi-Soviet Pact Agreement of Stalin/Hitler to not fight each other
but invade, divide up Poland
249 109. jihad is an Arabic word meaning " striving in the way of God"
but it is often translated as "holy war". Refer to an armed struggle fought in the defense of Islam to please Allah
972 New Economic Policy Instituted by Lenin in 1921 - the state continued to set basic economic policies
but now efforts were combined with individual initiatives. This policy allowed food production to recover
1026 Star Wars Nickname for Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) - shooting down nuclear weapons from space - never actually worked
but scared USSR into economic bankruptcy
886 250. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine - The Monroe Doctrine had originally been intended to keep European nations out of Latin America
but the Roosevelt corollary was used as a justification for U.S. intervention in Latin America.
747 111. "taxation without representation" - Taxes were levied on American colonies
but they were not represented in Britain's parliament
551 empirical research data needed to support logical views - theories made not what you believe
but what you can prove
638 2. revolution 2. The overthrowing of 1 government and the replacement of it
by another
942 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk treaty between USSR and the Central Powers
calling for Russia to withdraw from WWI and to surrender territory.
204 62. Ming Succeeded Mongol Yuan in 1360 lasted till 1644
characterized by great trade expeditions that were withdrawn
269 129. Al Razi A Persian Philosopher who made fundamental and lasting contributions to the fields of medicine
chemistry (alchemy) and philosophy. (865-925)
295 155. Ibn Battuta Arab traveler/trader who commented on African traveling security
cities
297 157. Ibn Battuta Arab traveler/trader who commented on African traveling security
cities
405 265. moundsbuilders in Mississippi region of N. America
civilizations found that created moundlike temples of dirt
282 142. Patriarch a man who rules a family
clan or tribe
7 7. family units
clans, tribes , A group of people sharing common ancestry
719 83. Settlement Houses neighborhood centers in urban areas that provided literacy
classes, daycare, entertainment - like a YMCA
751 115. First/Second/Third Estate - nobility
clergy, everybody else
356 216. Counter-reformation The Catholic Reformation or the Counter-Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church
climaxing at the Council of Trent, partly in reaction to the growth of Protestantism
550 commercial revolution of European economic expansion
colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately 1520 until 1650. Voyages of discovery in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries allowed European powers to build vast networks of international trade, which in turn generating a great deal of wealth for them
512 Architecture of the Renaissance architecture based on mathematical precision
columns, domes, geometrically perfect designs, revival of Roman architecture
475 Akbar greatest ruler of Mughal Dynasty - religious tolerance - created Din-i-Ilahi ("Faith of the Divine")
combo of Hindu, Islam, Christianity patron of the arts/literature
34 34. Egyptian Book of the Dead
common name for the ancient Egyptian funerary texts. Constituted a collection of spells charms, passwords, numbers and magical formulas for use by the deceased in the afterlife, describing many of the basic tenets of Egyptian mythology. They were intended to guide the dead through the various trials that they would encounter before reaching the underworld. Knowledge of the appropriate spells was considered essential to achieving happiness after death.
184 42. Ivan the Terrible Ivan IV
confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars(aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture
887 251. Panama Canal - major shipping canal which cuts through the isthmus of Panama in Central America
connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans - US encouraged Panama to rebel to get favorable deal for land
256 116. Hagia Sofia It is a 6th century masterpiece of Byzantine architecture in Istanbul; built as a Christian church by Justinian
converted to a mosque in 1453, and made into a museum in the middle of the 20th century
690 54. Steam power: steam engine is a heat engine that makes use of the thermal energy that exists in steam
converting it to mechanical work. Steam engines were used in pumps, locomotive trains and steam ships, and was essential to the Industrial Revolution. They are still used for electrical power generation using a steam turbine
574 Voltaire Enlightened thinker spoke out against the Church
corresponded with Enlightened Monarchs
462 322. stateless society an ethnic group not represented by its own unique
coterminous state
836 199. Realism- Rejected Romanticism's idealized dramatic outlook
critical view of life. Details of everyday existence, poverty, social hypocrisy, class injustice.
1118 Nikita Khrushchev Controversial USSR premier Follows Stalins (1953-1964)
criticizes Stalin's policies, foreign policy brings USSR-USA to brink of war
202 60. Mesoamerica Mesoamerica is the region extending from central Mexico south to the northwestern border of Costa Rica that gave rise to a group of stratified
culturally related agrarian civilizations spanning an approximately 3,000-year period before the European discovery of the New World by Columbus
629 silver mining forever altered world trade - became source of wealth for Portugal/Spain
currency for China, dominated resource of Mexico, extracted minerals from America and sent to Europe
623 sugar production and the slave trade labor intensive
dangerous, spurred growth of Atlantic Slave trade to Caribbean/Latin America - numbers kept up through extensive trade, not through reproduction - males primarily brought over - overseers keep order violently, absentee landowners
1160 Deng Xiaoping Lead of Chinese Communist Party
de facto leader of party 1970s to 1990s after Mao - pushed forth unique idea of "socialist market economy"
794 157. Mohandas Gandhi- Lived in S. Africa from 1893-1915
defended rights of Indian living under apartheid(areas that has racism), and returned to India as a central figure in freedom movement, nonviolent resistance.
384 244. Tatars name applied to the Turkic ppl of eastern Europe and central asia
derived from Ta-ta a Mongolian tribe that inhabited present northeast Mongolia in 5th centrury AD
1138 Menachem Begin Israeli prime minister at Camp David - returned land to Egypt
destroyed Israeli settlements
1158 Taiwan and Kuomintang Chiang Kai Shek fled to Taiwan
dictatorship of Taiwan - prepared for invasion of China - survived w/ US assistance
545 Columbian Exchange Trade of Americas/Africa/Europeexchange of crops
disease, culture, peoples, pack animals - led to improved diets, massive immigration (some forced)
389 249. Kievan Russia early east Slavic state
dominated by city of kiev
880 244. Balkans - A major mountain range of southeast Europe extending about 563 km (350 mi) from eastern Yugoslavia through central Bulgaria to the Black Sea. Known as the most dangerous place on Earth
due to the presence of many different racial groups in the region. WWI starts here.
224 82. Song Chinese dynasty that united the entire country until 1127 and the southern portion until 1279
during which time northern China was controlled by the Juchen tribes
371 231. Northern Renaissance Flemish
dutch art focus
500 Baroque exaggerated motion and clear
easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, and music. The style started around 1600 in Rome, Italy and spread to most of Europe
1115 Cold War Ideological
economic and military conflict between superpowers - 1945-1989 - world takes sides - bipolar world
1114 superpowers Following WWII - two nations emerge as military
economic world leaders - USSR and USA
789 152. Catholic Church in Latin America very powerful in Latin America. One of the largest land owners in Latin America - lobbies to keep conservative rule
economic/social/political interest
294 154. scholar gentry elite
educated bureaucrats who ran the centralized gov't pf China
793 156. Indian National Congress- English speaking
educated upper class, most influential is Mohandas K. Gandhi-1869
565 Saint Ignatius Loyola Leader of Jesuits - pushed for universities
education, human rights
722 86. pull factors: attract or pull an organization towards a new location
eg the availability of cheap skilled labor.
1161 Augusto Pinochet Chilean militar leader who in a coup deposed Salvador Allende - communist
elected leader - created one party rule dictatorship - ruled w/ iron fist - human rights abuses
946 nationalism The belief that nations will benefit from acting independently rather than collectively
emphasizing national rather than international goals
1008 National Organization for Women (NOW) American feminist group - founded 1966 - dedicated to lobbying for women's fertility
employment, marital, education rights
1133 Helmut Kohl German Chancellor 1982-1998 - worked w/ Mitterand on European Union - like Thatcher/Reagan - wanted to lower taxes
encourage initiative - conservative
943 Treaty of Versailles Treaty signed in 1919
ending WWI
1179 popular culture cooking
entertainment, sports, clothing, vernacular that matches the mainstream of a region/nation
983 Truman Doctrine United States was prepared to send any money
equipment, or military force to countries that were threatened by the communist government. Assisting countries resisting communism.
568 Enlightened monarchs/despots monarchs embraced the principles of the Enlightenment
especially its emphasis upon rationality, and applied them to their kingdoms. They tended to allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and the press, and the right to hold private property. Most fostered the arts, sciences, and education
949 Afrikaners An Afrikaans-speaking South African of European ancestry
especially one descended from 17th-century Dutch settlers.
461 321. Mongol Peace Pax Mongolica - Mongols brought peace to almost the entire Asian continent because they tolerated and encouraged diversity
especially religions
971 May Fourth Movement In 1919 - resistance in China to Japanese encroachments began. This generated a movement of intellectuals aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy (Confucianism was rejected
etc)
337 197. Magna Carta Nobles fed up with King John made him sign Great Charter (Magna Carta) that made sure king got approval of aristocracy before imposing taxes
etc, limited king's power
716 80. traditional family life: involved a larger family with many children for agricultural work
etc.
1173 nationalism and ethnic violence following break up of European control and USSR
ethnic groups have become violent toward each other, no dictator to keep under control - centuries old conflicts back in fluorish - people's identity more toward ethnic group/religion than nation
504 Footbinding began Tang Dynasy - 700
eventually spread to all classes, feet bound on girls at 6 years old, status symbol - only rich could afford to do it, symbol of femininity - women willing to go through pain for appearance - see high heel shoes
598 Siege of Vienna failed attempt by Ottoman Empire to invade Europe
ever since Europe had to fear/keep peace with Ottoman Empire - farthest Westward advance into Central Europe of the Ottoman Empire, and of all the clashes between the armies of Christianity and Islam might be signaled as the battle that finally stemmed the previously-unstoppable Turkish forces
792 155. Duma something like parliament but has no real power
every time they tried to make change, czar disbands them.
85 85. Andean societies developed in the second millennium BCE in the central Andes and the central Pacific coast of South America. While oldest artifacts carbon date around 9750 BCE
evidence of a significant economic surplus begins around 2000 BCE. The Andean civilizations included the urbanized cultures of Chav�n, Moche, Ica-Nazca, Chimu, Tiwanaku, Aymara, Chachapoya, and other Pre-Inca cultures. The semi-urbanized Inca conquered greater Peru in the 15th century. Then, in the 16th century, the European fiefdom of Spain conquered Peru.
952 ayatollah religious teachers that oppose secular views
ex: Ayatollah Khomeini, Islamic fundamentalist who played a pivotal role in the Iranian Revolution.
678 42. extraterritoriality 42. Diplomatic jurisdiction
exempted from local jurisdiction
621 European and Arab domination of the East African-Indian Ocean trade network Portugal and Islam dominated trade of trees
exotic animals, slaves to Arab world, back to Europe
600 Abbas the Great strongers leader of Safavid Empire
expanded trade w/ West - Abbas' reign, with its military successes and efficient administrative system, raised Iran to the status of a great power. Abbas was a skilled diplomat, tolerant of his Christian subjects in Armenia
581 Iberian wave of exploration Portuguese and Spanish move across coast of Africa
exploring quickest route to India, starts wave of exploration, set up forts on islands on coast
1125 Bay of Pigs Failed attempt by US supported/trained Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro
failure embarasses US - increases Cuban-US tension
518 Cossacks several peoples living in the southern steppe regions of Eastern Europe and Asiatic Russia
famous for their self-reliance and military skill, particularly horsemanship
434 294. Five Pillars religious duties of Muslims (confession of faith
fasting during Ramadan, zakat, hajj)
1174 women's movements
feminism, women's liberation suffrage Western Europe after WWI, but in 1950s fluorished - Feminine Mystique novel - women want choice - 1950-2006 saw unprecedented changes in gender equity - now women surpass men educationally, gov'ts step in to guarantee fair treatment - inequities, harassment still exist
1012 Green Revolution introduction of improved seed strains
fertilizers, and irrigation to produce higher crop yields; after WWII in densely pop. Asian countries.
904 240. quinine/malaria - An infectious disease characterized by cycles of chills
fever, and sweating - cure leads to colonization on African interior
876 240. quinine/malaria - An infectious disease characterized by cycles of chills
fever, and sweating = when cure was found, Europe could go internal Africa
918 Vladimir Lenin founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of Russian revolution
first leader of USSR
189 47. King Hugh Capet king of France (987-96)
first of the Capetians; son of Hugh the Great; he gave away much of his land to secure the dynasty. He spent much of his reign fighting Charles and later became involved in a controversy with the papacy—unsettled at his death—over deposition of the Carolingian archbishop of Reims
40 40. the Hittites and iron weapons First to work iron
first to enter Iron Age. controlled central Anatolia, north-western Syria down to Ugarit, and Mesopotamia down to Babylon, lasted from roughly 1680 BC to about 1180 BC. After 1180 BC, the Hittite polity disintegrated into several independent city-states, some of which survived as late as around 700 BC.
667 31. technology 31. Application of science
for commercial or industrial objectives
989 World Bank Concession for aid
for example commit to buy products, favor investors, lend countries to enter into alliances and permit military bases on the territory of the client state.
590 New Amsterdam 17th century fortified settlement in the New Netherland territory (1614-1674)
fortified trading center that later becomes New York City
1070 Italian Fascist Party Formed in 1991; held a majority of seats during elections during the 90s. as a result of the fascist movement
freedom of assembly and thinking were wiped out in Italy.
872 236. Shaka Zulu widely credited with transforming the Zulu tribe
from a small clan, into the beginnings of a nation that held sway over that portion of Southern Africa between the Phongolo and Mzimkhulu rivers.
900 236. Shaka Zulu - widely credited with transforming the Zulu tribe
from a small clan, into the beginnings of a nation that held sway over that portion of Southern Africa between the Phongolo and Mzimkhulu rivers. Rare example of indigenous people beating industrialized European country in battle
274 134. Orthodox The word orthodoxy
from the Greek ortho ('right', 'correct') and doxa ('thought', 'teaching'), is typically used to refer to the correct theological or doctrinal observance of religion, as determined by some overseeing body. Each is headed by a bishop; most are related to a specific country, as in Serbian, Russian and Greek Orthodox
292 152. Songhay Empire successor to Mali empire
fusion of Islam, pagan, took over Niger valley, dominant in area until Muslims with muskets
1095 US foreign policy - Latin America Latin America = US views L America as their sphere of influence
gained Puerto Rico/Virgin Islands, military present in Panama, sponsored dictators in Venezuela/Cuba
582 Prince Henry the Navigator sparks European interest in exploration
gave Portuguese a head start, known in English as Prince Henry the Navigator or the Seafarer (Portuguese: o Navegador). He promoted early Portuguese efforts to explore an African route to Asia
521 divine right belief that God stays out of our daily lives - he's a big clockmaker who started the universe
gave us everything we need, European belief by monarchs, aristocracy that their right to rule was legitimized/sanctioned by God,I was born into a monarchy, I must deserve it
513 Deism belief that God stays out of our daily lives - he's a big clockmaker who started the universe
gave us everything we need, and then just watches
625 Francisco Pizarro defeated Incas due to guns
germs, and steel and a gullible Montezuma
1156 Postwar economic recovery of Japan miracle of Japanese growth post WWII - due to US investment
gov't intervention + US primarily supports military - Japan can focus money on economy
1096 Institutionalized Revolutionary Party Mexico
granted suffrage & right to strike, but actually oligarchy that chose president, upper class prospers, country modernizes, but middle class small & lower class huge
364 224. Guilds Western European trade associations
grew strongly in the 12th and 13th centuries to protect and promote trade groups
368 228. Interdict A prohibition by the pope that can deprive individual persons
groups, communities and even nations of all priestly ministry. Thus, they no longer had access to the sacraments of the church
531 mestizos American that is half indigenous person
half European
819 182. Diet- Had no real power
hardly representative, Emperor still ahd power.
1078 Reza Shah Pahlavi Shah of Iran (1925-41). He began as an army officer and gained a reputation for great valor and leadership. He headed a coup in 1921 and became prime minister of the new regime in 1923. He negotiated the evacuation of the Russian troops and of the British forces stationed in Iran since World War I. Virtually a dictator
he deposed the last shah of the Qajar dynasty, and was proclaimed shah of Iran. Thus he founded the Pahlevi dynasty, and changed the name of Persia to Iran. Reza Shah introduced many reforms, reorganizing the army, government administration, and finances. He abolished all special rights granted to foreigners, thus gaining real independence for Iran. Under his rule the Trans-Iranian RR was built, the Univ. of Tehran was established, and industrialization was stepped-up.
960 Cultural Revolution Goal was to discourage a privileged ruling class from forming
he instituted reforms that erased any influence from the West, intellectuals were sent to collective farms for "cultural restraining", political dissidents were imprisoned or killed. Mao's Little Red Book became a symbol of the forced egalitarianism.
54 54. Aristotle Along with Plato
he is often considered to be one of the two most influential philosophers in Western thought. He wrote many books about physics, poetry, zoology, logic, government, and biology.
78 78. Mohammed and the foundation of Islam In 610/earlier
he received the first of many revelations: Allah transmitted to him through the angel Gabriel. Believed in the five pillars: (1) "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet." (2) Pray facing the Mecca five times a day. (3) Fast during the month of Ramadan which enhances community solidarity and allowed the faithful to demonstrate their fervor. (4) The zakat, tithe for charity, strengthened community cohesion. (5) The haji, pilgrimage to the holy city Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba.
1082 Yuan Shikai Chinese politician. Authorized by China's final imperial edict to create a republican government
he was named president but ruled as a dictator (1912-1916).
573 Sir Isaac Newton By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from this system
he was the first to show that the motion of bodies on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws. The unifying and deterministic power of his laws was integral to the scientific revolution and the advancement of heliocentrism.
998 deoxyribonucleic acid DNA - building blocks of life - once decoded leads to cloning possibilities
health remedies, tracking people
768 132. Revolution of 1848 - effects - forced King of Prussia to grant constitutional reforms
highlighted power of nationalism, unified Germany and Italy, political, social, and economic issues of the people have to be met
451 311. caravel a small
highly maneuverable, three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish for long voyages of exploration beginning in the 15th century
544 caravel small
highly maneuverable, three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish for long voyages of exploration beginning in the 15th century, due to size could explore up river
68 68. Central Asia and Mongolia
historically been closely tied to its nomadic peoples and the Silk Road. As a resultit has acted as a crossroads for the movement of people, goods, and ideas between Europe, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia
160 18. Code of chivalry Social codes of knighthood that originated in France in the Middle Ages; associated with ideals of knightly virtues
honour and of courtly love; came to known as 'gentlemanly conduct.'
986 cartels association of manufacturers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition. In Latin American nations- large foreign debts
huge international drug cartel that threaten government stability.
1122 domino theory Ideology that dominated 1950s/1960s
if one nations goes communist, neighboring countries would likewise turn Communist
370 230. Monasticism
importance of Monasticism is the ancient style of vowed religious life which typically includes community, prayer, common worship, silence, and labour. It is governed by a monastic rule, or way of life, which involves a choice to live apart from society and the world, and so to witness in a radical way to Jesus Christ
577 population growth and the Agricultural Revolution need for more food for Industrialization/growing population (little disease
improving health/diet), improved technology, crop rotation, enclosure movement
329 189. vassals Subordinate who
in exchange for land, gives loyalty
349 209. humanism focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles
in particular to the study of ancient languages
981 Solidarity In 1970s
in the form of widespread Catholic unrest and an independent labor movement. (Against the back drop of a stagnant economy and low morale)
252 112. Sephardim The Jews whose traditions and culture originate from the Mediteranean
including Spain and Portugal
602 Ming dynasty ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644. It was the last ethnic Han-led dynasty in China - vast navy and army were built
including four-masted ships of 1,500 tons displacement in the former, and a standing army of one million troops. Over 100,000 tons of iron per year were produced in North China (roughly 1 kg per inhabitant), and many books were printed using movable type
855 219. "unequal treaties" - a series of treaties signed by several Asian states
including the Qing Empire in China, late Tokugawa Japan, and late Chosun Korea, and foreign powers during the 19th and early 20th centuries. This was a period during which these states were largely unable to resist the military and economic pressures of the primary Western powers. China forced to open up all its ports to Britain.
611 Toyotomi Hideyoshi and brought an end to the Sengoku period. He was also known for his invasion of Korea. He is noted for a number of cultural legacies
including the restriction that only members of the samurai class could bear arms
482 Louis XIV "Sun King" - did he say "I am the state" - longest rule in Europe - made France absolute monarchy
increased France's powers through foreign wars, built Versailles, symbol of European absolutism
1198 Collapse of the Soviet Union due to economic stagnation
independence push for Soviet Bloc nations + work of Mikhail Gorbachev
1019 Nuremberg war crimes trial two sets of trials for the Nazis from WWII and the holocaust; included commanders
industrialists, and medical doctors
1171 population growth - trends developing nations seeing massive increase
industrialized workers slowing down - no need for all those kids, plus they want to spend money on consumer culture, health care, nutrition makes us live longer
499 Parlement In France
initially political bodies responsible for recording laws/edicts - eventually pushed power by not recording edicts they didn't agree with
168 26. Ferdinand marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada
initiation of exploration of New World
705 69. United States Civil War: 1861-1865 - First modern war using industrial revolution
ironclad ships, new technology, massive deaths
970 Marshall Plan A program of substantial loans given by the U.S. to Western Europe in 1947
it was designed to aid in rebuilding efforts after the war's devastation. It was also an attempt by the U.S. to stop Communism (if countries were economically propped up they would be less likely to turn to Communism) and it helped secure American economic dominance
930 British Commonwealth An association comprising the United Kingdom
its dependencies, and many former British colonies that are now sovereign states with a common allegiance to the British Crown
540 sovereignty right to exercise supreme political (e.g. legislative
judicial, and/or executive) authority over a geographic region, group of people, or oneself
111 111. samsara
karma, dharma Samsara - transmigration of soul from one body to another, Karma - the law behind reincarnation, Dharma - cosmic ethnics
1107 Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere Name given to Asian region Japan wanted to conquer
kick out Europeans, control resources
1185 Yukio Mishima Anti-war writer for Japan
killed himself + decapitation in coup attempt to restore emperor
1147 Mobutu Sese Seko President of Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo) - 1962-1995 - symbol of African nepotism
kleptocracy, and personality cult
694 58. Laissez faire capitalism: Laissez-faire is short for "laissez-faire
laissez-passer," a French phrase meaning idiomatically "leave to do, leave to pass" or more accurately "let things alone, let them pass". First used by the eighteenth century Physiocrats as an injunction against government interference with trade, it is now used as a synonym for strict free market economics. Laissez-faire economic policy is in direct contrast to statistic economic policy.
1111 Final Solution Nazi decision to exterminate Jews
last years of World War II, shipped to extermination camps
898 234. Boers/Afrikaners - Dutch settlers that move into interior of South Africa
later conflict with Zulus and British
1162 Che Guevera Marxist revolutionary leader in Latin America - helped Castro in Cuba
later went to Africa - Congo - famous for being on high school T-shirts - 97% of high school students don't know why they wear it
860 224. Hong Xiuquan - )
leader of the Taiping Rebellion. Believed he was the son of Jesus Christ. Failed the civil service examination many times.
560 Protestant Reformation attempt to reform Church
leads to divide, creation of Protestant faiths that gain legitimacy from the Bible and not from the Church, not as ritualistic as the Church, Bibles written in vernacular, movement divided nations in Europe led to wars
277 137. Legalism In Christian theology
legalism is belief, stated or supposedly implied, that law, not faith, is the pre-eminent principle of redemption
679 43. Suez Canal 43. Canal invested in by the US
located in Panama
1119 nuclear arms race Both USSR_USA push for weapons w/ larger payload
longer/more accurate trajectory, larger quantity
583 Christopher Columbus "discoverer" of Americas
looking for shortcut/western route to East Indies - controversial character - treatment of indigenous people/African slave introduction vs. Columbian Exchange and starting new wave of exploration, starts era of European dominance
177 35. Holy Roman Empire a continuation of the Roman Empire in central-western Europe (at least
loosely organized/modeled on it)
481 Ivan the Great quadrulpled size of Russia
made Moscow impressive capital of Third Roman Empire, laid foundation for Russian aristocracy, longest rule
388 248. Khazars nomadic Turkic people from central asia
many converted to Judaism, basically wandering people, allies of Byzantine empire and sassanid empire
493 Capitalism economic system where government stays out of companies choices
market - supply/demand determine product, goal is to make profit to reinvest in company
270 130. Al Khwarizmi Persian scientist
mathematician, astronomer/astrologer, and author. He is often cited as "the father of algebra", which was named after a part of the title of his book, Hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala, along with the algorism number system
622 Atlantic slave trade purchase and transport of black Africans into bondage and servitude in the New World. It is sometimes called the Maafa by African Americans
meaning holocaust or great disaster in kiSwahili. The slaves were one element of a three-part economic cycle—the Triangular Trade and its infamous Middle Passage—which ultimately involved four continents, four centuries and the lives and fortunes of millions of people
235 94. Thomas Aquinas Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order
moral law, and nature of God
835 198. Romanticism- Most important - emotion/passion
more self expression, Self-realization of the individual, heroism, love of the natural world
14 14. nomadic pastoralism Slash-and-burn; once land is depleted
moved on to let soil recover
494 Entrepreneur person who starts up company to compete in capitalist system
must secure capital from financing - bank/currency system useful
1090 Hidiki Tojo 40th prime minister of Japan
nationalist, general in Imperial Army, executed for war crimes
957 collectivization Part of Stalin's Five Year Plans. HE took over private farms and combined them into state-owned enterprises and created large
nationalized factories.
691 55. Spinning Jenny: The spinning jenny is a multi-spool spinning wheel. It was invented circa 1764 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill
near Blackburn, in Lancashire in the north west of England. The device dramatically reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn, with a single worker able to work eight or more spools at once.
542 Tokugawa Shogunate a feudal military dictatorship of Japan established in 1603 by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family until 1868. This period is known as the Edo period and gets its name from the capital city of Edo
now Tokyo based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The warrior-caste of samurai were at the top, followed by farmers, artisans, and traders
527 Hagia Sophia former Eastern Orthodox church converted to a mosque
now converted into a museum, in the Turkish city of Istanbul
1121 Third World Initially countries neither in US or Soviet bloc
now it is those developing countries in Africa, Asia, L. America
473 333. Quechua = the language of the Inca empire
now spoken in the Andes highlands from southern Colombia to Chile
919 Margaret Thatcher first woman to serve as a prime minister
of England, conservative - symbolized shift away from welfare economy
701 65. Reform movements: movements that occurred
often, at the end of the industrial revolution, such as the feminist and labor union movements
94 94. slavery vs. serfdom were not property themselves and could not be sold apart from the land which they worked. Serfdom is the forced labour of serfs
on the fields of the privileged land owners, in return for protection and the right to work on their leased fields.
620 Zulu South African tribe led by Shaka Zulu that united tribes through warfare and then posed threat to Boers and British
one of few instances where non-Europeans able to defeat Europeans in battle
713 77. textile mills: a factory for making textiles
one of the 1st major industries during the IR
135 135. Islam (the Qur'ran) "the submission to God" is a monotheistic faith
one of the Abrahamic religions, and the world's second largest religion.
387 247. Golden Horde a state established in Russia
one of the four kingdoms in the mongol empire
401 261. Quetzalcoatl A god of the Toltecs and Aztecs
one of the manifestation of the sun god Tezcatlipoca and represented as a plumed serpent
289 149. Silk Road number of trade routes from East Asia to Eastern Europe
one of the trade commodities was silk
480 Hideyoshi daimyo that unified Japan
only samurai class carry weapons - replaced by Tokugawa
564 Protestant doctrines don't believe in holy trinity
only through Bible/faith in Christ can you go to heaven, priests can be married, don't take communion, don't answer to Pope
395 255. Black Death Also known as the Black Plague that wiped out approximately 25 million people in Europe
or 25% of it's population
951 apartheid When Dutch Afrikaners were given control by the British and they practiced apartheid
or extreme racial segregation.
882 246. Anglo-Egyptian Administration - an Anglo-Egyptian agreement restored Egyptian rule in Sudan but as part of a condominium
or joint authority, exercised by Britain and Egypt. The agreement designated territory south of the twenty-second parallel as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
102 102. the Torah refers to the first section of the Tanakh-the first five books of the Hebrew Bible
or the Five Books of Moses, but can also be used in the general sense to also include both the Written and Oral Law.
99 99. polytheism belief in
or worship of, multiple gods or divinities.
95 95. war state of widespread conflict between states
organisations, or relatively large groups of people, which is characterised by the use of violent, physical force between combatants or upon civilians.
824 187. early phases of feminist reform- reform family/ divorce law
own property/ divorce, teaching and nursing (women's sphere)
152 10. Byzantine Empire Eastern Half of Roman Empire following collapse of western half of old empire; retained Mediterranean culture
particularly Greek; capital at Constantinople
199 57. Mayan People occupying the Eastern third of Mesoamerica
particularly the Yucatan Peninsula
1052 Eastern and Western Fronts Eastern Front was the former East Germany
parts of Central Europe and Russia. The Western Front was the "Low Countries" (who for the most part remained neutral), France, Great Britain and then the United States.
404 264. ceremonial centers Temples
places of Sacrifice
1117 Berlin Blockade Stalin shuts off trains
planes, roads into East Berlin - attempt to cut off western influence - Berlin Airlift foils plans
916 Mohandas Gandhi political leader of India
played a key role in gaining independence for India through non-violent protest, boycott.
1182 Rabindranath Tagore Bengali poet
playwright, musician, novelist
626 New Spain the name given to one of the viceroy-ruled territories of the Spanish Empire from 1525 to 1821 - today it is Central America
plus Mexico, plus Southwest United States
750 114. causes of French Revolution - absolute monarchy abuses power
policies of Louis XVI, economic troubles, war debts, and droughts
954 brinkmanship introduced during the Cold War
policy or practice, especially in international politics and foreign policy, of pushing a dangerous situation to the brink of disaster in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome by forcing the opposition to make concessions. During the Cold War, the threat of nuclear force was often used as such a deterrent.
1093 Jawaharlal Nehru Takes over Congress/movement
political leader of India, begins "Quit India" campaign so Brits leave
862 226. Boxer Rebellion - was a violent movement against non-Chinese commercial
political, religious and technological influence in China during the final years of the 19th century.
1031 total war Entire economy
political, social system geared for war - civilians become targets - government takes greater control of everyday life
1169 north-south split those nations above equator far richer than those below - rich getting richer
poor getting poorer - and because north dominates global economy, won't change anytime soon
1209 Environmentalism
post-industrial movement to improve water supply, air, land pollution, animals, other small critters - save environment for our future
452 312. griots West African poet
praise singer, and wandering musician, considered a repository of oral tradition
170 28. Five Pillars of Islam obligatory religious duties of all Muslims: confession of faith
prayer (5 times a day facing Mecca), fasting during Ramadan, zakat (tax for charity), and the hajj (pilgrimage)
1132 Francois Mitterand More pro-West w/ policies
president France 1981-1995
953 Berlin Wall symbol of the iron curtain (separate East Berlin from West)
prevented East Berliners access to the West came down in 1989.
567 Thirty Years War years 1618 and 1648
principally on the territory of today's Germany, but also involving most of the major continental powers. It occurred for a number of reasons. Although it was from its outset a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, the self-preservation of the Habsburg dynasty was also a central motive
22 22. shifting cultivation
process by which people take an area of land to use for agricultureonly to abandon it a short time later
703 67. Communist Manifesto/Karl Marx: document relating proletariat with the IR
proletariat should overthrow bourgeoisie - roots of communism
802 165. Victor Emmanuel II- King of Sardinia + Count Camillo Cavour
push nationalism, towards the unification of Italy.
1142 Saddam Hussein Dictator Iraq - took over power in coup
pushed war against Iran, invaded Kuwait - Persian Gulf War - genocide against Kurds
578 Adam Smith Wealth of Nations author
put forth foundation of capitalism - laissez faire, move away from mercantilism
906 genocide The systematic and planned extermination of an entire national
racial, political, or ethnic group.
308 168. Muhammad Prophet who spread the Islamic religion. Born in 570
received revelations from Allah in 610, before passing away in 630
487 Suleiman I Ruler of Ottoman Empire - same time as Charles V - fair ruler/expanded holdings
reconstructed legal system
1009 New Deal Franklin Delano Roosevelt's plan to turn US into welfare state to bring out of Depression - state-sponsored programs for relief
recovery and reform
1097 Lazaro Cardenas president of Mexico 1934
redistributes acres with land reform, nationalized oil industry (took from US)
562 Martin Luther priest that initiated Protestant Reformation
refused to renounce views, protected by German princes, also wanted clergy to be able to marry
1137 Yasser Arafat - Palestine Liberation Organization Leader of terrorist organization wanting to evict Israelis
regain homeland, represenation for Palestinian people - later becomes political party
853 217. "sleeping dragon" - term given to China by Napoleon
regarding their untapped population, size and resources.
570 Frederick the Great a king of Prussia from the Hohenzollern dynasty
reigning from 1740 to 1786. - enlightened monarch
216 74. Prince Shotoku Important Japanese regent and scholar of the Asuka period... promoted Buddhism and Confucianism
reinstituted embassies to China, and adopted the Chinese calendar and court ranks
616 gold trade in West and Central Africa made inland nations rich
relied on slave trade and gold to increase wealth, stunted/slowed industrialization, made African nations dependent, needed to purchase European weapons to expand control of region
1155 Khmer Rouge 1975-1979 Cambodian leaders - responsible for 1.7 million deaths starvation
relocation, murder - attempt at ruralification
1088 Japanese invasion of Manchuria step towards war with military gov't
renames it Manchuko, invading mainland China & commits atrocities
322 182. sedentary agriculture Where farming occurs in one place
repeatedly, opposed to shifting cultivation
56 56. Roman Republic
republican government of the city of Rome and its territories from 510 BC until the establishment of the Roman Empire which sometimes placed at 44 BC the year of Caesar's appointment as perpetual dictator or, more commonly, 27 BC the year that the Roman Senate granted Octavian the title "Augustus".
585 colonization need for markets
resources for industrializing nations - also needed precious metals to fuel Iberian Peninsula wealth, also Europeans emigrated due to lack of land, overpopulation, chance for new beginning
345 205. Renaissance Cultural and political movement in Western Europe; began in Italy 1400 CE
rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; combined art and literature with more secular views
130 130. Crucifixion and Resurrection (Easter) Died on Good Friday
resurrected on Easter Sunday.
546 Northwest Passage attempt to find water route through North America - none ever found - led to exploration of bays
rivers
323 183. shifting cultivation When farming occurs over several patches of land
rotatingly so that nutrients of the soil will not be depleted
331 191. samurai Japanese feudal military leaders
rough equivalent of Western knights
272 132. Rubaiyat in Persian Rubaiyat is a common shorthand name for the collection of Persian verses known more formally as the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. In fact
rubaiyat (a plural word derived from the arabic root meaning 'four') means "quatrains" in the Persian language
377 237. Seljuk Turks major branch of the Oghuz turks
ruled parts of central asia and middle east (11-14 centuries)
501 Elizabeth I England monarch 1558-1603
ruled under religious turmoil, Elizabethan Age - golden age of England - Shakespeare, encouraged colonization, didn't give out nobility
217 75. Queen Isabella queen of Castile (1474-1504) and of Aragon (1479-1504)
ruling the two kingdoms jointly from 1479 with her husband, Ferdinand II of Aragon (Ferdinand V of Castile). Their rule effected the permanent union of Spain and the beginning of an overseas empire in the New World, led by Christopher Columbus
579 proto-industrialization 16th century. The word was initially applied to cottage industries in the countryside. In spite of the opposition of urban guilds
rural residents were performing many industrial tasks.
635 French and Indian Wars wars between England and France over land
secession, and power - end up being played out in North America - colonists and British vs. French and Indians - debt from these wars eventually leads to high British taxes which lead to American revolution
806 169. First/Second Reich- First Reich "Holy Roman Empire"
second Reich "second empire"
517 boyars member of the highest rank of the feudal Russian and Romanian aristocracy
second only to the ruling princes, from the 10th through the 17th century
944 United Nations International organization founded in 1945 to promote peace
security and economic development
1210 Green Movement
see above - basically term given to environmental movement
844 208. infrastructure - The basic facilities
services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportation and communications systems, water and power lines, and public institutions including schools, post offices, and prisons.
990 Euro to dismantle all trade and currency exchange barriers among member nations. A single currency
set up in many member countries by 2001.
429 289. Neo-Confucianism a response by the Confucians to the dominance of the Daoists and Buddhists
severe Confucianism
51 51. Hellenism
shift from a culture dominated by ethnic Greeks to a culture dominated by Greek-speakers of various ethnicities and from the political dominance of the city-state to that of larger monarchies. In this period the traditional Greek culture was changed by strong Eastern influences, especially Persian, in aspects of religion and government. Cultural centers shifted away from mainland Greece, to Pergamon, Rhodes, Antioch and Alexandria.
424 284. bushido Japanese warrior code of conduct
similar to the chivalry system in Europe
1006 Kabuki theater Japanese cinema - elaborate make-up
singing, drama
383 243. Mamluks Arabic word for "owned"
slave soldiers used by muslim caliphs and the ottoman empire
8 8. foraging societies Nomadic
small communities and population, no political system, economic distribution is more equal
468 328. chinampas known as floating gardens
small, rectangle-shapes area of fertile arable land used for agriculture in the Xochimilco region of the Basin of Mexico
864 228. "Dark Continent" - A former name for Africa
so used because its hinterland was largely unknown and therefore mysterious to Europeans until the 19th century
830 193. Communism- Ideally - perfect justice
social equality and plenty
714 78. class tension: tension between classes during the IR due to income gap
social treatment, etc.
791 154. Czar Nicholas II- doesn't reacto to revolution
socialists organize, tried to rally Russians around the falg but lost against Japanese
27 27. specialization of labor
specialisation of co-operative labour in specific circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase efficiency of output.
563 Henry VIII created Anglican Church
split from Catholic Church because Pope would annull marriage to women who couldn't produce male heir
25 25. cultural diffusion
spread of ideas and material cultureespecially if these occur independently of population movement
253 113. Christian monks clergy of Christianity
spread the religion
558 Nintey-Five Theses complaints made by Martin Luther against Catholic Church - nailed to the church university door
started Protestant Reformation
915 world depression a worldwide economic downfall
started in 1929, but different time in differet countries. Basically all countries were affected, worst hit was the industrialized countries like the US.
605 tea and Chinese trade with Europe Portuguese discover Chinese tea in 1560s
starts as drink of the wealthy, eventually supply increases, becomes part of daily life of Europe, dominates life
566 European religious wars Following Reformation - European regions fought each other on whether to be Protestant or Catholic
stay Catholic, still pay taxes to Church, Church owns property, but traditional, princes/leaders would change minds & people would have to follow
312 172. junk Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads
sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders. Played major roles in the Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula
549 Catholic Reformation - Counter Reformation instead of transforming Catholic Church after Protestant Reformation (did get rid of indulgences)
stop the spread of Protestantism, both by reforming the Catholic Church, and also by persecuting as heretical those deemed to go too far
982 Tiananmen Square In China
student led, believed the Communist party led government was too corrupt and repressive. Government doesn't permit democratic reform, 1989.
1177 existentialism human existence as having a set of underlying themes and characteristics
such as anxiety, dread, freedom, awareness of death, and consciousness of existing. Existentialism is also an outlook, or a perspective, on life that pursues the question of the meaning of life or the meaning of existence
534 nation-state nation-state": a sovereign state of which most of the citizens or subjects are united also by factors which define a nation
such as language or common descent. Typically it is a unitary state with a single system of law and government. It is almost by definition a sovereign state, meaning that there is no external authority above the state itself.
708 72. popular consumption: goods that are consumed by a large percentage of the population around the IR
such as textiles
548 triangular trade trade of African slaves to Caribbean
sugar to industrialized North U.S. and England, manufactured goods to Africa
553 Enlightenment belief that logic
techniques used in Scientific Revolution could be applied to human behavior, government, economics - series of essays/novels - movement away from the Church
402 262. priest-scholars the higher class people of the native American societies
that controlled the government along with the grand leader
618 Boers Name given to Dutch immigrants to South Africa
that eventually move inland, come into conflict with Zulus and British who later colonize
376 236. Villein one of a class of feudal serfs
that held legal status of freedom in dealings with ppl except their lord
1042 National Congress Party Indian Political Party established in 1885
that led the eventual push for Indian Independence from the British Crown in 1947. Currently the largest Indian Political Party.
394 254. bubonic plague A highly contagious disease
that was fatal and otherwise known as the disease spread in Asia and Europe in 1347-1351 by the Chinese and Mongols
899 The Boer Wars was the name given to the South African Wars of 1880-1 and 1899-1902
that were fought between the British and 235. Boer War - the descendants of the Dutch settlers (Boers) in Africa.
871 235. Boer War - The Boer Wars was the name given to the South African Wars of 1880-1 and 1899-1902
that were fought between the British and the descendants of the Dutch settlers (Boers) in Africa.
1030 Triple Entente
the Allies World War II alliance - UK, France, Russia, later US and all their colonies - the good guys
239 98. Treaty of Verdun 843 the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious divided his territories
the Carolingian Empire, into three kingdoms
369 229. Inquisition An investigation or inquiry of an official or judicial nature; in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
the Catholic church conducted rigorous tribunals of Inquisition to identify and suppress heresy and punish heretics. These were especially severe in Spain with the inquisition of Jews in the late- 15th century
305 165. uji An aristocratic lineage group of prehistoric origin (for example
the Fujiwara, the Taira)
1085 Emperor Taisho Emperor of Japan (1912-26). His given name was Yoshihito. The son of Mutsuhito
the Meiji emperor, he succeeded to the throne in 1912, but because of illness he played little part in governing the nation. His reign was characterized by democratization, friendly relations with the West, and economic growth. In 1921 Taishō was declared mentally incompetent and his son Hirohito was made regent.
203 61. Middle Ages The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three 'ages': the classical civilization of Antiquity
the Middle Ages, and modern times
141 141. Sunni versus Shiite Sunnis believe this process was conducted in a fair and proper manner and accept Abu Bakr as a righteous and rightful Caliph. The second major sect
the Shia, believe that the Prophet had appointed his son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor years earlier during an announcement at Ghadir Khom.
615 Askia Mohammed king of the Songhai Empire in the late 15th century. He strengthened his country and made it the largest in West Africa's history. At its peak under Muhammad
the Songhai Empire encompassed the Hausa states as far as Kano (in present-day Nigeria) and much of the territory that had belonged to the Mali Empire in the west. His policies resulted in a rapid expansion of trade with Europe and Asia, the creation of many schools, and made Islam an integral part of the empire
427 287. Gempei Wars five year war fought between two of Japan's powerful families
the Taira and the Minamoto
33 33. Egypt
the civilization of the Lower Nile Valley between the First Cataract and the mouths of the Nile Delta, from circa 3300 BC until the conquest of Alexander the Great in 332 BC. As a civilization based on irrigation, it is the quintessential example of a hydraulic empire.
699 63. Transportation revolution: a term often used by historians to describe the dramatic improvement in transportation in the West that took place in the early 1800s. The Transportation Revolution included greatly improved roads
the development of canals, and the invention of the steamboat and railroad. Shipping costs were lowered as much as 90 percent in this era, which gave a big boost to trade and the settlement of new areas of land.
575 Jean-Jacques Rousseau political ideas influenced the French Revolution
the development of socialist theory, and the growth of nationalism. His legacy as a radical and revolutionary is perhaps best demonstrated by his most famous line in The Social Contract: "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains."
596 millet system method of working with religious minorities in Ottoman Empire - millets had a great deal of power - they set their own laws and collected and distributed their own taxes. All that was insisted was loyalty to the Empire. When a member of one millet committed a crime against a member of another
the law of the injured party applied, but the - ruling - Islamic majority being paramount, any dispute involving a Muslim fell under their sharia-based law
340 200. Hugh Capets After the death of Louis
the son of Hugh the Great, Hugh Capet, requested the crown of France from the archbishop of Reims and the upper nobility
260 120. Arabic numerals A written number system created during the Gupta golden age in India
then adopted by the Islamic Empire before spreading further. Most familiar numeral style (1,2,3, etc.,) used on clock and watch dials
993 import substitution industrialization Cut off from supplies of traditional imports
these countries then experienced a spurt of industrial growth.
536 peninsulares highest of Spanish colonial caste system - peninsular was a citizen born in the metropolitan part of the Spanish Empire. Also
they held high official power or positions.
643 7. middle class 7. Between the upper and lower
they often face a stagnant economy, some education
962 Geneva Conference After France lost the battle at Dien Bien Phu
they signed the treaty in 1954. Nations of Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam were created and Vietnam was divided into north/south - elections in a 2 years.
597 harem part of the household forbidden to male strangers. In Western languages such as English
this term refers collectively to the wives in a polygynous household as well as the "no-males allowed" area, or in more modern usage to a number of women followers or admirers of a man
606 Kangxi one of the greatest Chinese emperors in history. His reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning Emperor of China in history
though it should be noted that having ascended the throne aged 8, he did not exercise much, if any control, over the empire, that role being fulfilled by his 4 guardians and his grandmother the Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang
552 excommunication kicked out of the Church
threat made for those who had heretical views
1211 Global Warming
threat that industrialization has put wholes in ozone layer which will heat up water temperature, melt glaciers, causing huge problems - end of the world -we're all going to die
610 Oda Nobunaga Nobunaga lived a life of continuous military conquest
to eventually conquer most of Japan before his untimely death in 1582
391 251. national identity distinguishing features of a group
to individual's sense to belong in it
1153 Ho Chi Minh Communist Vietnamese Nationalist
trained in Europe, fought Japanese then French then US, wanted united Vietnam
107 107. David and Solomon David - Greatest king of jews. Solomon - wisest king on earth; fell to evilness
turned away from his God.
911 fascism system of government
under authority of a dictator, through suppression of the opposition by means of terror and censorship
385 245. Genghis Khan successful military leader
united mongol tribes, was the founder of the mongol empire (1206-1368)
83 83. Olmec Cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico (1200 BCE); featured irrigated agriculture
urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems.
409 269. Quipu A record-keeping device of the Inca empire consisting of a series of variously colored strings attached to a base rope and knotted so as to encode information
used especially for accounting purposes
262 122. minaret A tower attached to a mosque
used for call to prayer
379 239. sultan Islamic title
used for rulers of the muslim country
495 joint stock company W. European financial company with capital from investors
used to make a profit - precursor to corporation
1044 Pacific Rim the nations bordering the Pacific Oceans
usually Asian nations: Japan, North and South Korea, Taiwan and eastern China.
92 92. republics/democracies Republic - state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people living in that state or country. Democracy - form of government in which policy is decided by the preference of the majority in a decision-making process
usually elections or referendums, open to all or most citizens.
325 185. foraging Gathering food
usually nuts, berries, roots, etc
821 184. Mary Wolstonecraft English writer
vindication of rights of women- 1792 (Equal rights, education, political, economic pursuits)
510 Puritans Sect of Protestants in England who dismiss Anglican church
want pure form of Christianity based on Bible, predestination, kicked out to New England - known in the US as Pilgrims
1102 Lebensraum Hitler's desire for "living space" for German people
wants to unite Germans from other nations
841 204. "sun never sets on the British empire" - a phrase that emerged in response to the British dominance during the Modern Era. Britain was the first nation to industrialize and thus
was able to gain an advantage over all other competing nations.
287 147. Kilwa Town on W African coast
wealthy & beautiful town , access to gold (Sofala) and most southern ship stop
82 82. Ghana Formed by 8th century by exchanging gold from the forests of west Africa for salt/dates from the Sahara or for goods from Mediterranean north Africa. Camels
were introduced tcreating better trade. By 3rd century C.E. it rose to power by taxing the salt and gold exchanged within its borders. 10th century, rulers had converted to Islam and were at its height of power. Almoravid armies invaded Ghana from north Africa (1076), the power was declining despite the kingdom's survival. 13th century, new states rose.
865 229. "Scramble for Africa" - The Scramble for Africa began in 1881
when France moved into Tunis with Bismarck's encouragement. After centuries of neglect, Europeans began to expand their influence into Africa. Soon, it took on a full-fledged land grab in Africa by European Powers.
893 229. "Scramble for Africa" - The Scramble for Africa began in 1881
when France moved into Tunis with Bismarck's encouragement. After centuries of neglect, Europeans began to expand their influence into Africa. Soon, it took on a full-fledged land grab in Africa by European Powers.
306 166. warlordism A military commander exercising civil power in a region
whether in nominal allegiance to the national government or in defiance of it
973 nonalignment Promotion of alternatives to bloc politics - as in Yugoslavia's split from the Soviet bloc in 1948. Later Jawaharlal Nehru of India and Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt joined in the founding of the Nonaligned Movement in the mid-1950s
which had basic principles of opposition to all foreign intervention and peaceful coexistence. The first meeting of nonaligned states was the Belgrade Conference of Nonaligned Nations in 1961.
142 142. Sufism school of esoteric philosophy in Islam
which is based on the pursuit of spiritual truth as a definite goal to attain. In modern language it might also be referred to as Islamic spirituality or Islamic mysticism.
687 51. Capitalism: Capitalism is an evolving concept
which is derived from earlier European economic practices (Feudalism, Imperialism, Mercantilism). Capitalism is widely considered to be the dominant economic system in the world. There is continuing debate over the definition, nature, and scope of this system.
115 115. Four Noble Truths fundamental insight or enlightenment of Sakyamuni Buddha (the historical Buddha)
which led to the formulation of the Buddhist philosophy.
362 222. Code of the samurai Also called bushi-do
which literally means "road of the warrior."; Based on principles of loyalty, courage and honor
1049 Assassination of Franz Ferdinand Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne who was assassinated in Bosnia-Herzegovina
which triggered the Austro-Hungarians to pledge war against Serbia, which then initiated World War I.
43 43. The Hebrews and monotheism descendants of biblical Patriarch Eber; were people who lived in the Levant
which was politically Canaan when they first arrived in the area. First monotheistic group; Yahweh.
213 71. Pope Pope in Rome had top authority
while regional churches had bishops
378 238. Ottoman Turks ethnic subdivision of Turkish ppl
who dominated ruling class of the ottoman empire
968 Korean Conflict The Korean War was fought from 1950 to 1953. The North was supported by USSR and later People's Republic of China while the South was supported by U.S. and small United Nations force. The war ended in stalemate
with Korea still divided into North and South.
450 310. Austronesian a large language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific
with a few members spoken on continental Asia.
267 127. Romanesque A style of European architecture prevalent from the ninth to the twelfth centuries
with round arches and barrel vaults influenced by Roman architecture and characterized by heavy stone construction
449 309. age grade a social category based on age
within a series of such categories, through which individuals pass over the course of their lives. This is in contrast to an age set, to which individuals remain permanently attached as the set itself becomes progressively more senior.
592 sultan certain Muslim rulers who claimed full sovereignty in practical terms (i.e. the lack of dependence on any higher ruler)
without claiming the overall caliphate. It then developed some further meanings in certain contexts. The dynasty and lands ruled by the Sultan is called Sultanate
300 160. footbinding as metaphor The societal restrictions imposed upon women as families became wealthier
women status lowered
515 Printing Press Gutenberg - led to increased literacy
writing in vernacular, takes power from the Church monopoly on literacy
749 113. Declaration of Independence/Thomas Jefferson - document outlying America's separation from Britain and the reasons why
written by American political and revolutionary leader
113 113. Laws of Manu work of Hindu law and ancient Indian society
written c.200 in India. It is one of the eighteen Smritis of the Dharma Sastra (or "laws of righteous conduct");
84 84. Maya Classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central American contemporary with Teotihuacán; extended over broad religion; featured monumental architecture
written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, highly developed religion.