world religion; christianity and islam
How does the Christian idea of savior different from the Jewish idea of messiah?
- Christianity: changed the meaning given to messiah by Judaism. A divine figure who saves the world by cleansing each individual's sins. - Judaism: a human King, a good political ruler like David or Solomon, who could help bring God's kingdom down to Earth
Understand 3 important doctrines mentioned in class--Incarnation, Trinity, and Atonement
- Incarnation: Who is Jesus? Council decision: Jesus is fully God and fully human (100% of each) - Trinity: Insists on Monotheism (one god) again, as Judaism did, but with a change that allow Jesus to have a special divine nature as Son of God. Christians insists that the trinity are not 3 gods. Council decision: God is One Substance that exists un three persons (forums) - Atonement: Why did Jesus die on the cross? Council Decision: Jesus Christ, by his suffering and self sacrifice (death on the Cross), took on the sins of those who believe in him. He is thus called Savior Christ (Greek) or Messiah/Moshiach in Hebrew
Understand these main teachings
- Love God and Everyone: love everyone (even your enemies) as you do yourself - Non-violence: turn the other cheek, when attacked - Forgiveness: understanding that others may not know what harm they do - Obedience to the heart of moral rules: avoid just following rules by rote or automatically, and blaming others for their sins while ignoring your own - Understand the dangers of wealth: such as pride and feeling superior - Care for and help others: help others and care for others including the poor and the sick
How did the sacking of Rome by northern barbarians (Vandals, Goths, etc.) actually assist in the rising power and authority of the Roman Catholic church?
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How do some Sufis use the names of God to worship Allah?
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Is God seen as Father? Mother? Master? Lord? Beloved? Friend? which of these models are fine and which ones are not?
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Jesus' Last passover Supper
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Sufi poetry often uses symbols to express the experience of loving god, feelings of separation, and the beaty of grace in the God human relationship. Why do you think Sufis used some potentially shocking "forbidden things" such as drinking in a tavern, and loving a beautiful woman behind many veils) to represent these experiences?
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The earliest structure of the Christian community was rather egalitarian & gender equal-- apparently this was Jesus' attitude. How did it change (leaders' gender, and a hierarchy of leaders?, equality of rich and poor?) as the early church developed?
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The main sources of correct knowledge according Islam?
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Using the handout, be able to compare the Roman Catholic Church with the Protestants
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What happened to Muhammed after the revelation in Mecca and Medina?
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What is primary model for the God-human being relationship according to Sunni+ Shi'a Islam?
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Which Sufi saint became the main model for martyrdom?
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Why are there so many different types of independent Protestant churches (Baptists, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Methodists, Episcopalians, Church of Christ and so on, yet there is only one type of Roman Catholic Church worldwide? What is the doctrinal reason for this.
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What is zhikr or dhikr
(reminding oneself) ritual prayer or litany practiced by Muslim mystics for the purpose of glorifying God and achieving spiritual perfection
How did Muhammad reform women's position in Arabia?
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Who was Ali?
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Why was he killed?
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When did the calendar of Islam begin?
00 A.H.
Be able to name and explain the 5 pillars of Islam
1. Confession of faith (shahada) 2. Daily prayer (salat) 3. Alms tax (zakat): paying an alms (or charity) tax to benefit the poor and the needy 4. Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) 5. Fasting during Ramadan (sawm)
What two main meanings does Islam have?
1. submission 2. peace
What is the main Muslim name for God
Allah
The most famous Desert Father was
Anthony of Egypt
How are Abraham and his eldest son connected, according to Muslim tradition, with the origins of Islam and the Ka'aba at Mecca?
It is believed that Abraham built the Ka'aba at Mecca and testing Abraham's faith in God he was willing to sacrifice his son.
what is the month of ramadan?
June 28 - July 28
Is Christianity mono or polytheistic?
Monotheistic
What are they called
Mosque
Was it spoken or written first?
Spoken first
What is the main scripture of Islam?
The Quran
Which Christian church held sole religious in Western Europe before that time?
The Roman Catholic Church
A pir or shaikh
a Sufi teacher
Baqa
remaining, subsistent, abiding, survival, immortality
What is the Sufis' main religious focus?
ritual behavior & external laws (losing inner meaning)
why did they split off from the Sunnis?
they were unhappy about the religion - political succession after Muhammad. They wanted the successors to all be from the family of Muhammed and today form a separate group.
6 principles of Muslim belief and faith
1. Belief in God 2. Belief in the Angels or Messengers 3. Belief in Holy books 4. Belief in the Prophets 5. Belief in the last day 6. Belief in the afterlife
How many times are Muslims suppose to pray?
5 times each day
In what century did the Sufism begin?
8th - 9th century
How many names does Islamic traditions say God has?
99 names
Christmas
A Christian holiday celebrating the birth of Christ
Baptism
A ceremonial immersion in water. Application of water, as an initiatory rite or sacrament of the Christian Church, spiritual cleansing
Do Muslims think Muhammad is a god-man? savior? prophet? perfect man or ordinary man?
A prophet
Which Apostle/Disciple is called the first Pope of the Roman Catholic Church?
Apostle Peter
What is the sacred language of Islam?
Arabic
What language is the Quran written?
Arabic
Who first discussed this idea and when?
Augustine, 4th and 5th centuries C.E./A.D.
Jesus' baptism
Baptism by John the Baptist was a sign of repentance but Jesus didn't have to repent, he was God and he had not sinned
Why is Jesus called the Messiah (Hebrew) or Christ (Greek) Savior
Because Jesus Christ sacrificed himself by death on the cross to take away the sins of the world
Jesus' birthplace, birthday, his parents, and religion he worshipped
Bethlehem,December 25th in 4th bc Mary and Joseph, Judaism
Which emperor declared Christianity acceptable and a legal religion?
Constantine I
Which Roman Emperor called councils to decide doctrines?
Constantine I, in the early 4th century C.E.
Jesus' resurrection
Easter Sunday, vindicated his claims and promises; clarifies who he is as Son of God; gives us sure and certain hope regarding the final resurrection and life eternal; the Great Comission; opens the way for God to give the Holy Spirit to believers; established the church, God's faithful community
On what day every week do many Muslims go to their houses of worship?
Friday
Good Friday
Friday in Holy Week, anniversary of Christ's death on the Cross, and a day of fast and abstinence from the earliest Christian times.
What is the trinity?
God the Father, the Son Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit, invisible yet everywhere.
Communion
Holy Communion, the reception of the Body and Blood of Christ in the Eucharist (1382). More generally, our fellowship and union with Jesus and other baptized Christians in the Church, which has its source and summit in the celebration of the Eucharist. In this sense, Church as communion is the deepest vocation of the Church (959).
In what century did the Protestant Reformation really gain strength, and get popular support of royals and ordinary people?
In the 16th century
In what year was Christianity declared acceptable and made a legal religion in the Roman Empire?
In the early 4th century C.E. (325 CE)
What is the hijra?
It is the beginning of the Islamic Calendar. This is when Muhammad moved Medina from Mecca, to spread the word of Allah.
Is Islam monotheistic or polytheistic or some mixture of both?
Monotheistic
What revelation happened on Mt. Hira?
Muhammad was visited by the Arch-angel Gabriel who revealed to him a verse from the Quran;Read in the name of thy Lord Who created; created man from a clot (of congealed blood): Read and thy Lord is most Bountiful, Who taught (the use of) the pen, taught man that which he knew not. (Quran, 96:1-5) He was commanded by Almighty God to proclaim ONENESS of Almighty God. It was the message that all the Prophets before him had been giving to mankind.
A person who believes in Islam is called a ....
Muslim
what happens during this time?
Muslims all over the world abstain from food, drink, and other physical needs during the daylight hours. As a time to purify the soul, refocus attention on God, and practice self-sacrifice, Ramadan is much more than just not eating and drinking. [TEXTBOOK DEF] should not eat pork, drink alcohol, or gamble.. exceptions: very young children, sick people & menstruating women; if the condition is temporary, the person will often perform the Saum later.
Do they pray in a particular direction?
Qibla
From the Desert Fathers, ideals of Christian monastic life -- overly, chastity, and obedience developed. What types of needed services did Christian monasteries and convents provide in Medieval Europe?
Schools, herbal doctors, advice, classical Greek & Christian Libraries; monks wrote commentaries, provided rooms & food for travelers, etc.
Who are the Shi'ites?
Shi'ia/Shia. Muslims in Iran and Iraq, who are basically orthodox
What is original sin?
Sin everyone is born with because Adam and Eve disobeyed God by eating from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil
What distinguishes Evangelicals/Pentacostals/ "Born Again" Christians overall from other Protestants?
Sometimes called the 3rd force, their themes are enthusiastic singing and prayer, awakening of the Holy Spirit in everyone, need for a personal inner relationship with Jesus, and the "laying of hands" (by a pastor) for healing on the head of a sick or disabled person.
Islamic mystics are called
Sufis
The most popular type of Muslims are called
Sunnis
Who is said to composed this scripture, who delivered the message, and who received it?
The Arabs, Muhammad, and ???
Why is Mecca so important?
The place where Islam was founded, the ka'aba was built there, Muhammad was born in Mecca, and most of Muhammad religious ideas started and spreader there
How did the law change in 380 C.E./A.D.?
Theodosious the Great declared Christianity to be the sole religion of the empire
What does Islam think about Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and the Bible?
They believe that they are prophets who were made to send a message to their people and the Bible contains original revelation from God but is supposedly corrupted to one degree or another
When and why did the "Desert Fathers" and some Mothers leave this Christianity society to go and live in the deserts of Egypt, Israel, Syria, etc. outside the cities?
They went into the desert to be solitary, to pray to Christ, to pray to God, and pray St. Anthony of Egypt Hermit: being alone, praying to God, being in solidarity
Easter Day
When Jesus was resurrected
When and why did the "Great Schism" between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches take place?
When: 1054 AD Why: Constantine's dividing the Roman Empire Empire (East+West) began the split
Who founded Islam? when and where?
Who: Prophet Muhammad When: 7th century Where: Middle East, Mecca... Saudi Arabia
What is hadith?
a collection of traditions and sayings of muhammad
Jesus' crucifixion
accused of blasphemy, the event (on Good Friday), when Jesus was crucified and killed by Romans; took place at Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem; saved all humanity from sin
Why do some Muslims claim that the religion started with God, and Adam and Eve, in Eden?
because they were the first humans on Earth and Adam was the first prophet
Anthanasius
he wrote his extremely popular spiritually heroic life story on how he lived in a cave, and saw visions of angels & demons while in deep prayer
Are humans divine or not according to Islam?
no.
Is the world divine or not according to Islam?
no.
What does the modern journalistic term Islamist mean?
someone who seeks to blend Islam and politics; people who want a government based on Islamic law and beliefs
What terrible event happened at Karbala?
the Battle of Karbala, where Muhammad's relatives Hasan and Hussain were killed. This date is commemorated annually by a sorrowful passion play. Iran and Iraq have gone to war over current socio-economic skirmishes in Iraq as well. Shi'as believe Muslim leaders should bear the "light of muhammad" & only the blood ancestors of the Prophet (Quraysh tribe) are believed to have it
Sufi
the coarse woolen garments
Who are the whirling dervishes of Turkey?
they were founded by the poet whose poems are purchased in the USA more than any other poet -- Jallaludin Rumi
Fana
to pass away or chest to exist
what are the 2 meanings of the term jihad?
to struggle for the betterment of oneself within the guidelines of Islam, and to struggle for the betterment of all mankind by spreading the influence of Islam and the Muslim prophet
