World War 1
triple entente
an alliance between g.b., france, and russia in the years before ww1
triple alliance
an alliance between germany, austria-hungary, and italy in the years before WW1
League of nations
an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations
disarmament
and end to militarism and countries can be armed only for defense(security)
mandate c
are economically below other mandates and will not have independence.
mandate b
are less advanced and have prospects for independence.
treaty of versailles
created by the leaders of the victorious allies nations which include france, Britain, Italy, and the united states and singed by Germany to end the war.
The Mandate System
created to replace colonies consists of mandate a,b, and c
Trench warfare
fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WW1
Anglo-American guarantee
france requested this which said that England and the united States would help france militarily if Germany attacks them. Neither nation supported this but they agreed.
Georges Clemenceau
french representative at the paris peace conference in 1919, he pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles hampering the 14 points
unrestricted submarine warfare
german submarines would sink any ship without warning in the waters around Britain
The second battle of mame
germanys troops head west to face fresh american troops and the allies win
Schlieffen Plan
ggerman plan to defat france then quickly fight russia. the german army advances to the outskirts of paris and are forced to retreat at the battle of Mame
command economy
governments take control of their economies
peace without victory
no harsh punishment to the "losers", it will only lead to revenge in the future
example of mandate a
ottoman empire
example of mandate c
pacific ocean lands
Reparations
payment for damages after a war
Little Entente
poland, romania, and czechoslovakia form this as allies and france is supposed to protect them if Germany tries to take over.
mobilization
process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war
zimmerman note(telegram)
stated that germany would help mexico reconquer the land lost to the US if they would become their allie.
leader for france
Georges Clemenceau
Mandate a
will have independence in the near future.
January 1919-June 1919
How long did it take them to come up with a treaty?
Battles of Verdun and Somme
At what battles were there massive losses for both sides?
Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire, and Germany
Five seperate peace treaties came out of the conference with what countries?
Article 231 (war guilt clause)
Germany must take full blame for their actions, and their allies that led to World War One
"The Big Four"
Great Britain, France, Italy, and The United States
russia mobilizes too fast and france puts up a stronger fight causing germany to fight a two front war
How does the schlieffen plan fail?
the american economic ties to the war, unrestricted submarine warfare, germanys attacks on passenger ships such as the Lusitania, and the Zimmerman Note (telegram)
How is the united states brought into the war?
They wanted revenge and territorial gains. They wanted to make the Germans pay for this dreadful war.
How did Britain and France's aims at Versailles differ from Wilson's?
it brightened them up and allowed them to escape the war and have a positive attitude
How did comedy and song save the soldiers souls and keep their sanity?
it lead to a competition between nations
How did imperialism help world war 1 begin?
the huge size of russian army keeps it a formidable force and prevents germany from sending more troops to the western front
How did russia somewhat stay in the war?
They said that you could go in groups with your friends and you could stay together
How did the British get so many men to volunteer for duty?
it caused austria-hungary to declare war on serbia and then the russian army intervened mobilizing their troops which to germany was considered an act of war
How did the assassination of archduke franz ferdinand spark the outbreak of war?
happy to go to war
How did the berliners feel about the mobilization for war?
on western front the german and french forces built trenches and neither country could dislodge the other & this went on for 4 years. the eastern front was different by mobility
How did the fights on the western and eastern fronts differ?
the germans used this policy against the british and sank their ship the Lusitania which had over 1,100 civilians on it and more than 100 americans died. This made Germany postpone their policy. They restarted the policy again in 1917 to break the deadlock in war which made the U.S. join World War 1.
How did the germany policy of unrestricted submarine warfare lead to the entry of the united states into the war?
Date that Germany agreed to the Armistice
November 11, 1918
Kaiser Wilhelm II
The kaiser of germany at the time of the first world war who wanted an aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with britain. his actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 europe.
Woodrow Wilson
US president who led USA into WW1 and proposed the 14 points and attended the peace conference at Versailles.
leader for italy
Vittorio orlando
the baltic seaport of Danzig
What city becomes a free-trading city?
he wanted to establish cooperation between the countries and prevent any future wars.
What did Wilson hope to accomplish by creating the League of nations?
loss of factories, property, farms, ships, lives, etc.
What did germanys money pay for?
constant build up of weapons and soldiers
What did militarism lead to?
they thought they could bomb them for 7 straight days and then walk across no mans land and take over the germans trenches without rifles. The germans dug their trenches even deeper to protect themselves and then shot the british soldiers when they proceeded across no mans land.
What did the British soldiers believe they could do after seven days at the Battle of Somme?
They lost their colonies in Africa, asia, and the pacific, had to demillitarize along the rhine river, reduce army to 100,000 men, abolish the draft making the army volunteer only, navy limited to a small fleet, and no heavy artillery tanks warplanes and submarines.
What did the treaty of versailles do to Germany?
Wilhelm left and social democrats formed a republic called The Weimer Republic
What happened in Germany after its military defeat?
Austria declares war on Serbia
What happened on July 28th?
assassination of archduke ferdinand by the black hand.
What happened on june 28th?
they are stripped of all territories outside of turkey & then England, france and Greece take some of the land and set up the mandate system.
What happens to the Ottoman Empire?
suffer grevious losses
What happens when the allies expand the war?
miserable, difficult, and unsanitary
What is the life like in the trenches?
Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Austria, Hungary, and Poland.
What new states are formed?
The reparations that say Germany must pay 33 billion dollars in war damages
What was not included in the treaty when Germany signed it?
women were given new roles due to so many men leaving for the front women had to do jobs that they weren't able to do before. They thought of the soldiers at war and civilians at home as equal in a part of the national army.
What was the impact of total war?
he wanted a strong lasting peace making peace agreements openly rather than through secret diplomacy. He also wanted to reduce military forces and weapons and ensure self-determination.
What were Woodrow Wilson's general goals for the postwar world?
Militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism, and a weak league of nations.
What were some unresolved problems from World War 1?
advancements in technology
What were the effects of industrialization?
1918
When did women gain the right to vote in great britain?
1920
When did women get the right to vote in the united states?(19th amendment)
Japan
Where do Germany's pacific islands go to?
their borders with austria and germany which causes germany to declare war on russia and then quickly attack france. then great britain declares war on germany
Where does russia move there troops to?
france and great Britain
Who do the african colonies that Germany had go to?
East Prussia
Who does the polish corridor set-up seperating them from Germany?
france
Who gains control of Alsace and lorraine?
he painted them to rid himself of the war and his nightmares. He wanted people to know what the war was like
Why did Otto Dix create the graphic type of paintings he did?
many germans believed the war would be over within a couple of weeks because ever since 1815 all of their wars were over extremely quickly
Why did many europeans think the war would be over quickly?
because each state was guided by their own self interest and success. most leaders thought that war was an acceptable way to preserve the power of their national states.
Why did nationalism lead to competition, rather than cooperation among nations of europe?
because the men trying to advance on unprotected open fields would be fired at by the enemy's machine guns and planes began to be used on the battlefield.
Why did technology make it difficult for armies on the western front to mount a successful offensive attack?
because they were being accused of causing all of the loss and damage to the allied and associated governments in World War 1.
Why did the Germans find article 231 so objectionable?
as a former british colony the nation felt they had more in common
Why did the us join the allies?
they suffered millions in death, over three million wounded, most of the battles were fought on their soil, they feared another attack by Germany, and they wanted payment for their ruins.
Why didn't France support the Fourteen Points?
They isolate themselves because they don't want to go to war again.
Why doesn't the united States sign the treaty of versailles and don't join the league of nations?
they wanted equality and felt they did enough in the war to prove they are as good as england
Why was japan mad?
many casualties and few supplies
Why was russia struggling?
US, Italy, and Japan would not sign it.
Why was the league of nations weak with little power?
women's movement for social and political emancipation
Why were women granted the right to vote following World War 1?
leader for the United States
Woodrow Wilson
because it determined if people would go crazy from all the death and dead bides and outcomes of the war were decided there.
Wy was the Battle of Verdun called the place of judgement?
Mandate
a country placed under the control of another power by international agreement.
western front
a line of trenches and fortifications in world war 1 that stretched without a break from switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between germany on one hand and france & britain on the other
conscription
a military draft
militarism
a policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war
unresisted submarine warfare
a policy that the germans announced in january 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the british waters without warning
war of attrition
a war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses
Blockade
a war measure that isolates some area of importance to the enemy
Armistice
agreement to stop fighting
David Lloyd George
british prime minister at Versailles who attempted to meditate between Wilson's peace without victory stand and clemenceau's but with only partial success
militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism
causes of world war 1
Planned economies
control of production and distribution of goods and services by the government
leader for great britain
david lloyd george
western front
heavy battle zone in northern france
propaganda
ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause
rationing
restricting the amount of food and other goods people may buy during war time to assure adequate supplies for the military
eastern front
site of main fighting along the german-russian border where the russians push into austria and germany but are soon forced to retreat
example of mandate b
some areas of Africa
Allies
the alliance of great britain, france, russia,, and italy
Paris Peace Conference
the big Four comes together to decide the peace settlements
November 11th, 1918
the day that germany and the allies sign the armistice ending the war.
eastern front
the region along the german-russian border where russians and serbs battled germans, austrians, and turks.
self-determination
the right of people to choose their own form of government
Fourteen Points
the war aims by president wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
treaty that russia will sign in 1917 withdrawing them from the war.
total war
war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battle fields.
british waited 6 weeks and then the wettest season ever began
what was passchendaele?
central powers
world war 1 alliance between germany, austria-hungary, and the ottoman empire
