world history

Chan Santa Cruz

"Little Holy Cross" Barrera led group here and found cross carved in tree and created communities revolving around Chan Santa Cruz. Communities vanished though.

Emperor Menelik

. Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889-1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa (1896). (p. 737)

Napoleon Bonaparte

. Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. (p. 591)

Renaissance (European)

A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern trans-Alpine Renaissance (407,445)

contract of indenture

A voluntary agreement binding a person to work for a specified period of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most indentured servants were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians. (p. 670)

nomadism

A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water. (p. 326)

Matthew Perry

AFrican officer entered Edo Bay along with European powers and forced Japan to sign humiliating treaties and Japanese responded by adopting Westernization instead other rejected so overthrew Tokugawa Shogunate and put Meiji Emperor into power

Semitic

Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. The most widespread modern member of the Semitic family is Arabic. (p. 32)

Tamil Kingdoms

The kingdoms of southern India, inhabited primarily by speakers of Dravidian languages, which developed in partial isolation, and somewhat differently, from the Aryan north. (185)

Vernacular

The language of the people (such as English, when French was used in the government and Latin in the Church)

Sahara

The largest desert in the world.

Suleiman the Magnificent

The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as Suleiman Kanuni, 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. (p. 526)

Indian National Muslim League

dedicated to the advancements of political interests of Muslims but was pushed aside by Swadeshi Movement

المطالب

demands

Joseph Stalin

emerged as leader of Communist Party and Soviet Union. Believed must follow path of Karl Marx so tried to create socialism with collective farming, five year plan, and mass terror as he created dictatorship

النازحين

emigrants

Solon

eponymous archon, established timocracy, ends debt slavery

تصعيداً

escalation

Hong Xiuquan

established "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom" in China to restore egalitarian order. Had visions that led him to create God Worshippers and preceded visions openly. Led to Taiping Rebellion against Qing dynasty and eventually Qing won after Hong decided himself Heavenly King.

Bureaucrats

expert workers and administrators who carry out many specific tasks for the government

Euclid

father of geometry

Nepotism

favoritism shown to relatives or close friends by those in power (as by giving them jobs)

loess

fine, light silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China. Because loess soil is not compacted, easily worked, but it leaves the region vulnerable to earthquakes. (p.58)

Proletarians

industrial wage workers that Marx predicted would revolt after overproduction and would eventually rule the state, causing it to wither away

responces to overpopulation in Archaic Era

infant exposure, prostitution, homosexuality, colonization

Propaganda

information such as posters and pamphlets created by governments in order to influence public opinion

ابلغت

informed

Cleisthenes

introduced democracy

steppe

vast, treeless plain in Eurasia

Chartism

mass movement where 1/2 adult population of Britain signed the People's Charter which called for universal suffrage, secret ballot, and annual parliament elections but rejected by Parliament each time

ziggurat

massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown. (p. 37)

اجراء

measure

Radicals

wanted total reconfiguration of the stale and fully carrying out a revolution

Louis Napoleon(nephew of Napoleon)

staged coup against French Republic and declared himself Emperor Napoleon III and ruled until 1970. Nationalism in Europe then rejected diverstiy and opposition was seen as betrayal

theater-state

state that acquires prestige and power by developing attractive cultural forms and staging elaborate public ceremonies (as well as redistributing valuable resources) to attract and bind subjects to the center. (186)

Holy Inquisition

to fight heresy, tortured those that went against church until they surrendered or died

يتفقد

to inspect, examine, review

يعلمون

to know

تستغرق

to last

ترسيم

to mark, demarcate

حشد

to mass ( troops), mobilize ( army )

يمارس

to pursue, exercise, practice

ترفض

to reject

لحل

to solve

سحب

to withdraw

electricity

A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s. (p. 702)

Anabaptists

A group of Protestants that formed during the Reformation. They were considered very radical at their time and were often persecuted.

Uigurs

A group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia and Central Asia. (p. 284)

Indo-European

A group of people from the region near modern day Pakistan. Best known for language, and assimilated into other groups.

Guild

A group of workers in a specific field (e.g. masonry), not unlike today's unions. Often the guilds nurtured apprenticeships and the like.

"The prince"

A how to book written by Machiavelli.

haiku

A japanese poem consisting of three lines and sveenteen syllables.

Plebian

A middle or lower class citizen of Ancient Rome. Anyone not a Patrician.

indentured servant

A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years. (p. 486)

shaft graves

A term used for the burial sites of elite members of Mycenaean Greek society in the mid-second millennium B.C.E. At the bottom of deep shafts lined with stone slabs, the bodies were laid out along with gold and bronze jewelry, implements, and weapons (75

Film and Advertisement

Also used for propaganda and furthered commercial capitalism because advertising became a major industry. Created unity across globe

durbar

An elaborate display of political power and wealth in British India in the nineteenth century, ostensibly in imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire. (p. 661)

Asian Tigers

Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore-nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s. (p. 861)

Bantu

Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. (p. 219)

westmoreland

Commander of US forces in South Vietnam.

Deng Xiaoping

Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong. (p. 862)

Castro

Communist leader of Cuba.

Bolsheviks

Communist party in Russia

manorialism

Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.

ethnic cleansing

Effort to eradicate a people and its culture by means of mass killing and the destruction of historical buildings and cultural materials. Ethnic cleansing was used by both sides in the conflicts that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia (883)

Middle Passage

The part of the Great Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas. (p. 508)

Cavour

The prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia during the movement toward Italian unification. He is considered the architect of the Italian Unification.

Sunnis

Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries. (See also Shi'ites.) (p. 225)

Shi'ites

Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran. (See also Sunnis.) (pp. 225, 531)

Totalitarian dictators

Mussolini in Italy, Stalin in USSR, Hirohito in Japna, Hitler in Germany, Franco in spain, FDR in US

Russian Civil War

October 1917 Bolshevik Party seized power and created civil war between Bolsheviks and supporters of Tsar that Bolsheviks had executed but Bolsheviks won

caliphate

Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire. (See also Abbasid Caliphate; Sokoto Caliphate; Umayyad Caliphate.) (p. 232)

38th parallel

Official dividing line between North and South Korea.

terrorism

Political belief that extreme and seemingly random violence will destabilize a government and permit the terrorists to gain political advantage. Though an old technique, terrorism gained prominence in the late 20th Century (890)

nationalism

Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe (713)

personalist leaders

Political leaders who rely on charisma and their ability to mobilize and direct the masses of citizens outside the authority of constitutions and laws. Nineteenth-century examples include Jos? Antonio P?ez of Venezuela and Andrew Jackson of the US. (628)

All-India Muslim League

Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. Demanded Pakistan (813)

Helsinki Accords

Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, by the Soviet Union and western European countries. (p. 839)

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President of the USA during most of WWII until he died of old age and was succeeded by Harry Truman

Woodrow Wilson

President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations. (p. 762)

Winston Churchill

Prime minister of Britain for most of WWII, he is considered one of the best politicians in the 1900's

Archduke Francis (Franz) Ferdinand

Prince of Austria-Hungary; assassinated by Gabrilo Princep of Serbian nationalist group the "Black Hand"; his assassination started WWI

business cycle

Recurrent swings from economic hard times to recovery and growth, then back to hard times and a repetition of the sequence. (p. 615)

Gift of the Nile

Refers to how the Nile River helped the Egyptians. It gave them protection, transportation, and food.

Livy

Roman historian whose history of Rome filled 142 volumes (of which only 35 survive) including the earliest history of the war with Hannibal (59 BC to AD 17)

pax romana

Roman peace,' The stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the Roman Empire in the first two centuries C.E. The movement of people and trade goods along Roman roads and safe seas allowed for the spread of cuture/ideas (154)

Mansa Kankan Musa

Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. (p. 376)

Bantu people

Southern Africa whose political systems couldn't handle competition and overpopulation. Branch of Bantu people created the Zulus

The Second World

Soviets and East Europe made up this world because shadows of the war were much darker than the First World's and Soviets suffered more deaths and damage than any other industrialized nation and were generally communist with state socialism

Kievan Russia

State established at Kiev in Ukraine ca. 879 by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population. (p. 267)

Divine Right of Kings

Stated that kings held all power because God put them in their position.

Balfour Declaration

Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. (p. 761)

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. (p. 586)

Roundheads

Supported Parliament in English Civil War

Cavaliers

Supported king in English Civil War

John Calvin

Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)

hieroglyphics

System of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts. Used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt.

Memphis

The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids. (p. 43)

Holocaust

The brutal killing of over 6 million Jews, POWs, Soviets, Communists, Slavs, homosexuals, the disabled, and religious or political enemies of the Nazis

Romanization

The process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. Romans did not seek to Romanize them, but the subjugated people pursued it. (155)

modernization

The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies. (p. 652)

witch-hunt

The pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 464)

September 1,1939 to May 7, 1945

The dates for the war in Europe

December 7, 1941 to August 11, 1945

The dates for the war in the Pacific

Adolf Hitler

The dictator of Germany during WWII, he led the Nazi party and became Chancellor of Germany before declaring himself dictator

Benito Mussolini

The dictator of Italy during WWII who led the Fascists in political elections and legally ascended to power

Joseph Stalin

The dictator of the USSR during WWII, he came to power after Lenin's death and he killed many of his political opponents

David by Donatello

The first appearance of the nude since ancient times, an uncompromising view of humanity, and the contrapposto stance.

Shi Huang di

The first emperor of a united China.

Chav?n

The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 B.C.E.). Its capital, Chav?n de Hu?ntar, was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chav?n became politically and economically dominant in a densely populated region. (89)

Kamakura Shogunate

The first of Japan's decentralized military governments. (1185-1333). (p. 294)

Mauryan Empire

The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes. (184)

Cro Magnon

The forerunner of modern man, more recent and human-ish than Neanderthals

indulgence

The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of indulgences is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation. (p. 446)

Sanskirt

The form of Indian writing.

gunpowder

The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets. (p. 289)

Petrarch

The founder of Humanism

bourgeoisie

The french word for middle class (spelling!)

Mesolithic

The middle of the Stone Ages. Had the first use of the canoe.

Taiping Rebellion

The most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. (p. 687)

corn

The most important crop to Native Americans.

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. (p. 623)

Neville Chamberlain

The prime minister of Britain for the beginning of WWII, he tried to make "Peace in our time" by giving Hitler the Sudedenland, but this failed

تصاريح

permits

Patron

person who financially supports the arts

Bruce Barton

published "The Man Nobody Knows" in which he interprets teachings of Jesus into gospel for success in modern business

Manchukuo

puppet state for Japan

مسألة

question

Race

race began to be viewed as individual identification and science used to explain racial inequalities which warned against racial mixing. People believed race described one's characteristics and identity

Karl Marx

read Fourier and German who described life in a communist society with many ideas of Utopian society. Saw working class was being exploited

Indulgences

reduction of the punishment a sinner would suffer in purgatory; Martin Luther was very angry about the selling of _______.

Protestant

referring to Christian religions that grew out of the Reformation; Christians who are not Catholic or Orthodox; to protest against the Church

Neolithic Revolution

refers to the shift from food gathering to food producing

Yaroslav the Wise

ruler who codified law during the 1000'

Vladamir

ruler who converted to Orthodox Christianity and adopted it as the primary church in Kievan Russia

Cleisthenes

ruler who turned Athens into a direct democracy

girondists

sat on the right hand side of the Legislative Assembly

Bhagavad Gita

the last 18 chapters of the Mahabharata stresses the idea that conducting oneself properly according to one's status in life marks the highest fulfillment in life

Romulus Augustulus

the last emperor in the western Roman Empire, overthrown in 476 (the fall of Rome)

Naturalization

the legal process by which an immigrant becomes a citizen

General Assembly

the legislative department of Indiana's state government

Jacobin

the liberal group that sat on the Left hand side

Monetary Standard

the mechanism that keeps the money supply portable, durable, divisible, and limited in supply

absolution

The theory popular in France and other early modern European monarchies that royal power should be free of constitutional checks. (p. 452)

Humanism

The theory that God equips you with the ability/potential to do what he calls you to do. Founded by Petrarch.

Ashoka

Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. (p. 184)

trade and religion

What were the two major functions of Maya cities?

Excommunication

When an individual is denied the holy sacraments by the church, often a method used by the Pope to have power over monarchs.

Mukden Incident

When part of Japan's railroad was dynamited by the Chinese. Japan's first act of aggression.

absolutism

When someone rules a country completely.

Tennis court Oath

When the members of the Third Estate took an oath not to leave until Louis XVI agreed to their petition.

The Great Western Schism

When there were multiple Popes

Eva Peron

Wife of Juan Per?n and champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits. (p. 824)

Great War

World War I between Germany and Austria Hungary (Central Powers) vs Britain, France, and Russia (Triple Entente) after called allies

Karl Marx

Wrote "The Communist Manifesto"

Mayors

Administrators for French monarchs, they held real power during the reign of the "Do Nothing" Kings

Allied commanders in the Pacific

Admiral Nitmitz and General MacArthur

Rashid al-Din

Adviser to the Il-khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on Rashid's advice. (p. 334)

Africa for Africans

African states began to gain independence around 1960 due to nationalist movements that increased de-colonization

Weltpolitik

"World Politics"

Liquidity

"ability to converted an asset into cash quickly

tyrants

"illegal ruler," seized power by force, NOT NEGATIVE

res novae

"new stuff," Rome hated it

Deregulation

"relaxation of government regulation on industry

Oligarchy

"rule by the few," some wealthy nobles rule

Timocracy

"rule by wealth," Solon, 4 economic classes

Consumer Sovereignty

"the concept that the consumer is the ruler of the market

Mao Tse tung

"zedong's" name spelled

Tanzimat

'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureacracy more efficient. (p. 678)

devshirme

'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.(p. 526)

Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. (p. 425)

Thirty Years War

(1618-1648). Caused by the Peace of Augsburg (1555), which recognized religious freedom for Catholics and Lutherans. Catholics were upset that Calvinists began moving into the Holy Roman Empire. This one actually lasted how long it's called, unlike the Hundred Years War.

Neo-Babylonian kingdom

(blank)

coureurs de bois

(runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America. (p. 489)

kouros

(sculpture) depiction of nude male athlete, motionless

kore

(sculture) fully clothed women

4 features All Greek city-states have in common

1) small size. usually 30 to 500 sq. miles 2) small pop. Most city-states had a total pop. including slave, noncitizens, metics, citizens of less than 10,000 ppl 3) Setting on a hill or acropolis 4) public meeting place or an agora

caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. (p. 427)

Long March

1934 : Mao Zedong and communists under attack by nationalist Chiang Kai-shek so abandoned their base and went on Long March to northwest China as great escape and eventually glorified Communists but was costly because only 1 in 8 made it to their destination

Persian Wars

499-479 B.C. Greek city states vs. Persia. As a result, Spartans were recognized as great fighters (Thermoplyae), Delian and Pelponnesian Leagues formed, and the Classical Age began.

ephors

5 overseers who served 1 year terms to monitor the kings and citizens.

Herodotus

Considered to be the first historian.

archons

9 rulers who served a 1 year term in office and appointed all other officials and made all the laws. The laws were never written down and were interpreted and applied by judges, or a group of nobles.

The Crusades

A "holy war" that was issued by Pope Urban II so that they would be able to gain control of the Holy Land

Il-Khan

A 'secondary' or 'peripheral' khan based in Persia. The Il-khans' khanate was founded by H?leg?, a grandson of Genghis Khan, was based at Tabriz in modern Azerbaijan. It controlled much of Iran and Iraq. (p. 333)

Christian IV

A Danish king, he aided the Lutherans in the Thirty Years' War

Boer

A Dutch person in Africa

Erasmus

A Dutch theologian who humanized Christianity, believing that human reason can solve problems. He (verbally) attacked corruption within the Church, and had a large impact on Martin Luther

Franks

A Germanic tribe that settled in Gaul after Western Rome's fall from the 400's.

Aeschylus

A greek playwright

Renaissance

About 1300-1500, the word is French and means "rebirth". A period of European prosperity caused by: the Crusades, the plague, banking and the rise of money, the fall of Constantinople, and new technologies. The three main cities were Florence, Milan, and Venice

The Parthenon stands at the top of the

Acropolis

Black Death

An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. (p. 397)

Rosetta Stone

Allowed hieroglyphics to be translated.

Pericles

Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens. (130)

Crusades

Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. (p. 270)

Guilds

Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests

Demosthenes

Athenian orator who opposed Philip II of Macedon

Socrates

Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior. He made enemies in government by revealing the ignorance of others. (133)

The six Cold War Conflicts

Berlin Airlift, Korean Conflict, U-2 inciden, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam

George III

Blamed for losing the 13 American Colonies. Passed the Corn Law of 1815 which halted the import of cheap grain, leading to protests from the poor.

Adolf Hitler

Born in Austria, Hitler became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He led the National Socialist German Workers' Party-the Nazi Party-in the 1920s and became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II. (p. 786)

economic sanctions

Boycotts, embargoes, and other economic measures that one country uses to pressure another country into changing its policies. (p. 889)

Shi'ite Islam

Branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran. (See also Sunnis.) (pp. 225, 531)

Cuban Missile Crisis

Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba. (p. 839)

Peterloo Massacre

Britain workers peacefully protested for political reforms and freed on by panicked guards men

Triple Entente

Britain, France, and Russia

Cecil Rhodes Asante

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him. (p. 736)

Cecil Rhodes

British imperial apostle aspired to bring as much of AFrica under British rule as possible. Dream was to rule from Cape of Good Hope up to Cairo, Egypt

Raj

British re-forced to administration of India as Raj after securing rebellion and crow took over. Raj means "rule" Turned India from private exploitation to nationally productive for British

Battle of Omdurman

British victory over the Mahdi in the Sudan in 1898. General Kitchener led a mixed force of British and Egyptian troops armed with rapid-firing rifles and machine guns. (p. 730)

Indian Railways

British wanted to modernize so Lord Dalhousie helped introduce railways, uniform postage and electric telegraph. By 1910 had over 30,000 miles of track so Indian Railway was 4th largest

Philip II

Called Philip Augustus. He went on the third Crusade for France, but left pretty quickly so that Richard I would get killed in the war. He acquired Normandy, Flanders, and Anjou. Not pals with Richard.

Philip IV

Called Philip the Fair, this French king created the Estates-General and tried to have his own Pope because he wanted to tax the Church.

Henry VIII

Called the "Defender of the Faith" for working against Martin Luther, he married Catherine of Aragon and had a daughter but wanted a male heir. Passed the Act of Supremacy and created the Anglican Church because he wanted an annulment to his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which the Pope refused.The Act of Supremacy also gave him ownership of church land.

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

Hannibal

Carthaginian general who crossed the Alps and fought the Romans with clever strategy and unusual tactics. Used elephants in battle but did not conquer Rome due to lack of seige equipment. Defeated by the roman general scipio after luring Hanibal back to his hometown.

Hannibal

Carthaginian general who fought Rome with War Elephants in the Second Phase of the Punic Wars.

CHe Guevara

Castro's closest lieutenant that wanted to unite the Third World as a socialist bloc and undermine the capitalist world led by the U.S. and even organized group to fight CIA yet failed

Delhi Sulatanate

Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders. (p. 374)

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief advisor for Louis XIII, basically ran France. Came up with the idea of Mercantilism, (exports > imports) and orchestrated the 30 years war to benefit France when the Hapsburgs fell. He also lessened the power of the nobles in France to increase Louis XIII's power.

Ashur

Chief deity of the Assyrians, he stood behind the king and brought victory in war. Also the name of an important Assyrian religious and political center. (p. 94)

Beijing

China's northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People's Republic of China. (p. 351)

Daoism

Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature.

Self-Strengthening Movement

Chinese bureaucrats wanted to adopt elements of western learning yet still keep cure of Chinese culture. Yung Ming set back though when called Chinese boys studying in Europe home

Boxer Protocol

Chinese forced to sign after suppressed in Boxer Rebellion. Required regime to pay gold for damages to foreign life and property and allowed Western powers to station troops in Beijing

Rommel

Commander of the axis forces in North Africa

Anglican

Church of England; started by Henry VIII

Treaty Ports

Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the treaty ports, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality. (p. 685)

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. (p. 797)

Stalingrad

City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union. Today Volgograd. (p. 793)

Chang'an

City in the Wei Valley in eastern China. It became the capital of the Zhou kingdom and the Qin and early Han Empires. Its main features were imitated in the cities and towns that sprang up throughout the Han Empire. >(p. 164)

Medina

City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231)

Mecca

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. (p. 230)

Carthage

City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107)

Aleandria

City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies. It contained the famous Library and the Museum-a center for leading scientific and literary figures. (138)

Edict of Milan

Constantine makes Christianity the primary religion of the Roman Empire

Medici Family

Controlled Florence during Renaissance, were wealthy bankers and the patrons of many important works of art, they invented the Florin (a currency)

Paul

Converted to Christianity while traveling to Damascus, he is considered the first major missionary. His writing have defined principles and practices within Christianity.

Yuan Empire

Empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan. (p. 349)

Concilium Plebis

Council of the Common People, council for plebs, full legislative authority, make laws that supercede laws made by other councils

Qing Empire

Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times the Qing also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last Qing emperor was overthrown in 1911. (p. 556)

Socrates

Created the Socratic Method. Famous quotes: "Know thyself," and "Life not examined is not worth living." Critical of democracy.

Moses

Created the Ten Commandments.

Assignats

Currency based on the value of church property

Act of Supremacy

Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534

William of Normandy

Defeated Harold Godwine for the throne at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. AKA William the conqueror and William I of England.

universities

Degree-granting institutions of higher learning. Those that appeared in Latin West from about 1200 onward became the model of all modern universities. (p. 407)

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed. (p. 595)

Abbasid Caliphate

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258. (p. 234)

nonaligned Nations

Developing countries that announced their neutrality in the Cold War. (p. 846)

Getulio Vargas

Dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created Estado Novo ('New State'), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization. (823)

George I

Didn't speak English, had to deal which the Jacobites: people who wanted the Stuart family back on the throne

Tang Empire

Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an. (p. 277)

Empress Dowager Cixi

Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces. (p. 721)

proxy wars

During the Cold War, local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained, and financed the combatants. (p. 855)

Han dynasty

During this time the yoke, paper and a dictionary were invented.

Ethical Policy

Dutch introduced "ethical policy" for governing Asian colonies with less government exploitation and more private enterprise little change in must of Indonesia yet some resisted

Vedas

Early Indian sacred 'knowledge'-the literal meaning of the term-long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down. (175)

Hieroglyphics

Early form of writing that uses symbols to express thoughts.

conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (See Cort?s, Hern?n; Pizarro, Francisco.) (p. 436)

Ethiopia

East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River. (See also Menelik II; Selassie, Haile.) (p. 221)

Swahili Coast

East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning 'shores.' (p. 383)

1956 Crackdown

East European nations heard of awful treatment of prisoners in Soviet Union and how awful life truly was and a speech was given about Stalin's crimes and how they aren't communistic but Soviet leaders crushed dissent by massacring strikers and while some revolts worked, Soviet Union still dominated the Second world

Ostrogoths

East Goths, driven westward by the Huns

mercantilism

European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country 506

humanists (renaissance)

European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. (p. 408)

Populares

Everyone not an optimate; the people who did not serve the Roman government

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. (p. 786)

Petrarch

Father of humanism.

Abraham

Father of the Jews.

Manchus

Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire. (p. 556)

Batavi

Fort established ca.1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta. (p. 543)

Dominicans

Founded by Dominic De Guzman, "defended" the church against heresey.

gens de couleur

Free men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution. (See also L'Ouverture, Fran?ois Dominique Toussaint.) (p. 593)

Enabling Act

Freed Hitler from Parliament and traditional conservative elites who had agreed to make him chancellor

Mission Civils atrice

French "civilizing mission" was reformed as system of scientific colonization because Africans had begun to doubt Europe was bring civilization to "uncivilized"

Huguenots

French Calvinists, believe in predestination.

Western Front

From English Channel through Belgium and France with trenches as war held at Stand-Still

tsar

From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505). (pp. 340, 551)

Usman dan Fodio

Fulani muslim clerk who created a vast Islamic empire. Islamic reform movemnt in Nigeria and demanded return to early Islamic practices. Was part of Sufi brotherhood and challenged ruling classes of West Africa

Indian National Congress

Gandhi helped turn from elite organization into mass organization open to all including illiterate and poor.

Salt

Gandhi led "March to the Sea" in boycott against British and their salt tax so indians marched to sea to make thier own salt

Swaraj

Gandhi's message to people of India about self-rule. Swaraj literally means "self rule"

Satyagraha

Gandhi's movement that practiced non-violence

Marshall Plan

General George C. Marshall's plan to reconstruct Europe after WWII by giving them $13 billion so that communism would have less of an appeal from 1948-1952

Chiang Kai-Shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. (p. 788)

Christopher Columbus

Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization. (p. 430)

Anschluss

German annexation of Austria.

Karl Marx

German author of "Communist Manifesto"; considered the "Father of Communism"

Karl Marx

German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894). (p. 709)

Max Planck

German physicist who developed quantum theory and was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1918. (p. 774)

Albert Einstein

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed. (p. 774)

Nazis

German political party joined by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war. When Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi Party became the only legal party and an instrument of Hitler's absolute rule. (786)

Lombards

German tribe that moved across the Alps into northern Italy

Angles and Saxons

Germanic tribe in the 500's. The legend of King Arthur originates from these guys.

Visigoths

Germanic tribe that moved westward occupying land north of the Danube River

Visigoths

Germanic tribe that was forced into the Roman Empire by the Huns

Model T

Henry Ford mass produced Model T car by standardizing production, subdividing work, and using machines instead of manual labour because cheaper, new car every 10 seconds because so efficient

Appeasement

Giving into an opponent to avoid war.

nuclear nonproliferation

Goal of international efforts to prevent countries other than the five declared nuclear powers (United States, Russia, Britain, France, and China) from obtaining nuclear weapons. The first Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was signed in 1968. (p. 890)

new monarchies

Historians' term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain from 1450 to 1600. The centralization of royal power was increasing within more or less fixed territorial limits. (p. 414)

Heresy

Going against the church (particularly the Catholic Church).

Magna Carta

Great Charter forced upon King John of England by his barons, established that the power of the monarchy was not absolute and guaranteed trial by jury and due process of law to the nobility in 1215

Charles II

Great London Fire occurred under his rule (1666, easy to remember). John Milton also wrote Paradise Lost during that time.

trireme

Greek and Phoenician warship of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. It was sleek and light, powered by 170 oars arranged in three vertical tiers. Manned by skilled sailors, it was capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers. (p. 132)

phalanx

Greek battle formation, rectangle made of lines of soldiers

Herodotus

Greek historian, "father of history"

Pilgrims

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. (p. 487)

chartered Company

Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies. (p. 498)

breech loading rifle

Gun into which the projectiles had to be individually inserted. Later guns had magazines, a compartment holding multiple projectiles that could be fed rapidly into the firing chamber. (p. 681)

percussion cap

Gunpowder-filled capsules that, when struck by the hammer of a gun, ignite the explosive charge in a gun. Their use meant that guns no longer needed to be ignited by hand. (p. 681)

Epicureanism

Happiness was goal of life, can only be happy when centered on friendship

horse collar

Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles. (p. 269)

Acropolis

Have temples and a government building. Most famous is Athens. Highest point in the city.

Louis XIV

He built the palace of Versailles.

أشار

indicated

Louis XIV

He established the French Catholic Church, which was independent of Rome. Developed Bourgeoisie, built Versailles palace, and believed in the Divine Right of Kings.

Anasazi

Important culture of what is now the southwest (1000-1300 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas. (pg 308)

Martin Luther

He is considered the catalyst that began the protestant reformation.

confucius

He taught that people are basically good, should be tolerant of others and respect the elderly.

laozi

He taught that people should be kind, humble, thrifty and the less you are governed the better.

Scarcity

the condition that results from limited resources combined with unlimited wants

Galileo

He was the first to present the heliocentric theory.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe. (p. 863)

hoplite

Heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the close-packed phalanx formation. Hoplite armies-militias composed of middle- and upper-class citizens supplying their own equipment: Superior to all other forces 128

Bourbon Dynasty

Henry of Navarre's Dynasty, the most powerful after the fall of the Hapsburgs

Bannermen

Hereditary military servants of the Qing Empire, in large part descendants of peoples of various origins who had fought for the founders of the empire. (p. 684)

Human-centered

High Renaissance art was this.

Sepoys

Hindu and Muslim recruits commanded by British officers. Eventually rebelled by mutiny because of greased cartridge controversy

Byzantine Empire

Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire, capital in Constantinople

Latin West

Historians' name for the territories of Europe that adhered to the Latin rite of Christianity and used the Latin language for intellectual exchange in the period ca. 1000-1500. (p. 394)

خلاف

the conflict

New Imperialism

Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories for the benefit of the col

Liberalism

Liberals in Europe wanted to persevere free market while stop stale trade restrictions and church involement with education which insisted right to speak, act, and role without harm to others

Byzantine Empire

Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (250)

Crusades

Holy wars declared by the Pope. There were four major ones: the first captured the Holy Land for the Catholics, the second was a failed attempt to get land that had been regained by the Muslims, third was mainly holding Saladin back and getting loot off to jolly old England, and fourth was when the Catholics effectively sacked Constantinople and butchered the Orthodox.

Augustus

Honorific name of Octavian, founder of the Roman Principate, the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of the Roman Senate.

Augustus

Honorific name of Octavian, founder of the Roman Principate, the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of the Roman Senate. (151)

The printing press

How did the ideas of Renaissance writers spread?

One characteristic of Greek art during the golden age was that it glorified

Humans

لاحتواء

the conflict

Habsburg Empire

Hungarian nobles forced weakened dynasties to grant them home rule with 1867 compromise but only 1/2 were Hungarian so forcibly tired to assimilate others yet multinationalism flourished

Rasputin

Illiterate; self-proclaimed priest; popular with czar's family because he could heal czar's son's cases of hemophilia; murdered

Potosi

Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America. (p. 479)

Peace of Westphalia

In 1648, it was the first major European peace conference where the Pope was not present. In it, Switzerland and the Netherlands were recognized as independent.

Legalism

In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. (p.52)

gentry

In China, the class of prosperous families, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel. (166)

yin/yang

In Chinese belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. Yin is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities; yang with feminine, dark, and passive qualities. (p. 63)

mansabs

In India, grants of land given in return for service by rulers of the Mughal Empire. (p. 536)

karma

In Indian tradition, the residue of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a 'spirit' and determines what form it will assume in its next life cycle. Used in India to make people happy with their lot in life (177)

lama

In Tibetan Buddhism, a teacher. (p. 351)

equites

In ancient Italy, landowners second in wealth and status to the senatorial aristocracy. The Roman emperors allied with this group to counterbalance the influence of the old aristocracy and used the equites to staff the imperial civil service (152)

Triumvirate

In ancient Rome, a group of three leaders sharing control of the government, never really worked

Israel

In antiquity, the land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the Jordan River, occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium B.C.E. The modern state of Israel was founded in 1948. (p. 98)

mandate of heaven

In china, a theory that officials of a government are selceted by their ability and must rule fairly.

creoles

In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. (p. 482)

bourgeoisie

In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. (p. 459)

manor

In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land. (p. 254)

vassal

In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord. (p. 256)

serf

In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some serfs worked as artisans and in factories; serfdom was not abolished there until 1861. (pp. 254, 553)

serfs

In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some serfs worked as artisans and in factories; serfdom was not abolished there until 1861. (pp. 254, 553)

guild

In medieval Europe, an association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who worked in a particular trade and banded together to promote their economic and political interests. (403)

Indian Ocean Maritime System

In premodern times, a network of seaports, trade routes, and maritime culture linking countries on the rim of the Indian Ocean from Africa to Indonesia. (p. 207)

False

In representing the human figure, Renasissance sculptors imitated the greeks by creating forms that were types rather than individuals.

Joan of Arc

In the Hundred Year's War she served as a fulfillment of prophesy and led French troops to victory against the English. She was captured by the Burgundians and sold to the English, who tried her for witchcraft and burned her at the stake. Her death was the turning point for France.

plantocracy

In the West Indian colonies, the rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land, especially in the eighteenth century. (p. 502)

art, religion, mythology, and language

In what ways has Indian Culture influenced other cultures?

direct democracy

In which all citizens participated directly in making decisions. Such as Athens

representative democracy

In which the citizens elect representative who in turn run the government while representing them.

Sikhism

Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, Sikh warriors mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule. (p. 538)

Jawaharial Nehru

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964). (p. 815)

Janissaries

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. See also devshirme. (p. 526, 675)

Janissary

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. See also devshirme. (p. 526, 675)

Marie Antoinette

Insensitive and inept ruler, who cared more for shopping than the government. She was the symbol of waste.

Parthians

Iranian ruling dynasty between ca. 250 B.C.E. and 226 C.E. (p. 204)

Mandi

Islamic term used to refer to the "chosen one" that railed Nigerians against British and their African collaborators rebellion

Iwo Jima

Island known for its black sand

Iron curtain

It became a symbol of the cold war

Gupta Empire

It flourished because of trade and manifacturing in India.

Florence

the crucible of the Renassance of Italy

ulama

Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238)

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 536)

Fascist Party

Italian political party created by Benito Mussolini during World War I. It emphasized aggressive nationalism and was Mussolini's instrument for the creation of a dictatorship in Italy from 1922 to 1943. (See also Mussolini, Benito.) (p. 786)

flower arrangement, landscape gardening, tea ceremonies

What were three important japanese arts developed during the Ashikaga Shogunate?

Tulip

John Calvins theoligical beliefs

Keynesian Revolution

John Maynard Keynes wrote book explaining market couldnt always fix itself and states must intervene. Keynesian Revolution took years to complete as govs realized capitalism required some regulating

Rape of Nanjing

Japanese attack on Chinese capital from 1937-1938 when Japanese aggressorts slaughtered 100,000 civilians and raped thousands of women in order to gain control of China

Khubilai Khan

Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294) and founder of the Yuan Empire. (p. 351)

pilgrimage

Journey to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. Other religions also have pilgrimage traditions, such as the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca. (270)

Atahualpa

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. (p. 438)

D-Day

June 6, 1944 when Western Allied forces landed in Normany, bringing Germans face to face with American and British troops ready to fight

Tulip Period

Last years of the reign of Ottoman sultan Ahmed III, during which European styles and attitudes became briefly popular in Istanbul. (p. 530)

havssmannization

Leopold II of Belgium imitated the havssmannization of Paris in his own capital Brussels by opening parks, museums, and grand entrance to the city

To show the glory of france & keep an eye on nobility.

Why was the palace of Versailles buit?

King Leopold II

King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908). (p. 732)

English Civil War

Monarch vs. Parliament. Kings Supporters: Cavaliers, Church of England supporters" Catholics, Royalists. Parliament supporters: Puritans, Oliver Cromwell, Roundheads

Bastille

Kings political prison and arsenal. It was stormed on July 14, 1789 at the start of the French Revolution.

Pax Romana

Latin for Roman Peace, it was a period of peace and prosperity for the Roman Empire. It lasted from the reign of Augustus Caesar (Octavian) to that of Markus Aurelius (that is, 27 BC to 180 AD). In this period, Christianity formed and rose in popularity.

Muhammad Ali

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952. (p. 652)

Ho Chi Minh

Leader of North Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh

Leader of North Vietnam and father of that country.

medieval

Literally 'middle age,' a term that historians of Europe use for the period ca. 500 to ca. 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance. (p. 250)

samurai

Literally 'those who serve,' the hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate. (p. 563)

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. (pp. 260, 449)

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. Not holy, Roman, or an Empire

Julius Caesar

Made dictator for life after conquering Gaul, assassinated by the Senate because they were afraid of his power

Single vanishing points

Masaccio and other painters controlled linear perspective through the use of this.

Hellenic

Means "Greek." Note that Hellenistic means "Greek-like"

Philosopher

Means "lover of wisdom."

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States. (p. 583)

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I. (p. 594)

"Rich Country, Strong Army"

Meiji reformation slogan that unifed currency to Yen, introduced tax reforms, civil service exams, railroads, foreign consultants and telegraph lines

Talleyrand

Nap

Waterloo

Napoleon's major defeat by the British was at this land battle, it stopped his advance.

Seperate Spheres

Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics (711)

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p. 428)

Nongovernmental Organizations

Nonprofit international organizations devoted to investigating human rights abuses and providing humanitarian relief. Two NGOs won the Nobel Peace Prize in the 1990s: International Campaign to Ban Landmines (1997) and Doctors Without Borders (1999). (p. 8

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization was an ally between Western Europe and America and united them against communism in 1949

Yamagata Arimoto

One of the leaders of the Meiji Restoration. (p. 722)

NATO

Organization formed in 1949 as a military alliance of western European and North American states against the Soviet Union and its east European allies. (See also Warsaw Pact.)(p. 832)

Parliament

Originally a tax collecting body, evolved into a law making body

dalai lama

Originally, a title meaning 'universal priest' that the Mongol khans invented and bestowed on a Tibetan lama (priest) in the late 1500s to legitimate their power in Tibet. Subsequently, the title of the religious and political leader of Tibet. (p. 556)

Polish Corridor

Part of northern Germany given to Poland to give them access to the sea

Mark Antony

Part of the second triumvirate, he opposed Octavian in the East/West power split, and controlled the Asian regions. He married Cleopatra and together they lost the war with the West after losing the battle of Actium. He committed suicide.

Xerxes

Persian leader that burned Athens

utopian socialism

Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively (616

Count Camillo diCavour

Piedmont who along with Otto Von Bismarch enlarged ow states by using nationalist feeling and to preserve monarchical and conservative rule, also used force

Malacca

Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka. (p. 387)

Khrushchev

Premier of the soviet union during the early years of the Cold War

Agora

market place, also a public meeting place for Greek citizens

Roman Question

Refers to how Italy gain control of Rome without going to war against France

Hellen

Related to Pan Hellenism. Is the Greeks' common ancestor

Islam

Religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad (570-632 C.E.) on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran. (231)

Protestant Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England. (p. 446)

Catholic Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 447)

mass deportation

Removal of entire peoples used as terror tactic by Assyrian and Persian Empires. (95)

Emilano Zapata

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately assassinated. 819

democracy

Rule by the people

Simony

Selling of church offices

Shah Abbas I

Shah of Iran (r. 1587-1629). The most illustrious ruler of the Safavid Empire, he moved the imperial capital to Isfahan in 1598, where he erected many palaces, mosques, and public buildings. (p. 533)

Eleanor of Aquitaine

She followed he husband on crusade.

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Shi'ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic. (p. 859)

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 (746)

Suez Canal

Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882. (p. 726)

dhow

Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull. (p. 382)

Victor Emmanuel II

The first king of Piedmont Sardinia

khipu

System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information. (p. 312)

Patton

The Commander of the Allied forces in North Africa

James I

The English king who came up with "Divine Right of Kings", the idea that God had hand-chosen the monarchs to rule, and if you question them then you question God.

Saladin

The Muslim general during the Crusades, he managed to regain a lot of territory lost in the first Crusade, defeat the second Crusade, and have a treaty in the third.

Serbia

The Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s. After World War II the central province of Yugoslavia. Serb leaders struggled to maintain dominance as the Yugoslav federation dissolved in the 1990s. (p. 676)

Pope Urban II

The Pope that called for the first Crusade in 1095.

Resolution 242

The UN resolution that granted the Jews their own homeland

Yi Kingdom

The Yi dynasty ruled Korea from the fall of the Koryo kingdom to the colonization of Korea by Japan. (p. 362)

mechanization

The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century England. (p. 603)

Otto von Bismarck

The architect of German unification, Prime Minister under Wilhelm I

Raphel

The artist who created the dliverance of St Peter.

White Man's Burden

The belief that Europeans must spread Christianity to the Americas, Africa, and Asia

technology transfer

The communication of specific plans, designs, or educational programs necessary for the use of new technologies from one society or class to another. (p. 358)

July 14, 1789

The date of the french independence day

July 4, 1776

The day of the American indepence day

Great Circuit

The network of Atlantic Ocean trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay theAtlantic system. (p. 508)

Atlantic System

The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. (p. 497)

June 28, 1914 to November 11,1918

The offical dates for WWI

East Orthodox Church

The oldest church, remained in the east after the Westerners became Catholic. Basic Beliefs (aside from the obvious): priests can marry, mass can be given in any language, the patriarch (leader of the church) chosen by emperor, uses iconography

Macartney Mission

The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire. (p. 560)

Japanese "Miracle"

after surrendering at the end of WWII, emerged as a politically stable regime with thriving economy in 1970's because of American military protection, investment, and transfers of technology

Heliocentric theory

The sun is the center of the universe and the planets orbit around it.

Feudalism

The system in which privileges and responsibility are tied to property ownership and one's place in society.

variolation

The technique of enhancing immunity by exposing patients to dried mucous taken from those already infected. (p. 559)

mestizo

The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent. (p. 484)

mulatto

The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent. (p. 484)

constitutionalism

The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks. (p. 452)

autocracy

The theory justifying strong, centralized rule, such as by the tsar in Russia or Haile Selassie in Ethiopia. The autocrat did not rely on the aristocracy or the clergy for his or her legitimacy. (p. 553)

Forbidden City

The walled section of Beijing where emperors lived between 1121 and 1924. A portion is now a residence for leaders of the People's Republic of China. (p. 355)

Boxer Rebellion

The war in which the "Fist of Righteous Harmony" called for anything Western to be destroyed and killed many Europeans.

Weimar Republic

The weak government set up after the German Empire fell in WWI. It lasted until Hitler replaced it.

Proletariat

The working class according to Marx

1799

The year Napoleon came into power

1815

The year Napoleon was defeated at waterloo

Thomas Aquinas

Theologian, joins Christian Doctrine with Greek Philosophy, founder of scholasticism

monsoon

These strong and predictable winds have long been ridden across the open sea by sailors, and the large amounts of rainfall that they deposit on parts of India, Southeast Asia, and China allow for the cultivation of several crops a year. (pp. 174, 371)

Postdam Conference

This is when truman recived word that the US had successfully test-detonated an atomic device

Dr. David Livingstone

This man made Africa look like heaven which caused a scramble for Africa.

Excommunication

To be officially kicked out of the Church; Martin Luther was officially _____________ by the Catholic Church

Clovis

Unified Gaul, founded Frankish monarchy, first Germanic King to accept Catholicism

Charlemagne

Wanted to unite Germanics, saved Pope Leo III from an angry mob and was named Emperor of the Romans

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China. (p. 684)

Confucius

Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551-479 B.C.E.). His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials.(p. 62)

Chinese

What culture invented the abacus, the compass and gunpowder?

Divine wind

What does Kamikaze mean?

mandate of heaven

What is the most significant political achievement of the Zhou dynasty?

curved jewel, iron sword, bronze mirror

What symbols of power are still symbols of power for the Japanese imperial family today?

One man one vote, all three houses meet together

What the Jacobin wanted when they petitioned Louis XVI

The end justifies the means.

What was Machiavelli's Philosophy?

The aryans

Who created the caste system?

Pope Urban II

Who was the pope when the first crusade began?

Asoka

Who's first millitary campaign was also his last?

iron curtain

Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West. (p. 831)

acllas

Women selected by Inca authorities to serve in religious centers as weavers and ritual participants. (p. 318)

14 Points

Woodrow Wilson's post-WWI peace plan; points included self-determination, establishment of league of Nations, and no indemnities

يوم الغفران

Yom Kippur, Day of Atonement

Maximillien Robespierre

Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. See Jacobins. (p. 589)

Mass Consumption

as mass production made possible high demand for goods made mass consumption possible cannot have one without the other.

Conscription

required service in the military

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Battle of Adrianople

a Germanic group (Visigoths) defeated the roman legions

metropolis

a Greek colony's "mother city"

المقاومة

resistance

استجابت

responded

Nero

a Judio-Claudian Emperor ruled from 54- 68 A.D. believed to have started the Great Fire of Rome then to have blamed it on the Christians.

Tribune of the Plebs

responsible for rights of the lower class, sacro sanct, could veto senate

Battle of Marathon

a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians

Heresy

a belief different from accepted doctrine; Martin Luther was convicted of _______.

Manifest Destiny

a belief shared by many Americans in the mid-1800s that the United States should expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean

Natural Rights

a body of laws philosophically bestowed upon all people that include the protection of life, liberty, and property

Agora

a central area in Greek cities used both as a marketplace and as a meeting place

Magna Carta

a charter agreed to by King John of England that granted nobles certain rights and restricted the king's power

Alexandria

a city in Egypt that had public meeting places such as theaters, libraries, and gymnasiums where men excercised and discussed important topics. Also the library had thousands of documents and was an available resource for many. To add to this there was also an education center and a trade center.

Civil Society

a complex network of voluntary associations, economic groups, religious organizations, and many other kinds of groups that exist independently from the government

Pan-Germanism

both movement and ideology because Schonerer founded league of German Nationalists and made people believe they were German race so fixed by blood and not defined by state

Dynasty

a family of rulers whose right to rule is hereditary

Presbyterian

a follower of Calvinism

Totalitarian

a form of authoritarian government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens

Democracy

a general description of a government in which the people rule

اندلعت

broke out

caravan

a group of people, usually traders, who travel together for safety

Progressivism

a group of reform movements of the late 1800s that focused on urban problems, the plight of workers, and corrupt political machines

Shari'ah

a law code drawn up by Muslim scholars that provides believers with a set of practical laws to regulate their daily lives

Viet Minh

a liberation force in 1941 created by Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam after embracing the idea of agrarian revolution. It was communist led and became a powerful nationalist organization as it mobilized the peasantry. Used guerrilla tactics to undermine French officials and work towards anti-colonialism

Blitzkrieg

a lightning war complete with tanks and motorized infantry like when Germany invaded the Soviet Union and went against their non-aggression pact

Disarmament

a limit or reduction in armed forces or weapons

Confederacy

a loose union of independent states; name of government used by the southern states that seceded during the Civil War

Elasticity

a measure of responsiveness that tells us how a dependent variable such as quantity responds to an independent variable such as price

Scholasticism

a medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason

Patrician

a member of Roman aristocracy

legion

a military unit consisting of 4,500 to 6,000 soilders

Internationalism

a national policy of actively trading with foreign countries to foster peace and prosperity

Renaissance

a movement following the Middle Ages that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Foreign Policy

a nation's plans and procedures for dealing with other countries

Platform

a political party's stand on important issues and general principles

Neolithic Revolution

a period in human history marked by the introduction of agriculture and a shift from food gathering to food production

Tithe

a person gives 10% of their income to the Church

Dissident

a person who speaks out against the regime in power

Menes

a pharaoh who united Egypt

Gracchii

brothers, tried to reform gov't, failed, both assassinated by patricians

New Deal

a plan by President Franklin Roosevelt intended to bring economic relief, recovery, and reforms to the country during the Great Depression

Isolationism

a policy in which a nation avoids entanglement in foreign affairs

Socialism

a political and economic system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns the means of production

Feudalism

a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service

Dictator

a political leader holding unlimited power

برنامجاً زمنياً

timetable

Fascism

a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition

Theocracy

a political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)

Counterculture

a rebellion of teens and young adults against mainstream American society in the 1960s

Reformation

a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Warsaw Pact

a response to NATO formed by Soviet Union and nearby countries because they were threatened by NATO and this rivalry almost led to a third world war

Trajan

brought the empire to its largest size. About the size of the U.S. of A.

Social Darwinism

a scientific theory of natural selection and the survival of the fittest as applied to society and used to justify imperialism and racism

Nationalism

a sense of pride and devotion to one's country

Crusades

a series of wars carried out by European Christians to gain control of the Holy Land from their Muslim rulers

Ideology

a set of basic beliefs about life, culture, government, and society

Master

a skilled artisan who owned a business and employed others

Depression

a state of the economy with large numbers of unemployment, supply shortages, and excess capacity in manufacturing plants

Brinkmanship

a strategy that involves countries going to the verge of war without actually going to war

Pyrrhic Victory

a victory achieved at great cost.

Hellenistic

a word meaning to "imitate Greeks," Greek-speaking civilization which spread through many lands of the eastern Mediterranean and beyond following the conquests of Alexander the Great.

Anarchy

absence of any form of Government

Sino Japanese War

accelerated Japan's rapid transformation to a nation-state and colonial power. China lost and forced to give Taiwan to the Japanese

الاتفاق

agreement

"Scramble for Africa"

all European powers rushed to colonize Africa so Portugal called international conference to divide up Africa with out any regard to African Culture, ethnicity, commerce, or language

plebeians

all other citizens besides the powerful aristocratic class

Gaul

an ancient region of western Europe that included what is now northern Italy and France and Belgium and part of Germany and the Netherlands

Muslim Brotherhood

an Islamic group in Egypt that attacked liberal democracy as a facade so was anti-colonial and anti-british and wanted a "return to Islam"

Catechism

an elementary book summarizing the principles of a Christian religion, Martin Luther wrote one

Nationalize

to change from private ownership to government ownership

Communism

an economic and political system in which government owns the means of production and controls economic planning

Capitalism

an economic system in which most businesses are privately owned

Incumbent

an elected official that is already in office

Republic

an indirect form of democracy in which people elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf

Claudius

an intelligent and scholarly man who conquered Britain. It is believed that his wife, Agrippina, poisoned him with tainted mushrooms

Hyksos

conquered Egypt for some time and introduced horse-drawn chariots and other tools. may have enslaved egyptians and treated women and children badly. A group of leaders and rebels created an army and pushed the Hyksos out of egypt

Lobbying

contacting a public official to persuade him or her to support a group's interests

Heresy

an opinion that goes against the teachings of a church

Homer

ancient Greek epic poet, wrote Iliad and Odyssey

Thucydides

ancient Greek historian, wrote history of the Peloponnesian War

تطبيق

application, practice

Tiberius

appointed his favorite horse as consul. Murdered in A.D. 41. Adopted son of Augustus

الخلافات

arguments

cavalry

armed soilders on horses

الضفة

bank ( land )

investiture

controversy Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands. (p. 261)

ستكلف

coomisioned

التعاون

cooperation

Reaganomics

based on an economic theory, known as supply-side economics, where tax cuts and business incentives will stimulate the economy

Hittites were known for

being the first people to use iron extensively for weapons

Vedas

books of sacred knowledge, religious rituals, and hyms

equites

business and landowning people of Rome. Shared great wealth because of trade and political influence.

Counter-Reformation

catholic church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to Strengthen the Catholic Church

Restoration Period

caused by French Revolution and Napolenoic Wars because left many stale forms and ideologies to choose from with Utopian Ideas

tophet

cemetery containing burials of young children, possibly sacrificed to the gods in times of crisis, found at Carthage and other Phoenician settlements in the western Mediterranean. (p. 108)

اوساط

circles, quarters, classes,strata ( population )

Wars of the Roses

civil war between 2 branches of Plantagenet family (Lancaster/York) for throne, won by York

الاشتباكات

clashes

Charles Darwin

collected specimens then concluded that species evolved over time and weren't fixed like Bible said. Wrote Origin of Species which described "struggle for existance" and some said justified right of ruling class to dominate-->social darwnism

Nazis

combination of Nationalism and anti-capitalism led by Adolf Hitler in Germany and imprisoned or sent all anti-Nazis to concentration camps along with Jews

Plebeian

commoners in Rome

indemnity

compensation paid to a nation for damages inflicted on it, as in war

Upanishads

complex philosophical explanations of the Vedic religion

اختتمت

concluded, finished

principal crops of the Indo-Gangetic Plain

cotton and rice

Militarism

countries rely on their ability to wage war as their primary means of conducting foreign policy

Communist Manifesto

created by Marx and Frederick Engles after hearing revolution broke out in France. Called for working class (proletariats) to unite and over throw capitalism. Were exiled for their work.

Federal Reserve Act

created by U.S Congress and it created a series of boards to monitor the supply and demand of the Nations money

Monopolies

created by big industrialists to improve efficiency, correct failures in the market, and heighten profits

Ataturks Reforms

created modern Turkish nation-state and replaced Muslim law with Swiss Civil code, used Western Calender, instructed to wear European hats, schools under control of state, and women given more rights. Also had a 5 year plan

Shaka Zulu

created ruthless warrior state that drove others out of region for Bantu people. Ruled by fear and incorporated defeated men to create very strong army that conquered much of Africa.

Philip II of Macedon

created the first paid regular army

Henry II

first Plantagenet King of England, marries Eleanor of Aquitane

Universities

first institutions of higher learning in Europe

The Labour Party

first national government in Britain that included liberal, conservative and labour as working class began involvement in the government

Common Law

first national law system, no more Feudalism

Henry VII

first of Tudor Dynasty (1485)

Jihad

followers of Islam mo wage holy war (jihad) on unbelievers

Greek Classical Era

following Persian wars, an explosion of greek pride

Chaldeans

foreigners who conquered Jerusalem in 587 B.C.E.

Concentration Camp

frustrated response to Afrikaner hit and run tactics. 155,00 men, women and children in camps and also people who thought would side with Afrikaans

Blocs

fter WWII, a communist, capitalist, and "third world" bloc were created. They were groups of people united under one cause. United States and Soviet Union became rivals after WWII, creating communist and capitalist blocs that became locked in the "cold war" and caught in between were the formerly colonized and semi-colonized people that were referred to as the "third world"

Pythagoras

geometry, the essence of the universe could be found in music and numbers

Gravitas

great or very dignified seriousness, valued trait

Radio

grew popular during and after WWI and available to all (even illiterate) so able to mobilize the masses for political purposes. Also used for propaganda

Franks

group of Germanic people who rose to prominence under the leadership of King Clovis

Ideals expressed in Greek art during the golden age

harmony, balance, order, and moderation

Secular

having to do with worldly, as opposed to religious, matters

Kublai Khan

he helped unite China by storing grain, giving state aid to the needy, built roads, and encouraged trade.

Marco Polo

he introduced Chinese culture to medieval Europe and vice versa.

Collectivization

in Soviet Union, farms taken from private owners and combined into large units that are worked collectively. many farmers killed animal or burned crops in protest

Steward

in charge of manor while Lord is away

Socrates

he was asked to stop mingling with the young aristocrats of Athens and when he refused to do so, he was forced to end his life by drinking hemlock

paterfamilias

head male of a Chinese family. Authority to pick girls' husbands and approves marriage and **** like that

عراقيل

hindrances, opstacles

المشتركة

joint

Congo Independent State

leopoid II of Belgium claimed Congo independent state and was owned by a single person until Belgian parliament took away because of slave treatment and gave to Belgium to rule as a whole

Herodotus

known as "father of History"

Operation Overlord

known as D-day

The First World

known as the "free world" it wanted to organize and administer the world on basis of capitalism and decmocracy and was made up of Japan, Western Europe, and the United States

Fief

land grant

Lord

landowner

Sokoto Caliphate

large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria. (p. 651)

Richard III

lasts 2 years as king of england

Nationalists

least terrifying of radicals yet perilous force because minority groups carelessly campaigned for own states

Blitzkrieg

lighting war

epic poetry

long book-length poem, about mighty deeds/a grand adventure

Epics

long poems describing heroes and great events

Habsburg Dynasty

long standing ruling family of Spain and Austria

Philip II of Macedon

loves Greek culture, King of Macedon and restored order before he won control of several Athens colonies in northern Greece

Status of women in ancient Greece

low (except in Sparta)

Sappho

lyric poet, female, from Lesbos

Mass Production

machines improved efficiency during WWI making supplies and soon applicable to other production. Mass production made mass consumption possible

Hindu Revailism

made old-fashioned Hindu beliefs "revived" because combined with diverse range of culture and beliefs to create accommodations for modern cultures

Comitia Tributa

made up of 34 tribes, elect lower magistrates

The Council of Five Hundred

made up of 500 people 50 from each tribe. Members served for one year terms and could serve only twice. They proposed laws to the assembly and met at least 10 times a year. They were the source of ultimate authority.

Bipartisan

made up of members from both major political parties

Annul

make void or invalid; Henry VIII wanted the Catholic Church to _____his first marriage

pedagogue

male slave who took care of a boy from the age of seven, went everywhere with him including to school.

White Wolf

mysterious group that raided trade routes and non followers in rural China. Sabotaged Guomindang leadership

praetors

officials that helped the consuls. Like in times of war the ____ would command armies and in times of peace the ______ would oversee the legal system.

بمناسبة

on the occasion

Federal Reserve System

privately owned, publicly controlled, central bank of the United States

Griots

professional record keepers, historians and political advisors in Africa.

Boxer Uprising

sided with Qing and popular where natural disasters had occurred saying gods angry due to foreigners present. Eventually suppressed by Japanese, Europeans, and American Troops

Elite Culture

opera, classical music, painting, literature, all things only available to wealth

يقهر

to conquer, vanquish, defeat

The Great Depression

overproduction caused American stock market to crash on Black Tuesday caused widespread panic and US had lended large amounts of money to European Nations to help them while struggling with debt. Great Depression caused state to regulate economy

frescoes

paintings made on wet plaster walls.

Zionism

part of pan movements that sought to link people across state boundaries by rearrangement of borders

Comitia Centuriata

passed laws, issued war declarations, ratified treaties and elected magistrates, consisted of 193 members

Reparation

payment made to the victor by the vanquished to cover the costs of a war

Treaty of Versailles

peace conference held in Versailles to determine fate of conquered countries. Blamed Germany and forced to pay reparations and victorious countries get more land

Serf

peasant bound to land, not Lord

Joan of Arc

peasant girl who led french army to victory over the english in the 100 year's war, insane

Constituents

people of a particular geographic area who are represented by a member of Congress

Aristophenes

playwright (comedy)

Conflict of the Orders

plebeians threaten to leave for lack of power, so the patricians give them the written law, they can marry into patrican families, and their own assembly in Concilium Plebis

Guomindang

political party in China that Sun Yat-Sen organized his followers into

third century crisis

political, military, and economic turmoil that beset the Roman Empire during much of the third century C.E.: frequent changes of ruler, civil wars, barbarian invasions, decline of urban centers, and near-destruction of long-distance commerce. (157)

Getulro Vargas

politician in Brazil that sought to create a strong political following by enacting socially popular reforms. Called "father of the poor" and special efforts to appeal to Brazilian Blakcs

karma

positive or negative force generated by a person's actions, which will determine their status in the next life

امكانية

possibility

Maji-Maji Revolt

revolt in East Africa that Germans brutally suppressed and revealed intense opposition to the world of nations and empires

Entrepreneur

risk taker who starts new ventures within the economic system of capitalism

Manaus Opera HOuse

rubber-boom brought immense wealth to Brazil so built Manaus Opera House until demand too high so crashed and Opera House fell into disrepair

Geography of Ancient Greece

rugged, easy access to sea, can only farm grapes/olives, raise goats/sheep

Oligarchy

rule by a few small groups of people, usually member of the military or the economic elite

السيطرة

rule, domination, authority, control

Eat Indian Company

ruled over India for 100 years til eventually sepoys mutinied because of new Enfield riffle with pig and cow felt. Eventually British crom took over Indian rule

Phidias

sculptor who designed the statue by Zeus at the Temple of Olympia

Free Officers Movement

secret organization of junior military officers that devised a program to transform the Egyptian society and they had ties with other groups such as communists

ضمان

security, guarantee

Autonomous

self-governing

مستوطنات

settlements

شحنة

shipment

Suez Canal

shorted trip distances between Europe and Asia so made cheaper. British shipped most through yet Egyptians and French paid most of the construction

يحدد

to define

مماثلاً

similar

Aristotle

student of Plato, doesn't believe in ideal plane, all human knowledge can be systematized

Mughal

the 16th century Indian style that combined persian and Indian images.

Supply

the amount of a product that would be offered for sale at all possible prices that could prevail in the market

Bill of Rights

the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution concerning basic individual liberties

Federalism

the form of political organization in which power is divided among a central government and territorial subdivisions

Government

the formal structures and institutions through which a territory and its people are ruled

Mercantilism, nationalism, secret alliances, arms race

the four causes of WWI (The Great War)

Laissez-Faire

the idea that there should be minimal government involvement in economic affairs

Sanskrit

the indo-ayrian language

Middle Passage

the journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas

Bourgeoisie

the middle class

ستتناول

will deal with

cursus honorum

the path of honor, to move up a level in the political sense

nirvana

the perfect peace that releases the soul from the endless cycle of reincarnation

Self-Determination

the right of people to decide their own political status

Suffrage

the right to vote

Civil Rights

the rights that involve equal status and treatment and the right to participate in government

Poverty

the situation in which a person's income and resources do not allow him or her to achieve a minimum standard of living

rhetoric

the study of oratory, or public speaking, and debating

Coup d'etat

the sudden overthrow of a government by force

Sovereignty

the supreme and ultimate power within territorial boundaries

Senate

the supreme governing body, originally made up only of aristocrats.

Great Society

the term for the domestic programs of the Johnson administration

Amphibious

the type of landings used in the Pacific and D-day

Veche

town meeting

Hellenistic society included a middle class that thrived because

trade expanded

hoe

what tool did African farmers use to deter erosion?

Mass Mobilization

when countries mobilized millions of men to fight in war, even allowing women to serve or replace men at their jobs while they were at war

division of labor

when people in a society each perform different jobs

battle of Teutoburg Forest

where Octavian suffered a defeat that ended their expansion into Germany.

Contraceptives

women began use of birth control as they had increasingly important role in society yet some countries made it illegal

Collegia

workers trade associations

Apprentice

works for an expert to learn a trade

Euripides

writer, used regular people instead of Gods, and tried to answer real life questions in playwrite

hieroglyphics

writing using symbols and characters. Each symbol stands for a separate word. Over 600 characters

95 Theses

written by Martin Luther and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. It is vitally important to understand that these theses were used for the intent of displaying Luther's displeasure with the Church's indulgences

Horace

wrote of human emotions in odes, satires, and epistles (letters)

"Comfort Women"

young Korean women who worked as prostitutes for Japanese soldiers in the 1940's

Solomon

King of Israel (son of David). Known for wealth, wisdom, and his temple

Cynics

people that scorned pleasure, wealth, and social position were

Euuriphides

A greek playwright

Sophocles

A greek playwright

Theravada Buddhism

'Way of the Elders' branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. Therevada remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods (181)

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. (p. 552)

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

Mycenaean Civilization

1600-1200 BC, powerful fortress cities, warlike and aggressive

Chinese Communists

1940's China descended into a civil war and the Chinese communists ended up winning so American-supported Chinese fled to island of Taiwan

Hindu-Muslim Unity

1940's Hindus and Muslim unity in India deteriorated as negotiations for independence were made which led to creation of National Congress Party and Muslim League, which eventually decided to split into India and Pakistan and many relocated so that they'd be the majority since there was a lot of violence towards the minorities

Holocaust

1940's Hitler's plan to "free" Europe of all Jews so he put them into ghettos and labor camps and seized their property. Opened concentration camps such as Auschwitz in Poland where Jews were shipped like cattle than gassed or died of exhaustion

World Bank

1944 provided economic guidance to the Third World by funding loans for projects to lift the poor out of poverty

International Monetary Fund

1944 provided economic guidance to the Third World by supporting monetary during economic struggles

Hiroshima/Nagasaki

1945 the Japanese cities had atomic bombs dropped on them, killing over 100,000 people and causing Japan to surrender from WWII

Berlin Airlift

1948 when Allies helped keep Soviets from seizing Berlin by sending supplies and planes to Berlin

Arab-Israeli War

1948-1949 shattered legitimacy of Arab ruling elites as Arab states entered the war poorly and eventually the United Nations negotiated a truce between the states but Israel had greatly extended its borders

Front de Liberation Nationale (FNL)

1950's Algerian leading nationalist party that used violence to provoke its opponents and to force local population to decide whether to support the nationalist cause or rally to the side of the colons and eventually war erupted between French and the FLN

Korean War

1950-1953 North Korea and Soviet troops invaded South Korea and U.S. troops and Truman ordered U.S. to drive back North Korean troops. U.N Security Council declared North Korea the aggressor and sent troops to restore peace and as reached Chinese border, Stalin adopted Chinese communists as Allies and sent them to "rescue" communist regime in North Korea and had seesaw war until ended in 1953 with nearly same boundaries as when began

Cuban Revolution

1952 Batista led military coup that made him dictator but failed when U.S. suspended aid and supplies so he left the country and Fidel Castro came into power and became very radical and eventually U.S. sealed off all aid from them and excluded them from U.S. trade

Great Leap Forward

1958 introduced by Mao Zedong as an attempt to unleash the people's energy by organizing China into 24,00 basic social and economic units called communes. Was attempt to make China exceed potential of developed countries but was great failure and actually took an economic leap backward

Bay of Pigs

1961 CIA mounted an invasion by Cuban exiles and landed here but it failed to overthrow Castro and made his ambitions for Cuba even more radical and aligned with the Soviet Union

Negritude

1961 Leopold Sedar Senghor's idea of "black civilization" when he met with other intellectuals studying in Europe and created the idea of a statement of black identitiy in an environment that rejected non-French ways. It says Africans are more human with stronger communal feelings than Europeans yet don't reject Western culture because assimilate good parts of France into Africa

Great Proletarian Culture Revolution

1966 as Mao Zedong worried China would erupt in civil war so launched in order to reassert his power and turned against the Communist Party and won support of the young as they formed "Red Guards" that demonstrated in Tiananmen Square screaming how they'd cleanse the corrupt party and remake Chinese society completely

consuls

2 were elected each year. Served as chief executives who ran the government and acted as military commandars. Appointed dictators. the 2 could veto each other and this veto is still used today in order to maintain the system of checks and balances.

the barracks emperors

25 General-Emperors in 49 years

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights. (p. 892)

diaspora

A Greek word meaning 'dispersal,' used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland. Jews, for example, spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterranean lands in antiquity and today can be found in other places.103

Henry (IV) of Navarre

A Huguenot ruler of France turned Catholic to appease his critics. Later changes his name to Henry IV, and becomes very popular. Assassinated by a religious fanatic. Also made the Edict of Nantes.

Jesus

A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices. He was executed as a revolutionary by the Romans. (155)

Paul

A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, became a Christian. (156)

nawab

A Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor. (p. 657)

Urdu

A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s. (p. 388)

Gaius Marius

A Roman general appointed be the Senate to capture Jugurtha of Northern Africa. He reformed the military into a much more efficient system, making sure that all soldiers were professionals that had no family and all soldiers were paid directly by their commanders, a key part of Caesar's rise to power later on.

Gustavus Adolphus

A Swedish leader who fought against the Catholics in the Thirty Years' War. Successful at first, but when he died Sweden asked for peace.

bubonic plague

A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. High mortality rate and hard to contain. Disastrous. (280)

Aryans

A boisterous nomadic group of warriors who lived in villages in present day India.

Inquisition

A brutally violent church trial, often intended to torture a conversion out of someone. The Spanish Inquisition was by far the worst.

joint-stock company

A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors. (p. 460)

Little Ice Age

A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. (p. 462)

Demographic Transition

A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birth and death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birth rate remains high, causing a population explosion. (867)

most-favored-nation status

A clause in a commercial treaty that awards to any later signatories all the privileges previously granted to the original signatories. (p. 686)

Hebrew Bible

A collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices of the Israelites. Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the fifth century B.C.E. (99)

Persepolis

A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homelan (119)

aqueduct

A conduit, either elevated or under ground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location-usually a city-that needed it. The Romans built many aqueducts in a period of substantial urbanization. (p. 156)

Xiongnu

A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century. (168)

Truman Doctrine

A containment policy to stop the spread of communism.

British East India Trading Company

A corporation set in charge of India rather than an actual government because India is so far away from Britain

Roman Senate

A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. (148)

Malay Peoples

A designation for peoples originating in south China and Southeast Asia who settled the Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, and the Philippines, then spread eastward across the islands of the Pacific Ocean and west to Madagascar. (p. 190)

electric telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s and replaced telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores. (609)

Great Western Schism

A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. (p. 411)

English Bill of Rights (1689)

A document stating that no Roman Catholics could ever take the English Throne.

Valois Dynasty

A dynasty in France created by Philip VI. Henry III of France was its last king, due to Salic Law

Hapsburg Dynasty

A family that controlled Spain, part of Italy, and part of the Holy Roman Empire. It was extremely powerful until the Thirty Years' War

Sijo

A famous type of poem in korea

porcelain

A fine pottery style developed in China.

steel

A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment. (p. 701)

Minotaur

A giant creature that King Minos allegedly imprisoned in an underground labyrinth. Half human and half bull.

tax farming

A government's use of private collectors to collect taxes. Individuals or corporations contract with the government to collect a fixed amount for the government and are permitted to keep as profit everything they collect over that amount. (p. 334)

encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. (479)

manumission

A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave. (p. 505)

Library of Ashurbanipal

A large collection of writings drawn from the ancient literary, religious, and scientific traditions of Mesopotamia. It was assembled by the sixth century B.C.E. Assyrian ruler Ashurbanipal. (98)

Western Front

A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other. (p. 757)

Ramesses II

A long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt (r. 1290-1224 B.C.E.). He reached an accommodation with the Hittites of Anatolia after a standoff in battle at Kadesh in Syria. He built on a grand scale throughout Egypt. (p. 68)

steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery. (607)

mechanical prespective

A major breaktrough in Renaissance painting

Borobodur

A massive stone monument on the Indonesian island of Java, erected by the Sailendra kings around 800 C.E. The winding ascent through ten levels, decorated with rich relief carving, is a Buddhist allegory for the progressive stages of enlightenment. (193)

Charles Martel

A mayor, nicknamed the Hammer, he won the battle of Tours in 732 and stopped the Muslim advance into Western Europe. His men wanted him crowned, but he declined.

printing press

A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450. See also movable type. (p. 409)

water wheel

A mechanism that harnesses the energy in flowing water to grind grain or to power machinery. It was used in many parts of the world but was especially common in Europe from 1200 to 1900. (p. 398)

First Temple

A monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Solomon in the tenth century B.C.E. to be the religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh. The Temple priesthood conducted sacrifices, received a tithe or percentage of agricultural revenues. (102)

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor. (p. 663)

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, it appealed to the poor (812)

Brahman

A name of God in Hinduism.

Patrician

A noble or wealthy person of Ancient Rome.

infidel

A non-beliver.

Qin

A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). The Qin ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved subjects. (163)

Hittites

A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, the hittites vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria (p.64)

Zulu

A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united beginning in 1818. (p. 649)

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325)

Renaissance

A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern Renaissance 1400-1600 (445)

Pax Romana

A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.

détente

A period when you talk problems out between countries.

Semite

A person originally from Arabia. Babylonians, Arabs, Hebrews

scholasticism

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. (p. 408)

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. (pp. 468, 574)

positivism

A philosophy developed by the French count of Saint-Simon. Positivists believed that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method, leading to continuous progress. Popular in France and Latin America. (616)

stock exchange

A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold. (p. 460)

Appeasement

A policy toward Hitler adopted by the leauge of nations to avoid another war

liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes. (713)

Francisco Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. (819)

Habsburg

A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain. (p. 449)

Teotihuacan

A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600. (p. 300)

driver

A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation. (p. 503)

VISTA

A program by LBJ to help people in need in the US

Oracle

A prophet in ancient Greece. People believed them to be the envoys of the gods, but often they could be bribed by kings.

papyrus

A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paperlike writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East. (p. 44)

Zoroastrianism

A religion originating in ancient Iran with the prophet Zoroaster. It centered on a single benevolent deity-Ahuramazda, Emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides between good and evil (120)

three-field system

A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe. (p. 396)

Punic Wars

A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage, resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.

The Persian Wars

A series of wars where the Greek city-states united against Persia, and managed to maintain control of the Aegean Sea and push the Persian Empire back

Dravidians

A settled, well-organized people who built cities in India.

maroon

A slave who ran away from his or her master. Often a member of a community of runaway slaves in the West Indies and South America. (p. 505)

city-state

A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy. (p. 32)

sepoy

A soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British. (p. 658)

Hoplite

A soldier in ancient Greece.

oracles

A special sanctuary in which the Gods spoke through priest or priestesses to the people usually revealing answers to questions about the future.

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. (p. 834)

Srivijaya

A state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the seventh and eleventh centuries C.E. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, and control of trade routes. (192)

Champa

A state formerly located in what is now southern Vietnam. It was hostile to Annam and was annexed by Annam and destroyed as an independent entity in 1500. (p. 366)

tribute system

A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. (p. 307)

tributary system

A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China. (279)

cuneiform

A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia.

single vanishing point

A technique in art to help create perspective.

fresco

A technique of painting on walls covered with moist plaster. It was used to decorate Minoan and Mycenaean palaces and Roman villas, and became an important medium during the Italian Renaissance. (p. 73)

Ems Dispatch

A telegram from Bismarck that gave the impression that the French had insulted Prussia. Caused France to declare war.

Roman Principate

A term used to characterize Roman government in the first three centuries C.E., based on the ambiguous title princeps ('first citizen') adopted by Augustus to conceal his military dictatorship. (p. 151)

Han

A term used to designate (1) the ethnic Chinese people who originated in the Yellow River Valley and spread throughout regions of China suitable for agriculture and (2) the dynasty of emperors who ruled from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E. (p. 164)

Zhou dynasty

A time in china famous for its bronze ceremonial vases and carved jade work.

Hanseatic League

A trade alliance formed in the Crusades

Silk road

A trade route between china and Rome.

Royal African Company

A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. (p. 507)

hadith

A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law. (p. 241)

Tempera

A type of paint used before oil paint was developed.

Mahabharata

A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature. (p. 185)

junk

A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel. (p. 288)

Glorious Revolution

AKA Bloodless Revolution. James II flees in 1689 when Parliament asks William of Orange (III) and his wife, Mary (II) , to take the throne.

Boer War(South African War)

African forces won early battles in fighting against discrimination they received but British eventually won, inheriting gold into their empire.

Asante

African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. Asante participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain. 1902 (736)

recaptives

Africans rescued by Britain's Royal Navy from the illegal slave trade of the nineteenth century and restored to free status. (p. 655)

Open Door Policy

After China was defeated in Sino-Japanese war, U.S wanted "open door policy" in which access would remain available to all traders but U.S also wanted Qing to realize truth and superiority of Christian civilization

Abi al-Qasim

Algerian who gained many followers to his Sufi Brotherhood because offered safe haven for those who didnt want to be under French rule

keiretsu

Alliances of corporations and banks that dominate the Japanese economy. (p. 861)

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision. (p. 770)

Optimates

Also called nobiles, these people were a class that developed as the Roman Republic became the Empire; the purpose of the class was to serve the Empire

Aztecs

Also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. (p. 305)

Estates-General

Although seldom used, it was created to advise the king. The third party was always outvoted. It was soon changed so that one person=one vote.

Third Estate

Always outvoted in the Estates-General. The commoners that later became the National Assembly.

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution. (p. 577)

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. (p. 703)

Arawak

Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus. (p. 423)

Hammurabi

Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. (p. 34)

Solon

An Athenian statesman known for his economic and political reforms. Became an archon and mediated the dispute between debtors and creditors. He canceled the debts of the poor, outlawed enslavement for debt, and freed those who had been enslaved for nonpayment. Limited aristocratic power and created a citizens court where one could appeal an unfavorable decision made by a judge in front of regular citizens.

Buddha

An Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming 'enlightened' (the meaning of Buddha) he enunciated the principles of Buddhism. (180)

Muslim

An adherent of the Islamic religion; a person who 'submits' (in Arabic, Islam means 'submission') to the will of God. (p. 231) )

Lend-Lease Act

An agreement made between the US and UK before the US entered WWII that allowed America to lend Britain military equipment and use the British bases without making it look like we were no longer neutral

Berlin Conference

An agreement that stated a country must have a military presence in an area to claim it.

Delian league

An alliance of Greek City-States. Fought against the Peloponnessians in the Peloponnesian Wars.

Peloponnesian League

An alliance of Peloponnesian states. Formed as a result of the Peloponnesian Wars.

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England. (488)

Romanesque

An architectural type which has thick walls, barrel vaulted ceilings, small windows, and not terribly tall buildings

Great rift Valley

An area in Africa where early Africans settled because of fertile soil, water and a good climate.

Funan

An early complex society in Southeast Asia between the first and sixth centuries C.E. It was centered in the rich rice-growing region of southern Vietnam, and it controlled the passage of trade across the Malaysian isthmus. (p. 191)

Hanseatic League

An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. (p. 401)

Import Substitution Industrialization

An economic system aimed at building a country's industry by restricting foreign trade. It was especially popular in Latin American countries such as Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil in the mid-twentieth century. (823)

Nero

An emperor, he killed his mother Agrippina in a power struggle. Considered insane, he did nothing as Rome burned (some accuse him of arson, he built a palace on the burnt area later) and had several military leaders assassinated.

Neo-Assyrian Empire

An empire extending from western Iran to Syria-Palestine, conquered by the Assyrians of northern Mesopotamia between the tenth and seventh centuries B.C.E. They used force and terror and exploited the wealth and labor of their subjects. (93)

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. (pp. 355, 422)

Louis XVI

An inept ruler who was not very bright and indecisive. He was the last king of France before the Revolution

WTO

An international body established in 1995 to foster and bring order to international trade. (p. 889)

Ephor

An official in Ancient Sparta. Their job was to uphold the rules of the Kings of Sparta.

seasoning

An often difficult period of adjustment to new climates, disease environments, and work routines, such as that experienced by slaves newly arrived in the Americas. (p. 504)

African National Congress

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought equality (809)

ayllu

Andean lineage group or kin-based community. (p. 312)

labor union

An organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members through strikes or negotiations with employers. (p. 709)

European Community

An organization promoting economic unity in Europe formed in 1967 by consolidation of earlier, more limited, agreements. Replaced by the European Union (EU) in 1993. (p. 834)

patron/client relationship

Anciant Roman: a fundamental social relationship in which the patron-a wealthy and powerful individual-provided legal and economic protection and assistance to clients, men of lesser status and means, and in return the clients supported their patrons (149

Wari

Andean civilization culturally linked to Tiwanaku, perhaps beginning as colony of Tiwanaku. (p. 314)

mit'a

Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations. (p. 312)

Gothic

Another architectural type, which had tall buildings, flying butresses, thin walls, large windows, elaborate decoration, and ribbed vaulting

Pan-Arabism

Arab Muslims living in Ottoman empire unsure of who to remain loyal to

Ibn Khaldun

Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. (336)

Faisal

Arab prince, leader of the Arab Revolt in World War I. The British made him king of Iraq in 1921, and he reigned under British protection until 1933. (p. 760)

Muhammad (570-632 C.E.)

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam. (p. 230)

Oman

Arab state based in Musqat, the main port in the southwest region of the Arabian peninsula. Oman succeeded Portugal as a power in the western Indian Ocean in the eighteenth century. (p. 542)

Theodore Herzl

Austrian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. (p. 760)

Ngo Dien Nhiem

Autocratic, non-communist president of south vietnam.

Swahili

Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa. (p. 542)

Diem Bien Phu

Battle in 1954 that resulted in a decisive victory for the anti-colonial forces of Vietnam against the French and country was divided in 2 with north being controlled by Ho Chi Minh and the south by the French and American support

reconquest of Iberia

Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms. (p. 414)

Paleolithic

Beginning of the Stone Age. The use of primitive stone tools were used., second part of the Stone Age beginning about 750,00 to 500,000 years BC and lasting until the end of the last ice age about 8,500 years BC

monotheism

Belief in a single divine entity. The Israelite worship of Yahweh developed into an exclusive belief in one god, and this concept passed into Christianity and Islam. (102)

Self-determination

Belief that ethnic groups have right to own government and country

John Locke

Believed in Tabula Rasa, which means everyone is born with a blank slate. Also believed in Inalienable rights: life, liberty& property.

Sahel

Belt south of the Sahara; literally 'coastland' in Arabic. (p. 215)

Joesph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition (780)

October Revolution

Bolsheviks led by LEon Trotsky and Lenin claimed power in name of the soviets and proclaimed a full-scale revolution with support of workers and troops

Quran

Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. (p. 232)

Stanley, Henry Morton (1841-1904)

British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. Stanley helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State. (p. 732)

Louis XI (the Spider)

Broke the power of the Burgundians, France became a nation-state under his rule. Known for his intrigue.

Crystal Palace

Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age. (p. 606)

Globe Theater

Built in 1599, this is a famous theater in London where many of William Shakespeare's best-known plays were first performed

Cultural Revolution

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.(p. 848)

Hippocrates

Can be considered the father of medicine

high culture

Canons of artistic and literary masterworks recognized by dominant economic classes. (p. 897)

Thebes

Capital city of Egypt and home of the ruling dynasties during the Middle and New Kingdoms. Amon, patron deity of Thebes, became one of the chief gods of Egypt. Monarchs were buried across the river in the Valley of the Kings. (p. 43)

Mero?

Capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the fourth century B.C.E. to the fourth century C.E. In this period Nubian culture shows more independence from Egypt and the influence of sub-Saharan Africa. (p. 71)

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. (p. 305)

wealth

Capitalism depends primarily on the creation of this.

Julius Caesar

Captured Gaul and Britannia, and had popularity with the public. His ultimate goal was to create a 5 year military campaign in Gaul.

Silk Road

Caravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across Central Asia and Iran. (p. 203)

Yuan Shikai

Chinese general and first president of the Chinese Republic (1912-1916). He stood in the way of the democratic movement led by Sun Yat-sen. (p. 768)

Sun Yat-Sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders. (p. 768)

Mandate of Heaven

Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China.

Qiu Jin

Chinese woman who left her husband and went to Japan to study. Eventually founded Chinese women's journal urging women to fight for their rights. Executed after participating in failed attempt to overthrow Qing Dynasty

Virgil

Classical Roman poet, author of Aenied

Timbuktu

City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning (388

Great Zimbabwe

City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. (p. 385)

War of the Roses

Civil war for English Throne. Yorks (white rose) vs Lancasters (red rose). Henry Tudor marries Elizabeth of York and becomes Henry VII to end the war.

Moche

Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. (p. 313)

Berlin Conference

Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium. (See also Bismarck, Otto von.) (p. 732)

Peloponnesian War

Conflict between Athenian And Spartan Alliances. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism. Possession of a naval empire allowed Athens to fight a war of attrition. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed because of Athenian errors/Persian $$$ (135)

Vietnam War

Conflict pitting North Vietnam and South Vietnamese communist guerrillas against the South Vietnamese government, aided after 1961 by the United States. (p. 838)

Korean War

Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea. (p. 836)

Persian Wars

Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. (131)

Philip (II) of Macedonia

Conquered all of the Greeks by 338 B.C. , and ended all of their democracies. When the Greeks rebelled, he was assassinated.

Edward I

Conquers Wales, establishes Parliament

Martin Luther

Considered the founder of Protestantism, he strongly objected to the selling of indulgences. On October 31, 1517 (important date), he nailed the 95 Theses to the door of a church, which stated the things he found wrong with the Church. In 1520, a Papal Bull (that is, an order from the Pope) demanded him to recant, but he burned it.

Jesus

Considered the son of God by Christians, he taught that God is loving (rather than wrathful), forgiving, and that he was the Messiah, or Christ.

The Third World

Consists of poor countries searching for "third way" between communism and capitalism and all had been subject to European or North American exploitation. Experienced greatest number of failures but experienced decolonization in 1960's

Ptolemies

Descendents of Macedonian officers under Alexander. Gov't largely took over the system created by Egyptian pharaohs to extract the wealth of the land, rewarding Greeks and Hellenized non-Greeks serving in the military and administration. (p. 138)

cultural imperialism

Domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy or by economic or technological superiority. (p. 894)

free-trade imperialism

Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, free-trade imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics. (744)

reason why the Peloponnesian War began

Economic rivalries among Greek city-states

Akhenaten

Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 B.C.E.). He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk. (p.66)

Menes

Egyptian pharaoh that created the first Egyptian dynasty after uniting Upper and Lower Egypt.

ma'at

Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. Reflecting the ancient Egyptians' belief in an essentially beneficent world, the divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order. (See also pyramid.) (p. 42)

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production. (p. 867)

Allied commander in Europe

Eisenhower

House of Burgesses

Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618. (p. 486)

Meiji Emperor

Emperor Mutsuhito "Enlightened Rule" became ruler of Japan after Tokugawa Shogunate toppled. Becan Meiji reformation in which new arm, government, and schools were created

Haile Selassie

Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1930-1974) and symbol of African independence. He fought the Italian invasion of his country in 1935 and regained his throne during World War II, when British forces expelled the Italians. He ruled Ethiopia as an autocrat. (809)

Constantine

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians

Ming Empire

Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. (355)

Ming Empire

Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. (554)

Mali

Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. (See also Timbuktu.) (p. 375)

Song Empire

Empire in southern China (1127-1279; the 'Southern Song') while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. (p. 285)

Triple Entente

England, France, and Russia

Puritans

English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. (p. 487)

Josiah Wedgwood

English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods. (p. 603)

Richard Arkwright

English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once. (604)

Henry VIII

English king that left the catholic church and started the Church of England

Charles Darwin

English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution. (p. 715)

William Shakespeare

English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)

popular culture

Entertainment spread by mass communications and enjoying wide appeal. (p. 897)

tropics

Equatorial region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. It is characterized by generally warm or hot temperatures year-round, though much variation exists due to altitude and other factors. (370)

Legitimate Trade

Exports from Africa in the nineteenth century that did not include the newly outlawed slave trade. (p. 654)

Constantine

First Christian emperor of Rome, he repealed all anti Christian laws in the Roman Empire and renamed Byzantium, moving the capital of East Rome to it

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor, (476

Umayyad Caliphate

First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate. (p. 232)

Hammurabi

First king of the Babylonian Empire. Known for his set of laws (Hammurabi code) the first written law.

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. (p. 215)

extraterritoriality

Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right. (682)

Taiga

Forest region of northern Russia

chiefdom

Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, chiefdoms were based on gift giving and commercial links. (p. 311)

Cyrus

Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples.

Shi Huangdi

Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization. (163)

Estates General

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. (p. 585)

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. (p. 585)

New France

French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763. (p. 489)

Central Powers

Germany and Austria-Hungary

Mahayana Buddhism

Great Vehicle' branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment. (p. 181)

Hellenistic Age

Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until spread of islam. (137)

Sophocles

Greek writer of tragedies, author of Oedipus Rex

1867 Compromise

Habsburgs agreed their state would be called the Austro-Hungarian empire but only 1/2 were Hungarian. Compromise made impossible to more to regional autonomy

Dictator

Had complete control of Ancient Rome for 6 months during emergencies.

Aristotle

He received his education from his father and uncle before attending The Academy

Herodotus

Heir to the technique of historia-'investigation'-developed by Greeks in the late Archaic period. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands. (128)

New Imperialism

Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories. (p. 726)

India 1947

India gained Independence in 1947 along with Pakistan but many were killed in days following as Hindus and Muslims each moved to become the majority

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights (816)

Alexandar the Great conquered territory as far east as the:

Indus River

submarine telegraph cables

Insulated copper cables laid along the bottom of a sea or ocean for telegraphic communication. The first short cable was laid across the English Channel in 1851; the first successful transatlantic cable was laid in 1866. (pg 704)

Committee of Public Safety

Internal security in France during the Jacobin reign of terror.

League of Nations

International group established by 14 Points to prevent future wars; US and Russia did not join

League of Nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s. (763)

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations. (p. 833)

Sasanid Empire

Iranian empire, established ca. 226, with a capital in Ctesiphon, Mesopotamia. The Sasanid emperors established Zoroastrianism as the state religion. Islamic Arab armies overthrew the empire ca. 640. (p. 225)

Safavid Empire

Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state. (p. 531)

Black Shirts

Italian fascists under leadership of Mussolini won battles with shock troops that wore black shirts to intimidate opponets

David

King of Israel (father of Solomon.) Considered extremely holy and the model for all political leaders in Judaism

Alexander

King of Macedonia in northern Greece. Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. Later known as Alexander the Great. (p. 136)

Charlemagne

King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival. (250)

Diocletian

Known for dividing the Roman Empire in half

Koryo

Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259. (p. 292)

Fertile Crescent

Land in the Middle East where agriculture is rich.

Gothic Cathedrals

Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows. (p. 405)

clipper ship

Large, fast, streamlined sailing vessel, often American built, of the mid-to-late nineteenth century rigged with vast canvas sails hung from tall masts. (p. 666)

Inca

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco. (p. 316)

Mohenjo-Daro

Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning. (p. 48)

Moctezuma II

Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hern?n Cort?s. (p. 437)

Hidden Imam

Last in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali, whom Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occlusion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as a messiah at the end of time. (p. 532)

Alexander Kerensky

Leader of Provincial Government installed in Russia following the March 1917 Revolution; overthrown by Bolsheviks

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of Puritans. Led the New Model Army, Rump Parliament: Puritan Opposition kicked out. Called Protectorate and Lord Protector, ruled as a dictator

Lenin

Leader of Russian Bolshevik Party; came to power following the November 1917 Revolution; had Czar Nicholas II and family executed

MacArthur

Leader of Un forces in Korea.

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed. (p. 761)

Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks

Mao Zedong

Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (1927-1976). He led the Communists on the Long March (1934-1935) and rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945). (789)

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901. (p. 743)

Francois Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French. (p. 593)

Mohandas K. Gandhi

Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920. (813)

Maximilien Robespierre

Leader of the Jacobins during the French Revolution.

De Gaulle

Leader of the free french

monasticism

Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. (Primary Centres of Learning in Medieval Europe) (261)

Versailles

Louis XIV moved the capital of France from Paris to here. This cost a lot of money and upset the people of France

division of labor

Manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered in the pottery works of Josiah Wedgwood and in other eighteenth-century factories, increasing productivity, (603)

Caste War of Yucatan

Mayan revolt because local developments had enriched on spirtual, material and physical world. Mayans not yet dragged into sugar economy drove back whites with weapons and wanted to definition of Indians as a "Caste" Whites eventually forced Mayans to retreat to isolated areas and began "Mayan Identity" and ivent mural communities revolving around Chan Santa Cruz but in end, forced to work for whites.

Sophist

Means "wise." Believed in memorization and rhetoric, and thought that math and music were most important. Also believed that a good education led to being a good citizen.

Tupac Amaru II

Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family. (p. 493)

Timur

Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire. (336)

Sandinistas

Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. The Sandinistas lost national elections in 1990

Rajputs

Members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar I married a Rajput princess. (p. 537)

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe. (p. 548)

Maya

Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucat?n Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. (p. 302)

Jose Maria Morelos

Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814. (See also Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel.) (p. 626)

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811. (p. 625)

Bourgeoisie

Middle class.

George Washington

Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799). (p. 581)

Eiffel Tower

Miracle of steel celebrated by building of Eiffel Tower which was twice as tall as any other building in the world

Girondins

Moderates in revolutionary France who believed monarch has limited powers.

Joseph Brant

Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution. (p. 581)

Golden Horde

Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde. (p. 333)

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. (p. 373)

Akbar

Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. (p. 536)

Dorians

Moved into the Peloponnesian area around 110 B.C.E. Illiterate people

Acheh Sultanate

Muslim kingdom in northern Sumatra. Main center of Islamic expansion in Southeast Asia in the early seventeenth century, it declined after the Dutch seized Malacca from Portugal in 1641. (p. 541)

Tiwanaku

Name of capital city and empire centered on the region near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (375-1000 C.E.). (p. 315)

Franco-Prussian War

Napoleon III of France wanted to expand but so did Prussians. Germany army caputred emperor and besieged Paris until signed humilating treaty which left provisional French government under liberal Adolhe Theirs

Continental System

Napoleon's attempt to isolate Britain. Napoleon threatened European nations who traded with Britain and waged war against Russia for openly trading with them.

Tennis Court Oath

National Assembly moved to a tennis court to take it. They continued to meet until a written constitution was accomplished.

Guomindang

Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement. (p. 769)

Pearl Harbour

Naval base in Hawaii attacked by Japanese aircraft on December 7, 1941. The sinking of much of the U.S. Pacific Fleet brought the United States into World War II. (p. 793)

Auschwitz

Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust. Close to a million Jews, Gypsies, Communists, and others were killed there. (p. 800)

Holocaust

Nazis' program during World War II to kill people they considered undesirable. Some 6 million Jews perished during the Holocaust, along with millions of Poles, Gypsies, Communists, Socialists, and others. (p. 800)

Confederation of 1867

Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial governments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation.(p. 627)

railroads

Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. First railroads were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused a railroad building boom lasting into the 20th Century (704)

Vandals

One of a group of Germanic tribes who invaded and destroyed territory in the Roman empire.

Armenia

One of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language. (p. 221)

Li Shimin

One of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor (r. 626-649). He led the expansion of the empire into Central Asia. (p. 277)

Stalingrad

One of the major battles in the ussr that saw the German advance stopped

Operation Husky

One of the names for the invasions of Italy

Octavian

One of the second Triumvirate, he took control of Julius Caesar's troops after his death. He was victorious is his civil war with the East (commanded by Antony). In his reign taxes were more regulated, childless couples were taxed, subjugated provinces kept their monarchs, and emperor worship began

Magyars

Originate in Dacia, claim to descend from Huns, beaten off by Charlesmagne

Peace of Augsburg

Peace between the Lutherans and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire. Caused the Thirty Years' War because Calvinists were migrating to the Holy Roman Empire out of France.

Great Fear

Peasants feared upper class retaliation in response to emigration, so they burned building with nobility documents and killed nobles.

Helots

People of Sparta who were conquered and enslaved by Dorian invaders

Estates-General

People that advised the French king, broken into three parts (nobles, clergy, and common folk). It later spurred on the French Revolution

Cossaks

Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 552)

Celts

Peoples sharing a common language and culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.. After 500 B.C.E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain and the British Isles in the west, onquered by Romans (90)

Donation of Pepin

Pepin gives large land grant to Pope

Nasir al-Din Tusi

Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system. (p. 337)

Zoroaster

Persian prophet and founder of Zoroastrianism.

an organization of infantry into tightly spaced rows of soilders equipped with pikes

Phalanx

Solidarity

Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe. (p. 863)

Five Year Plan

Plan in Soviet Union to catch and overtake leading communist countries using primarily advanced technology

Five Year Plans

Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state. (781)

colonialism

Policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power. (p. 731)

Perestroika

Policy of 'openness' that was the centerpiece of Mikhail Gorbachev's efforts to liberalize communism in the Soviet Union. (See also Gorbachev, Mikhail.) (p. 863)

New Economic Policy

Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private enterprises. Joseph Stalin ended the N.E.P. in 1928 and replaced it with a series of Five-Year Plans. (See also Lenin, Vladimir.) (p. 766)

Aden

Port city in the modern south Arabian country of Yemen. It has been a major trading center in the Indian Ocean since ancient times. (p. 385)

sub-Saharan Africa

Portion of the African continent lying south of the Sahara. (p. 216)

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. (p. 428)

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. (p. 431)

postmodernism

Post-World War II intellectual movement and cultural attitude focusing on cultural pluralism and release from the confines and ideology of Western high culture. (p. 900)

Sparta

Powerful Greek city-state that was a long time rival of Athens

Gupta Empire

Powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, on a capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture (186)

Chimu

Powerful Peruvian civilization based on conquest. Located in the region earlier dominated by Moche. Conquered by Inca in 1465. (p. 314)

Toltecs

Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. (p. 305)

Containment

President Truman's policy to keep Soviet Union from spreading communism so that it wouldn't threaten capitalism in 1940's

Juan Peron

President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife Eva Duarte Per?n, he was elected president in 1946. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor. (823

Saddam Husain

President of Iraq since 1979. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). (p. 860)

Lazaro Cardenas

President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry 820

Alexander Nevski

Prince of Novgorod (r. 1236-1263). He submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde. (p. 339)

Minoan

Prosperous civilization on the Aegean island of Crete in the second millennium B.C.E. The Minoans engaged in far-flung commerce around the Mediterranean and exerted powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks. (p. 73)

James II

Protestant ruler of England who later converted to Catholicism and tried to convert England aswell. Warming Pan Baby controversy, people thought he had an illegitimate son. John Churchill saved his hide from an attempt to overthrow him by rallying loyal troops.

Count Otto Von Bismarck

Prussian who worked with Carvour to exploit radical and liberal nationalist sentiment to rearrange map. Used Nationalist feeling and small wars to enlarge their states and preserve monarchial and conservative rule. Also used force to obtain in rule. Helped create "unified" states that could compete with Britain, France, and the US

Hundred Days Reform

Qing attempted at comprehensive reform that said must move beyond self-strengthening movement and reform like Meiji did in Japan and create railways, banks and postal service

Kangxi

Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire.

Hatshepsut

Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged. (p.66)

Champa Rice

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state. (See also tributary system.) (p. 295)

Bolsheviks

Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin's leadership, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution. (See also Lenin, Vladimir.) (p. 761)

Bolsheviks

Radical communist party in Russia; led by Lenin

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. (See also Robespierre, Maximilien.) (p. 588)

chinampas

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. (p. 301)

newly industrialized economies

Rapidly growing, new industrial nations of the late twentieth century, including the Asian Tigers. (p. 861)

Sepoy Mutiny

Rebellion of Indian men in Britain's military. Caused the removal of the British East India Company.

Babylonian Captivity

Refers to when Philip IV moved the papacy to Avignon. The Cardinals elected another Pope, and the other countries chose a third one. Eventually it was narrowed down to a single pope.

Zoroaster

Reformed the Persian religion

Modernity

Regimes all agreed forceful authoritarian rule was more effective with promise and benefits of modernity

Manchuria

Region of Northeast Asia bounded by the Yalu River on the south and the Amur River on the east and north. (p. 354)

Bengal

Region of northeastern India. It was the first part of India to be conquered by the British in the eighteenth century and remained the political and economic center of British India throughout the nineteenth century.(812)

Gold Coast

Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward. (p. 428)

Gujarat

Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing; the inhabitants are called Gujarati. (p. 380)

Victorian Age

Reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1837-1901). The term is also used to describe late-nineteenth-century society, with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women and for middle-class and working-class people (711)

Yongle

Reign period of Zhu Di (1360-1424), the third emperor of the Ming Empire (r. 1403-1424).Sponsored the building of the Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China's borders to trade and travel (355)

True

Renaissance people and 20th century people may share a belief that places themslves in a favorable light in comparison with those who preceded them.

Ottoman Empire

Replaced the Byzantine (East Roman) Empire. After the Crusades and the Catholic sacking of Constantinople (about 1100-1300) the empire steadily lost land and power. When the Ottomans had Constantinople completely surrounded and the empire was crumbling, the last emperor said that his title should've been mayor. The final fall of the east was in 1453.

Twelve Tables

Roman Laws

Constantine

Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. (p.159)

Constantine

Roman emperor, being a Christian he made Christianity Rome's main religion thus saving the newborn sect

Scipio

Roman general who defeated Hannibal.

Diocletian

Rose to power through the military and was crowned emperor by his soldiers. He divided the Roman Empire into East (capital was Nicomedia) and West (capital was Milan).

Henry II

Ruled England and married Eleanor of Aquitane, thereby giving him control over 1/2 of France. Also claimed Scotland, Wales, Ireland and established the idea of "Common Law". Friends with Thomas a Beckett

King John

Ruled as a tyrant, raised the taxes to pay for Crusades, leading to unpopularity. Forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 at Runnymede (muy importante)

Marc Antony

Ruled the east while Octavian ruled the west. Defeated by Octavian because the greek senate declared war on them due to Octavians supporting words. Committed suicide with Cleopatra after seeing no escape

Octavian

Ruled with Marc Antony. While Antony took the east, he took the west. Octavian then turned on Antony and Cleopatra. Antony and Cleopatra seeing no escape committed suicide. He gave himself the title Augustus or "the revered one". AKA Augustus Caesar. refered to as the first Roman emperor. Launched a series of new military conquests and expanded the empire from Spain to Syria and from Danube river to Egypt.

Nebuchadnezzar II

Ruler of Babylon. Noted for the massive buildings he was responsible for.

Nebuchadnezzar

Ruler of the Chaldeans

Rurik

Rus military leader and legendary first king of the Russians

Crimean War

Russia invaded Ottoman territories but Britain and France joined to help defeat Russia. This spurred Russian authorities on aggressive modernization and expansion including Tsar Alexander II's "Great Reforms"

Pravada Russkaia

Russia's first law code

Russification

Russia's response to nation-state building like in Ukrane tsar prohibited bible to be printed in language and many opposed Russification idea.

Czar Nicholas II

Russian Czar during WWI; unpopular with Russian people; overthrown in March 1917; executed by Bolsheviks after November Revolution (1917)

Muscovy

Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The Muscovite dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598. (p. 551)

Mikhail Romanov

Russian tsar (r. 1613-1645) A member of the Russian aristocracy, he became tsar after the old line of Muscovite rulers was deposed. (p. 551)

Sacraments

Sacred rituals performed by the Catholic church. There are seven: baptism, confirmation, marriage, communion, penance, holy order (that is, becoming a priest), and extreme unction (words spoken at the death bed).

James Watt

Scot who invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him. (p. 607)

Cornelius Sulla

Second in command to Gaius Marius, he had extensive power struggles with his commander and then declared a dictatorship. Under his reign he made several reforms, most importantly that only the Senate could declare war and that soldiers had to stay in their assigned provinces (important when Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon)

Giant Integrated Firm

Second industrial revolution brought granted integrated firms where large industrial banks were plounders of funds and limited liabilit joint stock raised capital. Some examples were standard oil and U.S steel

Peisistratus

Seized power from Solon and exiled nobles who disagreed with him. He also distributed those nobles' land to poor farmers in need.

Phoenicians

Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. From major cities such as Tyre and Sidon, Phoenician merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, and engaged in widespread commerce. (103)

Blaise Diagne

Senegalese political leader. He was the first African elected to the French National Assembly. During World War I, in exchange for promises to give French citizenship to Senegalese, he helped recruit Africans to serve in the French army. (809)

Rebellion of 1857

Sepoy armies revolted after rumors spread British East India was trying to change their religion. Only 1/2 of India in favor of revolt. Eventually British crom took over India.

Hundred Years War

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. (p. 413)

Draco

Served as archon and is given credit for Athenian's first written law code. But his law's were very harsh and severe.

Sir Thomas More

Served under Henry VIII of England, wrote "Utopia". Utopia (literally translated from Greek means "no place") was about the perfect society. It had religious freedom, except for atheism, because religion implies obedience and a desire for peace. It said that any work gets economic security, and is the near opposite of Machiavelli's "The Prince".

Balfour Agreement

Side agreement of WWI's postwar settlement that requested a homeland be established for Jews in Trans-Jordan (Israel). It was denied.

Tianamen Square

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life. (p. 862)

Troy

Site in northwest Anatolia, overlooking the Hellespont strait, where archaeologists have excavated a series of Bronze Age cities. One of these may have been destroyed by Greeks ca. 1200 B.C.E., as reported in Homer's epic poems. (p. 76)

Mycenae

Site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom. In Homer's epic poems Mycenae was the base of King Agamemnon, who commanded the Greeks besieging Troy. (74)

Harappa

Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation , and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials. (p. 48)

Survival of the Fittest

Social Darwinism that stated only "fittest survived which explained ruling classes right to dominate Europe claimed evolved more than Africa and Asia so right to rule them

The "Commune"

Socialist group of Parisians angry at provisional government left in place after Franco-Prussian War. Adolphe Theirs and his army broke up "the commune" killing at least 25,000

Salvador Allende

Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military attack. (p. 856)

socialism

Socialists advocated government protection of workers from exploitation by property owners and government ownership of industries. This ideology led to the founding of socialist or labor parties in the late 1800s. (709)

Louis XIII

Son of Henry IV, advised by Cardinal Richelieu

Charles I

Son of James I, forced to sign "Petition of Rights" in 1628 by Parliament, an attempt to limit the monarchs power. It was under his rule that the Long Parliament occurred, lasting from 1640 to 1660

Afrikaners

South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910. (735)

Hernan Cortes

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. (p. 437)

Fransisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533. (p. 438)

Mycenaeans

Spoke an Indo-European language. Organized into clans and tribes. dominated the Greek mainland for 400 years. Built fortified cities in Peloponnesus and the southern part of Greece. Built cities like Mycenae, Tiryns, and Pylos. Warlike people conquered Crete and adopted many of their customs like linear B.

Characteristics of high renaissance art

Stability without immobility, Variety without confusion, and definition without dullness.

Mass Terror

Stalin in Soviet Union would "purge" any threat to power especially elite and sent to gulags so all in fear of being deported

Indulgences

Started by Pope Leo X to pay for the construction of St. Peter's Basilica. Basically, they were when you could buy the good acts of prominent religious figures, (i.e. the Apostle Paul). This was very controversial and started up Martin Luther.

The Hundred Years War

Struggle between England and France for control of Flanders, disguised as struggle for French Monarchy

Aristotle

Student of Plato. Believed in a system of classification, and that you learned through observation. Also thought that logic and reason were most important.

Plato

Student of Socrates. Believed that truth and beauty were most important. Wrote "The Republic," and criticized democracy.

scramble for africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. (p. 731)

ziggurat

Sumerian temple, resembles "a stairway to heaven"

Alexander the Great

Taught by Aristotle. Had a love of all things Greek, and believed that he descended from Achilles. He was bent on conquest.

Stoicism

Taught by Zeno, happiness can only be found when people gained inner peace by living in harmony with the will of God

divination

Techniques for ascertaining the future or the will of the gods by interpreting natural phenomena such as, in early China, the cracks on oracle bones or, in ancient Greece, the flight of birds through sectors of the sky. (p. 59)

Zimmerman Note/Telegram

Telegram from Germany to Mexico intercepted by US; asked Mexico to invade US; contributing facto to US entry into WWI

Third World

Term applied to a group of developing countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War. (p. 846)

Hinduism

Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. Hinduism has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices. Spread along trade routes (181)

kamikaze

The 'divine wind,' which the Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281. (p. 365)

Grand Canal

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. (p. 277)

Warsaw Pact

The 1955 treaty binding the Soviet Union and countries of eastern Europe in an alliance against the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (p. 836)

Long March

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek. (789)

Whigs

The British political party that favored Parliament and religious tolerance because many of them were Puritan

Tory

The British political party that favored the monarch and Anglican church

moksha

The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths. (179)

Zen

The Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation. It is known in Sanskrit as dhyana, in Chinese as chan, and in Korean as son. (p. 289)

Romulus and Remus

The brothers raised by wolves who created Rome.

Sir Robert Walpole

The first Prime Minister of England, his election led to the rise of the House of Commons.

papacy

The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. (pp. 258, 445)

Agricultural Revolution

The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between ca. 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution. (p. 17)

Druids

The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples. They provided education, mediated disputes between kinship groups, and were suppressed by the Romans as potential resistance. (92)

Chivalry

The code of conduct for knights, it elevates women.

umma

The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. (p. 231)

Lutheranism

The doctrine that is based off of the ideals and beliefs set forth by Martin Luther

Shang

The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of Shang culture.

Cuneiform

The earliest known form of writing. "Wedged Writing"

geocentric theory

The earth is the center of the universe.

capitalism

The economic system of large financial institutions-banks, stock exchanges, investment companies-that first developed in early modern Europe. Commercial capitalism, the trading system of the early modern economy. (506)

Capitalism

The economic theory that pursues wealth and power.

Indian Civil Service

The elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well-educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians. (p. 661)

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. (p. 472)

Neanderthals

The extinct species of humans that lived in Mesolithic times. They were the first to bury their dead with items, suggesting some concept of the afterlife.

Siberia

The extreme northeastern sector of Asia, including the Kamchatka Peninsula and the present Russian coast of the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Strait, and the Sea of Okhotsk. (p. 551)

Petrarch

The father of humanism.

Wilhelm I

The first "Kaiser" of the Empire of Germany

Hiroshima

The first Japanese city to experience an atomic device

Olmec

The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. (86)

satrap

The governor of a province in the Achaemenid Persian Empire, often a relative of the king. He was responsible for protection of the province and for forwarding tribute to the central administration. Enjoyed much power. (pg118)

Pope

The head of the Catholic Church, also known as the Pontifex Maximus (Latin for the greatest bridge maker) or Pontiff, he held great political power in the middle ages

Stone Age

The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. It was followed in some places by the Bronze Age and more generally by the Iron Age. (p. 11)

laissez faire

The idea that government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs. The classic exposition of laissez-faire principles is Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776). (p. 615)

Cold War

The ideological struggle between communism (Soviet Union) and capitalism (United States) for world influence. The Soviet Union and the United States came to the brink of actual war during the Cuban missile crisis but never attacked one another. (831)

Cold War

The indirect conflict between the USA and USSR, much of which involved having enormous numbers of nukes

Council of the Indes

The institution responsible for supervising Spain's colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilities. (p. 476)

Scientific Revolution

The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. (p. 466)

Operation Torch

The invasion of North Africa

Babylon

The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 29)

Tokugawa Shogunate

The last of the three shogunates of Japan. (p. 563)

Neolithic

The later part of the Stone Age. Weapons made of stone were created in this part of the Stone Age.

Act of Settlement (1701)

The law stating that the English throne would pass on to a protestant, not James II's child (the warming pan baby) because William and Mary had no children.

12 Tables

The law that Rome went by.

Act of Union (1707)

The law that united England (Wales) and Scotland to create the United Kingdom/Britian

Twelve Tables

The laws of the partricians were written down on twelve stone tablets.

Charles de Gaulle

The leader of Free France during WWII, he later became France's first president

Garibaldi

The leader of the "Red Shirts", this man invaded and captured Sicily.

Suleiman I

The leader of the Ottoman Turk Empire during the high Renaissance.

Jacobin

The liberal members of the Legislative Assembly.

True

The major powers amoung Italian city-states in the 15th century were Venice, Milan, Florence, and Naples.

mass production

The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. This method was introduced into the manufacture of pottery by Josiah Wedgwood and into the spinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright. (602)

Bhagavad-Gita

The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit. (p. 185)

Zhou

The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History. (p. 61)

Vietcong

The people of South Vietnam that supported the communists.

Sumerians

The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.

Roman Republic

The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. (p. 148)

Neolithic

The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s). It follows the Paleolithic period. (p. 11)

Paleolithic

The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period. (p. 11)

Reign of Terror

The period when Jacobins controlled the government. The millitary draft increased and it helped to spread the revolution.

cotton

The plant that produces fibers from which cotton textiles are woven. Native to India, cotton spread throughout Asia and then to the New World. It has been a major cash crop in various places, including early Islamic Iran, Yi Korea, Egypt, & US (363)

balance of power

The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful. (p. 455)

Senate

The political body made up of 300 rulers that made laws in Ancient Roman. Served for life.

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. (See also Yamagata Aritomo.) (p. 694)

"Popular Front"

The popular front government created in France was made up of radical and moderate left including French communist party and gained right of 40-hr work weeks, paid vacation, and minimum wage

Primogeniture

The practice of giving the oldest son the inheritance.

shamanism

The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia. (p. 292)

Jacobins

The radicals in France that believed there shouldn't be a king.

Masaccio

The ranaissance artist who led the way in establishing a new style of employing deep space, modeling , and anatomical correctness.

domino theory(all countries in that area would fall to communism.)

The reason they felt they had to take a stand in Vietnam

Reformation

The refusal of Catholicism and Catholic beliefs (not including Orthodoxy). This led to many seperate Churches, rather than simply the two major ones.

deforestation

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves. (p. 462)

Sepoy Rebellion

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. (p. 661)

Petrarch

The roots of the renaissance humanism can be traced to the writting of this man.

British raj

The rule over much of South Asia between 1765 and 1947 by the East India Company and then by a British government. (p. 659)

donatello

The sculptural master of the 15th century.

Cardinals

The second highest major position in Catholicism. The cardinals appointed the Pope, and wore red

Ashikaga Shogunate

The second of Japan's military governments headed by a shogun (a military ruler). Sometimes called the Muromachi Shogunate. (p. 365)

Ramses II

The third and most powerful pharaoh of Egypt. Also called "the builder" because of the things he built. Had an incredibly long reign.

Kaiser

The title for a king of Germany

Ghengis Khan

The title of Tem?jin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). It means the 'oceanic' or 'universal' leader. Genghis Khan was the founder of the Mongol Empire. (p. 325)

agricultural revolution

The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants were expelled (600)

Industrial Revolution

The transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, transit, and communications (599

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, the United States, and other Allied Powers after World War I. It demanded that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland. It was resented by many Germans. (p. 763)

Consul

The two leaders of Ancient Rome. Served for a year.

Marx's four principles of communism

Theory of history, labor theory of value, nature of the states, Dictatorship of the proletariat

Darius I

Third ruler of the Persian Empire (r. 521-486 B.C.E.). He crushed the widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes.

Diocletian

This emperor divided up the empire into east/west and made two rulers for each section with direct sub-rulers for each

substantive due process

This means that the laws being enforced must be fair,

Consulate

Three positions that were dominated by Napoleon. It was modeled after the Roman republic. Voted on & approved by the public.

Punic Wars

Three wars between Rome and Carthage that led to the expansion of Rome.

Strategic Bombing Japan/ Germany

Throughout WWII when German Luftwaffe bombed London, inflicting heavy toll on Germans and Allied forced bombed war plants in Germany to slow war supply production

El Alamein

Town in Egypt, site of the victory by Britain's Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the 'Desert Fox') in 1942-1943. (p. 793)

Dutch West India Company

Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. (p. 498)

trans-Saharan Caravan Routes

Trading network linking North Africa with sub-Saharan Africa across the Sahara. (p. 210)

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Treaty Lenin signed with Germans allowing them to exit WWI; Russians lose 26% of their people and 33% of their industry

Treaty of Nanking

Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain. (685)

steppe

Treeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of northern Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass. They are good lands for nomads and their herds. Good for breeding horses: essential to mongol military. (326)

Justinian

Tried to restore former glory of Roman Empire, built Hagia Sophia (largest church until 1453 when it became a mosque)

Russian Revolution

Tsar Nicholas II forced to abdicate and millions of peasants seized land. Bolsheviks took power under Lenin and Trotsky and they withdrew from WWI

February Revolution

Tsar Nicholas II forced to abdicate while civilian elites and military attempted to restore order, actually encourage mass revolution

Ottomans

Turks who had come to Anatolia in the same wave of migrations as the Seljuks. (344)

Gracchi brothers

Two brothers who led Rome politically. Tiberius wanted to give land to farmers to increase agriculture, but the problem was solved when the Romans got land from a king in Asia Minor. He was killed by a mob of senators. Gaius wanted to sell cheap grain to the poor and make all Italians citizens of Rome (important for voting and the like). Gaius committed suicide from shame when his plan didn't work.

varna/jati

Two categories of social identity of great importance in Indian history. Varna are the four major social divisions: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class. (177)

Iwo Jima and Okinawa

Two islands that were important to the allied powers

Consuls

Two officials from the patrician class were appointed each year of the Roman Republic to supervise the government and command the armies

movable type

Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page. Invented in Korea 13th Century. (293)

Battle of Midway

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II. (p. 795)

Containment

U.S. policy adopted in the late 1940's to stop the spread of Communism by providing economic and military aid to countries opposing the Soviet Union

Woodrow Wilson

US President during WWI; wanted US to remain neutral; established the 14 Points

Mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)

mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria. (236)

Fulani

West Africa wanted to create a purer Islam because came to believe peopler were violating Islamic beliefs and led by Usman dan Fodio. Most nomadic yet some sedentary

French Indochina

Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia

Dirty War

War waged by the Argentine military (1976-1982) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military. (p. 857)

samurai

Warriors in Japan.

Peloponnesian Wars

Wars that involved Athens vs. Sparta. Started when Athens violated a peace treaty. As a result, Sparta became a major power.

Pompey

Was part of the Roman Triumvirate, and was lieutenant of Sulla. He took credit for repressing the slave revolts led by Spartacus, even though Crassus actually stopped them. His ultimate goal was to get land in the east for veterans.

cottage industries

Weaving, sewing, carving, and other small-scale industries that can be done in the home. The laborers, frequently women, are usually independent. (p. 353)

Machiavelli

Wrote "The Prince", a guide to unite Italy. He believed that Italy's uner, and willing to do anything for succeification required a master leader who would be: non-Christian, ruthless, a soldiss. The new leader would have to believe that it it "better to be feared than loved".

Nomad

people who move from place to place following animal migrations and vegetation cycles

Spoils System

a politician's practice of giving government jobs to his or her supporters

Due Process

a principle stating that the government must follow proper constitutional procedures in trials and in other actions it takes against individuals

Pan-Islamism

added to Muslim confusion with west and main spokesman was Afghani who had powerful appeal

To become hellenized is to

adopt the Greek ways

Communism

after WWII when Europeans felt classless, stateless, societies with common ownership by the government was best and U.S. became worried of the communist bloc because it would threaten capitalism

Trade-Off

alternatives that must be given up when one is chosen over another

Pericles

perfected democracy

Perspective

an artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dementions on a flat surface

Truman Doctrine

an attempt in the 1940's to keep Western European nations from electing communist governments by promising American military and economic aid where needed

Big Men

an old African leader Shaka emerged as last "big man" because charismatic and ability to resolve issues. Also drew on tradition of hand to hand combat.

Nativism

an opposition to immigration by the citizens living in a country

Aristocracy

an upper class whose wealth is based on land and whose power is passed on from one generation to another

Force Public

army in Congo which bullied local communities into doing the biding of colonial authorities

Stalingrad

battle between Nazis and Soviet in Russia from 1942-1943 when the tide turned against the Germans and they began to lose in WWII

Berlin

became capital of German Nation-State Reich and The Kaiser Wiheim II said "glory of Paris rubs Berliners of their sleep"

Thales of Miletus

believed everything was water (lawl), universe is consistent and we can figure out these consistent universal laws

patriarchs

bishops of empire cities

اسف

chagrin, grief, sorrow, regret

"Great Trek"

conflicts between British and Afrikanese(Boers) made Boers make "Great Trek" to interior of South Afric displacing Bantu people, yet discovery of gold and diamonds only led british to drive in further

Terracing

creating plots of land by building walls on hillsides and filling them in with soil

Plato

creator of the first westernized school The Academy

Il Duce

cult of Italian fascist leader, Mussolini that provided cohesion and uplift by advertising his power through advertising and radio

Gothic Architecture

dark stone, windows narrow and tall, stained glass, sharp spires, dorrs are tall skinny and have sharp angles, everything vertical,dark inside,gargoyles,intimidating

Elizabeth I

daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; she succeeded Mary I (who was a Catholic) and restored Protestantism to England; during her reign the Spanish Armada was defeated

Berlin Conference

delegates from European powers met and carved up Africa with out regard to African language, ethnicity, culture, or commerce

Wahhabism

demanded a return to pure Islam of Muhammad and early caliphs. Spread on ARabian Pennisula and overan Mecca and Medina until Ottoman Sultan sent troops to surpress

نفى

denied

lyric poetry

designed to be sung, rhymed/had a meter, about personal relationships

Trans-Siberian Railway

desire to expand power in East Asia and Stop British advances there from Siberia to the Pacific Ocean. Transported troops later

Demand

desire, ability, and willingness to buy a product

رغبة

desire, wish

تطورات

developments

كشفت

disclosed

ملف

dossier, portfolio

New Economic Policy

dozens of decrees enacted by Bolsheviks that sanctioned private property and trade so destroyed capitalism

Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

dreamed by HOng Xiuquan who proclaimed himself heavenly king. Chinese visions to restore egalitarian rule and led to Taiping Rebellion against Qing dynasty

William I

duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England at Battle of Hastings in 1066

مهام

duty, commission, assignmants

تبذل الجهود

efforts exerted

Mao Zedong

emerged as leader of largest Soviet of China but were under attack by Chiang Kai-Shek's nationalist forces so he and communists went on the Long March in 1934 which eventually glorified the communists

Apartheid

extreme form of racial segregation in 1948 enacted by the National Party of South Africa. Stripped many Africans, Indians, and colored people of their few political rights because racial mixing of any kind was forbidden and required Africans to live in their own racial areas and couldn't leave without permission

تراوحت

fhuctuated

مقاتلين

fighters, warriors

"sitting on a man"

form of African protest in which Ibo and Ibibio women responded to new tax by refusing to have contact with local cheifs

Recant

formally reject or disavow a formerly held belief, usually under pressure

Young Italy

founded by Giuseppe Mazzini to bring national unification and renewal but had little popular or foreign support and easily suppressed. (nationalists movement)

Franciscans

founded by St. Francis, order stressed vows of poverty and gentleness and service to all creatures

Mexican Revolution

fueled by unequal distribution of land. When Diaz needed to be succeed and political elites spilt, peasant army defeated Diaz's troops and eventually set up democracy after 10 years

Muckrackers

generation of journalists in U.S. that cut their teeth to portray captains of fiance like J.P Morgan who benefit at expense of working families and local authorities

Vassal

gets land from Lord for military service

Appeasement

giving in to aggressive demands in order to avoid war

Pentakosiomednimoi

highest class in timocracy, "500 bushels of wheat a year," can run for office

Treaty of Nanjing

imposed by Britain after Opium War which humiliated Qing officials

Atomic Bomb

in 1945 U.S. President Harry Truman commanded an American plane to drop an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan and dropped a second on Nagasaki, causing Japan to surrender shortly after

Inflation

increased prices for goods and services combined with the reduced value of money

Napoleonic codes

individual legality and equality, government- more authority of people, no classes, peasants- subjects of state, religious toleration, everyone has the right to work, courts are separate from those in power.

Minoans

inhabitants of Crete. King Minos was king there with massive palaces with hundreds of rooms and a giant creature who was imprisoned in a labyrinth. Wrote in Linear A and linear B. Running water, Bull Vaulting, frescoes, ivory stone gold silver and bronze artifacts. Depended on the sea for their food and dominated the Aegean islands. Excellent sailors and traders. Strong Navy so much so that the kings did not even bother with city fortifications. This civilization went extinct when a volcanic eruption sent giant tidal waves crashing into their city creating destruction and much chaos. Although they rebuilt they never fully recovered their strength until the Indo-Europeans flushed theeeeem out

Cosmologists

intellectuals who searched for an explanation about the universe

Lydians

invented coined money in 600 B.C.E.

Vladimir Lenin

led Bolsheviks in full-scale revolution along with Leon Trotsky and proclaimed a socialist revolution of Russia. Insisted on peace treaty for WWI to save the revoluiton

African National Congress

led by Nelson Mandela, campaigned for an end to discriminatory legislation and was harassed by the government even thought it urged peaceful resistance yet decided to oppose apartheid regime with violence and the ANC was banned and members were arrested

Bolsheviks

led by Trotsky and Lenin. Took over Russia in name of Soviet during Russian Revolution and proclaimed socialist revolution with support from workers and miliatary

Harry Thuku

led small group of AFricans in struggle to make Britain correct their obligation to them and to make better school and return stolen lands but Thuku eventually arrested

The Kiaser Wilheim II

liberal ruler of new German Empire(Reich) who replaced otto Von Bismarch after his 28 year reign. Replaced the "Iron Chancellor"

الاجراءات

measures

Anabaptist

member of a protestant group that believed in baptizing only those persons who were old enough to decide to be christian and believed in the separation of church and state

Socialism, Anarchism, and Syndicalism

middle class shut out in Argentina so these 2 were appealing alternatives

Utopian Socialism

most visionary led by Charles Fourier. His vision saw people organized into communites called phalanxes. Used planning instead of violence and his plan exculed the middle man in buisness.

how did geography impact the development of the city states?

mountains, rivers, and lakes proved a problem as they prevented unity between the Greek city states but provided a natural barrier

Third Reich

name of Hitler's empire that he claimed would last 1,000 years and wanted to "purify" from Jews

"Greased Cartridge Controversy"

new Enfield riffle had pig/ cow fat on cartridge and Indian army made of Hinuist and Muslims so ended with mutiny because company disrespected them

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

new Japanese empire in 1940's whose name was a way to mask aggression by saying it was anti-colonial and pan-Asianism yet really mad great demands of China and Korea to create racial purity

Boyars

nobles of Kievan Russia

Unemployed

people available for work who made a specific effort to find a job during the past month and who, during the most recent survey week, worked less than one hour for pay

Charles Martel

not really king: "mayor of the Palace," defeats Moors at Battle of Tours

Steam

powered gunboats-Europeans opened new territories for trade and conquest

اعلان

prclamation

تمهيداً

preliminaries

Nationalism

pride in your country

raja

prince who ruled each indian city-state, acting as military leader, chief priest, lawmaker, and a judge.

Rule of Law

principle that every member of a society, including the ruler or government, must follow the law

المبادئ

principles

hetaira

prostitute, long-term paid companion

Détente

relaxation of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union

الأديان

religions

David

responsible for uniting the 12 tribes of Israel

Journeyman

skilled worker employed by a master

Order and Progress

slogan on flag of republic sate that was newly formed in Brazil during state building

Romanesque Architecture

solid stone churches, towers, few windows, slits, dark inside, for church and protection for people

Pepin the Short

solidifies French alliance with Pope, defeats Lombards and Byzantines

السيادة

sovereignty, rule

استقرار

stability

Consumer Price Index

statistic that measures overall changes in price or inflation over time

Plato

student of Socrates, everything perfect exists on some ideal plane somewhere, we can get to ideal plane by rational thought

استطلاع

study, research ( journalistic), investigation, probing

Chiang Kai-Shek

succeeded Sun-Yat-Sen as Chinese leader and launched the Northern Expedition to reunify the country under Guomindang. Saw need for change in China

Alexander the Great

successor of Philip of Macedon, 1st global empire, but no lasting bureaucracy, spread of Hellenism is greatest achievement

Hadrian

supported the arts. Built a huge wall around the border and encouraged frontier peoples to enter the army. He gave up many of the areas that Trajan had acquired in Asia.

Kulaks

supposedly better off peasants in soviet union

Feudalism

system in which vassals provide military service for lords in exchange for land, works when no $ in circulation

democracy

system of government in which all 'citizens' (however defined) have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. (p. 127)

لمراعاة

taking into account, out of regard for

Socrates

taught students to question everything, put to death for atheism/corrupting youth of Athens

Ramayana

tells the story of two royal heroic figures, Rama and his wife, Sita

Parthenon

temple in Athens built to honor the goddess Athena

Spanish Armada

the Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power

Mass Culture

the aspects of culture that are easily accessible to an after war, elite culture transitioned into mass culture

Pyramid

the basic composition of Leonard da vinci's Virgin and child with st. anne is in this form.

monism

the belief that God and human beings are one

maya

the belief that the world known to our senses is merely an illusion

Hellenistic

the blending of Greek cultures with those of Persia, Egypt, and Central Asia following the conquests of Alexander the Great

Electoral College

the body of 538 people elected from the 50 states and the District of Columbia to cast the official votes that elect the president and vice president

Flexible Response

the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons

الطاقة

the capacity

Varuna

the chief god of the Vedic religion

Executive Branch

the division of the federal government that includes the president and the administrative departments

Judicial Branch

the division of the federal government that is made up of the national courts

Legislative Branch

the division of the federal government that proposes bills

caesaropapism

the doctrine that the state is supreme over the church in ecclesiastical matters

Articles of Confederation

the document that created the first central government for the United States; it was replaced by the Constitution in 1789

Gross Domestic Product

the dollar amount of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a year

Zaibatsu

the encouragement of the creation of giant firms during the Meiji Reformation. Zaibatsu were family organizations consisting of fcarotires, import/ export buisnesses and banks

Vernacular

the everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language)

Barter

the exchange of goods and services without using money

Marginal Utility

the extra usefulness gained from using one more unit of a product

Nullification

the failure or refusal of a U.S. state to aid in the enforcement of federal laws within its state limits

Domesday Book

the first census and a record of property of english people for the purpose of taxation.

Judicial Review

the power of the judicial branch to check the power of the legislative and executive branches by declaring their acts unconstitutional

patricians

the powerful aristocratic class that controlled Roman government and society

Imperialism

the practice of extending a nation's power by gaining territories for a colonial empire

Hijra

the practice of withdrawal in Muhammad's time by Islamic people to create "purer" society

Impeachment

the process used by a legislative body to bring charges of wrongdoing against a public official

Standard of Living

the quality of life based on the possession of necessities and luxuries that make life easier

Laos and cambodia

the two neutral countries Ho Chi Minh trailed through to get supplies from the NV to the VC

Theodora

the wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt.

النظرية

theory

استيعابية

to accommodate, hold, contain

قوض

to break off, smash

ضبطت

to capture, seize

تقليص

to decrease, dwindle

results of the crusades

trade & spread of ideas, rise of industry, rise of banking, emancipation of bourgeoisie, advancement of knoledge, rise of strong national governments

Phoenicians were considered to be the world's greatest

traders

Mahatma Gandhi

transformed Indian National Congress into mass party and laid foundations for an alternative, anti-colonial movement

Wilson's Fourteen Point Speech

universal disarm, no more secret alliances, no reparations, maintain territorial integrity, self determination, league of nations

لامبرر

unjustified

Charlesmagne

vastly expands Frankish kingdom, greatest of French kings, crowned Emperor of Romans in 800

Brahmins

vedic priests who knew the proper forms and rules for religious rituals and ceremonies

Bubonic Plague/Black Death

very fatal, wipes out 1/3 of Europeans (70,000,000), starts in 1348

freedom of speech

voltaire's philosophies

Sun Yat Sen

wanted to reconstitute Chinese political community along "national" lines, arguing no ruler could rule legitimately without people's consent. Moved state toward democratic rule and was popular among Chinese living abroad because Qing regime suppressed locals. Qing dynasty eventually fell

سيظل

will stay, remain, continue