WW1 Unit Test, WWI History Test Notes, Historical Concepts

Explain what the first letter in B.R.A.T. means in terms of the punishment Germany received for causing WWI.

1. Blame: Germany had to acknowledge the blame for starting the war in the form of a "War guilt" clause.

How long did WW1 last?

1914-1918

What two major events occurred near/after WWI?

1917: The Bolshevik Revolution. A group of communists in Russia took over the government. 1919: Spanish flu outbreak.

Explain what the second letter in B.R.A.T. means in terms of the punishment Germany received for causing WWI.

2. Reparations: Germany had to pay over $33 billion in Reparations. - The reparations covered the damages done to other countries as well as pensions for allied nations, and widows of Germany.

Explain what the third letter in B.R.A.T. means in terms of the punishment Germany received for causing WWI.

3. Army: Germany was forbidden to have an army over 100,000 men. No submarines and no airforce.

Explain what the last letter in B.R.A.T. means in terms of the punishment Germany received for causing WWI.

4. Territory: Germany lost territory to Britain and France.

How many died in WW1?

40 million

How many people did Canada send into WW1? How many died?

625,000 men and over 60,000 died and nearly 172,000 were injured

What was Canada's population before the War?

8 million

What was a health problem that commonly arose from living in the unsanitary conditions of the trenches?

A common health issue was called trench foot from standing in trenches filled with rainwater for weeks on end. Fungal infections in the feet area arose due to the damp and wet conditions of the trenches. Soldiers' feet would swell up to three times and go numb. If left untreated, Trench foot can lead to gangrene (death of tissue) and amputation.

What efforts did the minorities particularly, African Canadians do in order to enlist themselves at war? What were their restrictions?

A group of 50 African Canadians from Nova Scotia tried to enlist. They pressed for a "Totally African-Canadian Battalion" and their wishes were granted. They were called the number 2, construction battalion; that is one of two predominantly black battalions in Canadian military history and the only Canadian battalion composed of black soldiers to serve in World War I. The restrictions were that the battalion needed to be commanded by white men. The second restriction was that it had to be a manual labour construction unit. Of the 700 African Canadians recruited, 600 of them worked for the Canadian forestry Corps in Southern France.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

A mental health disorder that is triggered by a terrifying - or traumatic - event by either experiencing it or by witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmare/terrors, severe anxiety, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event. For Military Veterans, the trauma may relate to direct combat duties, being in a dangerous war zone, or taking part in peacekeeping missions under difficult and stressful conditions. For civilians, the trauma can stem from either man-made events (such as physical or sexual assault, accidents, and witnessing the death or injury of others) or natural disasters (such as fires, earthquakes, floods, and ice storms). There are no hard and fast rules to define trauma.

Arms Race

A pattern of competitive acquisition of military capability between two or more countries. The term is often used quite loosely to refer to any military buildup or spending increases by a group of countries. The competitive nature of this buildup often reflects an adversarial relationship. This period during the early 20th century is referred to as the "arms race," as there was a "race" to build up weapons of war. This "arms race" resulted in the development of more powerful and deadlier weapons (e.g. flamethrower, tracer bullets, u-boats).

Prisoner of War

A person who is held captive by a belligerent power

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force or other means. Empire Building: In the years leading up to WWI, world superpowers were competing to build vast empires in Africa, South America, and Asia. Countries such as Britain, Germany, and France conquered and acquired a number of overseas territories (e.g. British India, French Algeria). These countries established economic and political domination in their new territories. As competition for territory increased, so did hostility between European superpowers (e.g. Britain and Germany).

Stalemate

A situation in which further action or progress by opposing or competing parties seems impossible.

What happened in the final year of WWI in 1917?

After the Russian revolution in 1917, Vladimir Lenin (Bolshevik) came into power and Russia pulled out of war. Lenin believed that in order to continue building the idea of communism of Karl Max, Russia needed to pull out of the war so that the nation can focus on building a communist state. In the same year, United States joined the war after receiving Germany's submarine attacks in North Atlantic Ocean. The allies (Britain, France, Canada, & United states) faced alot of loses during 1917. - 4000 Canadians died during the battle of Passchendale.

Cause and Consequence

Aims to identify, examine and analyze the reasons why events have occurred and the resulting consequences or outcomes both in the short and long term.

Explain what happened in the Battle of Ypres (second battle). What tactics did Germans employ in this battle and how did Canadians respond?

April 22 1915 - May 25 1915 It was Canada's first major military engagement near the Belgian town of Ypres. Started on April 22, 1915 when the Germans released chlorine gas to push back the Allies (Canadians and French). To push through this, Ally troops soaked urine into clothes to crystallize the chlorine gas. Canada was successful in preventing the Germans from advancing but 6000 Canadian casualties resulted. Canada gained a reputation as a force to be reckoned with.

Explain what happened in the Battle of Vimy Ridge. What were three factors that made it successful? What legacy/repuatation did Canada carry after this battle?

April 9 1917 - April 14 1917 The Ridge is located near the town of Vimy, France which lies about 40km from north of Somme Valley. The Germans controlled the Ridge at start. What contributed to Canada's success: - The preparations of working on similar terrain beforehand. - The troops were informed beforehand of the recon details so that if a general dies, the rest of the troops had to information required to know what to do next. - There were four divisions that ensured a constant pressurization on the German troops. - They bombarded the area beforehand to weaken the German's defences. The British and French were fighting the Germans on Vimy before the Canadians arrived. The British and French did not make much progress but the Canadians were able to win the battle. This victory of this battle contributed to the nationalism of Canadian identity.

Describe the level of engagement of Canada in WW1. Who facilitated this?

As soon as Britain declared war on Germany, Canada was automatically involved to support Britain in the war. Canada decided to take a significant participation role in the war. Despite only having 3000 people in the permanent army in 1914, Prime minister, Robert Borden agreed to supply 25,000 men. - This meant that a lot of volunteers would be needed and Prime Minister Borden pledged that conscription would not be enforced in Canada. - Canada's military resources were very limited at the time. Canada's navy had only 2 outdated British cruisers. The ships were, HMCS (Her Majesty's Canadian Ship) and HMCS Niobe.

What impact did the Spanish flu, a post-war trouble, have on the civilians?

Beginning the late 1918 - 1919, the Spanish flu spread across the nation. - The flu gave people symptoms such as coughing, fatigue, and creating mucus. - Over 55,000 Canadians died, most of them were young adults. The death of Canadians from the Spanish flu compounded the impacts of the death of 60,000 Canadians during WWI. - The threat was so bad, the government tried to post-pone the armistice.

Triple Entente

Britain, France, Russia

Canada's Response to the War?

Canada needed to support Britain in the war effort, but we could choose the level of participation. Canada decided to play a significant role in the fight. Even though Canada only had a permanent army of about 3000 men in 1914, Prime Minister Robert Borden agreed to supply 25,000 troops. Many volunteers would be needed, but PM Borden pledged that conscription would not be enforced in Canada. Military resources were an issue. At the beginning of the war, Canada's navy only had two outdated British cruisers.

What were some positive effects on Canada as a result of winning the war?

Canada would emerge from WWI as a proud, victorious nation with a newfound standing in the world.

What were the significance of women at the home-front?

Canadian women made major contributions to the war effort both at home and overseas. Their contributions was a key component to our country's success. Overseas, more than 2,500 women served as nurses in the Canadian Army Medical Corps. They worked at stationed hospitals, ships and ambulance trains. The women also worked as ambulance drivers, cooks, etc... On the home-front, women took over the jobs that men once held before leaving for war. These included: factory jobs, agriculture, and running businesses. Many of these women were unpaid-volunteers. The ones that were paid were paid 50% less than males. Many women rolled bandages, knitted socks and assembled clothing and various goods for men at war. - They also raised money for cigarettes. - Both women and children grew "victory gardens" to reduce the pressure on public food supply. Traditional victory gardens included foods high in nutrition, such as beans, beets, cabbage, lettuce, peas, and tomatoes.

What did the Bolsheviks believe? Why were some groups of people scared of them?

Communism: The idea that everyone in a community should own and control the production and distribution of goods. The bolsheviks encouraged farmers from across the world to join the political movement. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917-1918 gave off the impression to other countries including Canada that a revolution similar to this might happen in Canada. The work conditions in Canada during the time was unsafe, demanding and unsanitary. The workers were mad and Canadian workers started to join to form trade Unions; many people thought it might spark another revolution.

What did Borden do in 1917 with the decreasing enlistment numbers? What groups of people opposed Borden's political motive and why? Why did the conservatives worry about the next election?

Despite his previous promise of not enforcing conscription, he made it mandatory for males of ages 20-24 to fight at war. This created a political division between French canadiens and English canadians, as French canadiens didn't believe they had allegiance to France or Britain. Other groups that opposed conscription included: Farmers: They grow and cultivate crops and without their presence at farms, no one will grow crops to feed soldiers. Mennonites: They were religiously motivated to not involve in violence. Hence, they were against war. Those that refused to enlist were prosecuted and jailed. Conservatives were worried that conscription opposers and liberals would team up and defeat them in the next election.

Draft-Dodgers

Draft evasion is any successful attempt to elude a government-imposed obligation to serve in the military forces of one's nation. Sometimes draft evasion involves refusing to comply with the military draft laws of one's nation.

The Christmas Truce

During the first Christmas of the war, a spontaneous and unofficial truce occurred on the Western Front. Initially, British and German soldiers began singing Christmas carols to each other from the trenches. At the first light of dawn on Christmas Day, some German soldiers emerged from their trenches and approached the British across No Man's Land, calling out "Merry Christmas." The men shook hands, exchanged small gifts (e.g. cigarettes), took pictures together, sang Christmas carols, and even played a game of soccer. Some soldiers used this time to retrieve and bury the bodies of fellow soldiers who had been killed in No Man's Land.

How Vast was Canada's Economic Growth During the War? What were its major goods?

During the war years, the Canadian economy benefited from increased demands for: Wartime Goods, Airplanes, Artillery Shells, Military ships (built in Quebec), Guns (e.g. Ross Rifle), Airplane , Engines, Boots and Uniforms, and Wheat, Britain and her allies depended on wheat from Western Canada to feed the soldiers at war. By 1917, the price per bushel increased by 50 percent.

During the WWI, what did the home-front benefit from? And why?

During the war years, the home-front faced an increase demand in war materiel (i.e. guns, ammunition, airplanes, ships, boots and uniforms, etc...), which benefited the economy. Britain and the allies depended on wheat grown from Western Canada to feed the soldiers at war. - By 1917, the price per bushel increased by 50%.

During the first Christmas of the war, what special event happened?

During this day, a spontaneous, unofficial truce occurred between the two opposite forces on the Western Front. - British and German soldiers sang christmas carols. - At dawn, both sides arose from their trenches and said merry christmas. - The men shook hands and exchanged small gifts, took pictures together and played a game of soccer. - Some used this time to burry their dead fellow comrades. Due to threats of disciplinary action, this never occurred again in WWI.

In terms of Canadians, who were eligible to join the war?

Fathers, sons, underage boys and old men all registered to help fight. Underage boys weren't legally eligible to register but many lied about their age and enlisted when they were only 14-16 instead of being 17. - Canadian men needed employment and many wanted the adventure. - Over 30,000 men were enlisted in just a month.

What treaty was released after the last shot of the war? When did WWI end?

Following the November 11th 1918 cease fire, the Treaty of Versailles was drafted and signed on 1919 at the Paris Peace Conference.

What were the three different types of trenches

Front, Support, Reserve

Western Front

Front: the furthest position that an army has reached and where the energy is or may be engaged. Western Front was where the majority of fighting by Canadian soldiers took place.

U-Boat

German naval submarines.

Who were the superpowers of WW1?

Germany and France

November 11th

Germany surrendered on the morning of November 11, 1918

How did the Winnipeg General Strike Occur? Briefly describe what the economical and working conditions were like for civilians in Canada during 1918, prior to the workers revolution.

Goods and prices are getting more expensive after the war, workers took lower wages to make productions sustainable and profitable for the businesses. Long hours and working conditions were terrible. Labour law in Canada did not exist and that meant that business owners legally did not need to take into consideration the complaints of the workers. The Winnipeg General Strike occurred. Winnipeg was a large city during this time period. The workers wanted to unite under one union. Mostly in western canada. There was a lot of support for this, workers dealt with bad conditions and they wanted to join the giant trade union. Most started with metal, carpentry industries but later stretched out to other industries as well. Owners did not want to agree with the negotiations.

What were some other names for WW1?

Great War or the War to End All Wars

John Macrae

He was a soldier during WW1 and also a surgeon during the second battle of Ypres. He wrote the poem "In Flanders Fields"

How did Borden come to power? How did he deal with the people that opposed him due to conscription, who he enfranchised and disenfranchised? How did the Wartime Elections Act and the Military Voters Act help him to win the election and secure the vote?

In order to win the election, Borden tried to appeal to both to the liberal and conservative voters who supported the war/conscription. He proposed a union government composed of both liberal and conservative sympathizers. To achieve his win he developed two types of legislations, The Wartime Elections Act and the Military Voters Act. Military Voters act: Introduced in August 1917. Made it possible for all Canadian soldiers (400,000 of them) to vote, even those of underage. Wartime Elections Act: Introduced in September 1917. Has three aspects to it; Women related to any Canadian soldiers were allowed to vote. Prior to this act, they weren't allowed. The second aspect is that, the act simultaneously took away the vote from immigrants that Canada was currently fighting at war. The third aspect is that any Canadian citizen born after 1902 in countries that Canada is at war were not allowed to vote. How did it win him his election? - Merged war/conscription supporters from Liberal party and Conservative party to form Union government while subsequently removing voters who would likely oppose conscription.

What other visible minorities enlisted in the war? What was one person that stood out due to his merits?

In the beginning of 1917, a significant number of visible minorities enlisted during the war. It composed of: First Nations: 3500 men Metis: several thousand African Canadians: 1000 Japanese Canadians: several hundred One of these men Francis Pegahmagabow, an Ojibwa soldier who was recognized as the most effective sniper in WWI. - He had a 378 K/D in Germans. - And capturing 300 prisoners.

Watershed

Is an event that marks a "turning point" or "milestone."

Ethical Dimensions

Is our perspective about historical actions. This creates a difficult paradox. Taking historical perspective demands that we understand the differences between our ethical universe and those of bygone societies. We do not want to impose our own anachronistic standards on the past. You should be able to expect to learn something from the past that helps us to face the ethical issues of today.

Trench Warfare

Is when opposing armed forces attack, counterattack, and defend from relatively permanent systems of trenches dug into the ground. The opposing systems of trenches are usually close to one another. Trench warfare is resorted to when the superior firepower of the defense compels the opposing forces to "dig in" so extensively as to sacrifice their mobility in order to gain protection. In 1914, many European military leaders believed that battles could be won by launching quick attacks involving large numbers of soldiers. This just proved to create a stalemate situation where neither side could advance. The trench system was an effective means of defense, but when both sides adopted it, "No Man's Land" was the result.

Shell Shock

It happened to soldiers who were exposed to a lot of bombardment and who experienced physical injury to their nerves. It caused soldiers to be unable to function.

In terms of the M.A.I.N causes of WWI, what is the 2nd cause?

It is Military Alliances: Agreements between nations to aid and protect one another. In terms of WWI, it is the pre-war network of secret and public alliances and agreements between superpowers. By 1914, Europe's 6 major superpower nations were split into two groups of alliances. The Triple Entente were formed by Britain, France, and Russia. The Triple Alliance were formed by Italy, Germany, and Autria-Hungary. Russia promoted to defend Serbia; nationalism drove this factor as both countries were slavic. These alliances were formed due to the conflicts around imperialism and the growing fear over the "Arms race."

What are some misconceptions about the Spanish Flu?

It is a common misunderstanding that the Spanish Flu originated from Spain (telling from its name), while there being evidence in Europe that the Flu emerged in the trenches during WWI. The reason why it was called the Spanish war was because Spain (being neutral in the war) had a little more freedom to express what was going on outside of the war. Other countries at war were busy and ignored the increasing numbers of deaths resulting from the epidemic. These countries at war wanted to keep the morale up in the home-front and by announcing that there is a devastating flu going around will only harm the morale. Spain started to release the information on the epidemic through their press and the world started to believe that since Spain is releasing information, they must have been responsible for it.

In terms of the M.A.I.N causes of WWI, what is the 3rd cause?

It is imperialism: It is the policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military, or by any other means. Empire building: In the years leading up to WWI, world's superpowers were competing to build vast empires in Africa, South America and Asia. Countries such as Britain, France and Germany conquered a number of oversea territories. Britain acquired India, France acquired Algeria. - These countries established economic and political domination in their colonies. This meant that the more land a country had meant that the power a country holds increases. The competition for territory increased, so did the hostility between European superpowers. (e.g. Britain and Germany).

In terms of the M.A.I.N causes of WWI, what is the 4th cause? What part did nationalism contribute to the cause of WWI?

It is nationalism: The belief that a group of people that share a common history, language and culture should constitute as an independent-nation state. During the pre-war years, some European countries that shared the same ethnic/cultural background wanted to be united with each other. Austria-Hungary was home to 50 million Austrians, Hungarians, Bosnians, Ukrainians, Serbs, and other groups. Many of the groups wanted their own independent countries. Serbians in Bosnia (under Austrian control) wanted to become a part of Serbia. Many of them were motivated by nationalistic desire. (The Black Hand - The terrorist organization responsible for assassinating Franz Ferdinand were wanting the liberation and unification of Serbs from other countries). In terms of context: The Bosnians had a clear motive for murdering the Archduke: to rid their homeland of foreign rule (Austria-Hungary had annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908 which many of the Serbians lived there).

How did the War Measures Act have an impact on the civilians?

It led to government arresting, detaining, and deporting those that seemed suspicious of being affiliated with Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary. Immigrants from Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary were interned. 8000 people were interned and some were Russian. Only 3000 turned out to be prisoners while the rest of the interns of 5000 were civilians. - People were forced to carry identification papers and to report their habits to the police. It also led to control of communications, and seizing of property. The War Measures Act was in effect until 1920 which was even after the WWI ended. This meant that after the Bolsheviks revolution, the government confiscated, and censured publications or anything/anyone containing socialism ideals. - People were arrested by their political beliefs

Briefly describe WWI. What is it also called?

It was the first large-scaled world war as it was the first war fought between the world's major superpowers. July 28, 1914 - November 11, 1918 It lasted 4 years (1914-1918) which resulted in a loss of 40 million casualties. It is also known as the "Great War" or the "War to End All Wars."

What type of warfare tactic was utilized at the Western Front? What were the consequences of using this tactic?

It was trench warfare. It was because in 1914, many European leaders believed that battles can be quickly won by launching quick attacks involving large numbers of soldiers. The consequence of this tactic is being in a stalemate: where neither side can advance.

Triple Alliance

Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary

Explain what happened in the Battle of Somme. Why was it called the bloodies battle of the war?

July 1 1916 In Early 1916, the Western Front was at a stalemate. Known as the "Bloodiest battle" of the war. The Allied troops tried to push back the Germans at the Somme valley in northern France. The Allies had more than 600,000 casualties while the Germans only had 440,000 casualties. What was gained was only 13km of land. Although we were victorious in terms of gaining territory, we lost in terms of efficiency.

Explain what happened in the Battle of Passchendaele. Why was it known as one of the most "futile battles" in the war? What were the environmental factors that made it difficult for soldiers to fight? What did the Canadians do to counter this?

July 31 1917 - November 10 1917 Known as the one of the most "futile battles" in the war that resulted in a massive number of casualties with really not much gain. - 250,000 casualties on Allies In terms of environmental factors that made the battle difficult: There was rain which made the ground conditions not that great. The Canadians countered this by using duckboards to ensure that they would not sink in the mud. General Arthur Curry led the attack and they were victorious in their battle of capturing Passchendaele Ridge. The area was recaptured by the Germans in 1918.

What was the spark that ignited WW1?

June 28, 1914 - A radical Serbian nationalist ( Gavrilo Princip from the 'Black Hand') shot and killed the Archduke of Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia. Austria-Hungary made demands of Serbia, but they were not met (basically wanted to send police and investigators to Serbia to inquire about the Black Hand). A-H declared war on Serbia on Aug 1, 1914. When Austria declared war on Serbia, a domino effect occurred. Russia came to defend Serbia, dragging France and Britain with them. Germany came to defend Austria-Hungary. Not too long after, Britain declared war on Germany, and Canada was at war.

Briefly describe the War Measures Act. What are some key things it allows to do?

Made into law on August 22, 1914 after the start of the war. It gave the government powers to "maintain security and order" during times of war and conflict. - Allows suspension of freedoms: It allowed the government to freely arrest, detain, deport people without charges or trials. - Those that were considered "enemy aliens" that were suspected to have affiliation with the enemies fighting at war (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) were freely arrested. - Allowed the cabinet to skip the House of Commons and the Senate. - In 1918, it was employed to control Riots caused by the controversial implementation of conscription. Lasted from August 4 1914- Jan 10 1920, nearly 6 years.

Conscription

Mandatory enlistment for a country's armed forces

Home by Christmas

Many thought World War 1 would be over in days, surely by Christmas. To many, Christmas was a time of peace and goodwill towards others, the celebration of the Prince of Peace. Each cause was just. God was on their side, but the war was not over by Christmas.

Where did most of the fighting occur for Canadian Troops?

Most of the fighting occurred in Europe. There are many different types of fronts, western front, eastern front, Italian front, etc... A front is the line of contact of two different forces; it's the furthest position an enemy has reached or where the enemy is or may be engaged. - The western front is where the majority of Canadian troops fought. - Between 1915 through 1917, there were several major battles fought on this front: Ypres, Somme, Paschendale and Vimy.

What happened during the Winnipeg General Strike?

Occurred in 1919 when the War Measures Act was still in effect. 30,000 people walked off from their job and flooded downtown Winnipeg. - Started from metal and lumber industries but other industries joined later on - Had a domino effect across the country: Vancouver, Calgary, Saskatoon, Victoria, Brandon etc - Stores and factories were closed: even firefighters walked off from their jobs - A lot of newspapers during the time that painting this as a communist revolution and that the workers will take over the government next

How did the Archduke Franz Ferdinand's assassination spark WWI?

On June 28, 1914, A radical Serbian nationalist with the name, Gavrilo Princip belonging to the "black hand," shot and killed Archduke of Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia. What events led up to the assassination? - In 1908, Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia Herzegovina. The annexation angered Serbians living in Bosnia. - A group of young nationalists called the "bland hand" planed to assassinate Franz and did. The assassination led off a series of events such as the Austria-Hungary blaming the Serbian government for the assassination of their archduke. Powerful Russia were allies with Serbia due to sharing of slavic background (nationalism). Austria wanted Germany to step in and help Austria against Serbia and their allies (Russia, France and Great Britain). - On July 28, 1914, Austria declared war on Serbia and the fragile peace between the Europe's superpowers have collapsed, triggering the WWI. - Not much later, Britain declared war on Germany and Canada was automatically dragged alongside Britain.

What is propaganda and give examples of how they were employed during WWI.

Propaganda: is the form of communication aimed at influencing the attitude of readers in order to push them into believing a certain notion. Propaganda came in the form of newspapers, speeches, posters, etc... Propaganda usually conveyed these messages: Advocating for enlistment: contained images and words that created the sense of comradery between the people at war and at the home-front. - Also advocated for people to rat on other people that are hiding at home from being enlisted. Asked for their names. - The idea of "white man's war" was used in photos of a white man saying something. - Contained words like "your chums are fighting why aren't you?" Advocating for using less public resources at the home-front: By reducing stress on the public food supply, soldiers will be well fed, thus greater chance of winning the war. - Meatless Fridays, Fuel-less Sundays, Victory Gardens. Advocating for financial support: Government needed more money to aid the war and soldiers. - Victory bonds, Cigarette money donations.

What were the consequences of Internment?

Properties are confiscated. Labour camps such as Banff's golf courses were done by interns. - Interns were paid less than half of the daily wage of normal workers.

Besides trench feet, what were some other health hazards that arose within soldiers in the trench conditions?

Rats lice and odor were common health hazards that predominately affected soldiers in the trenches. Rats carried diseases and grew up to the sizes of a house cat. They fed on the dead bodies of soldiers and subsequently carried the diseases of the decaying bodies. The rats would crawl onto the faces of soldiers at night and would also contaminate food and supplies. Lice and trench fever, a particularly painful disease that results in a severe high fever. The recovery took up to twelve weeks and was done away from the trenches. The cause of the pungent smells were due to a lot of reasons. Decaying bodies, overflowing potty holes, feces from animals, poor hygiene and cigarette smoke.

Historical Significance

Relates to the importance assigned to aspects of the past. This includes peoples, events developments, developments, discoveries, movements and historical sites.

What did Britain want out of the Paris peace conference?

Represented by British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, help to compromise a deal between Wilson and Clemenceau. He believed that the Germans did need to pay but not to the degree of being obliterated.

What did France want out of the Paris peace conference?

Represented by French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau, was the opposition of Wilson. Clemenceau, nicknamed 'tiger' for his furious war policies, wanted to obliterate the Germans so that they could never invade France again.

What did the United States want out of the Paris peace conference?

Represented by Woodrow Wilson (American president at the time), wanted to have "peace without victory" and wanted the defeated nations to be treated well to prevent future revenge wars. Wilson represented his goals in his Fourteen Points which were admired by the Germans but not the other allies. Wilson wanted to eliminate the bases of war, imperialism and nationalism. Wilson also wanted an end to alliances, a reduction of military-arm, and self determination. Self determination: is the idea that countries in Eastern Europe would choose their own form of government. Wilson also wanted to form a league of nations. League of nations: a group of countries with the goal of settling disputes through negotiation, rather than war.

Describe how the trench warfare system works. How often were the rotations for positions?

Soldiers spent around 2 weeks in trenches. They moved from the front-line, support line, to the reserves. Front: Front of the enemy's defensive point, and "jump off point" for attacks. Support: Housed "back-up" forces Reserve: Trenches where soldiers can recover and rest but are close enough to return to combat when needed.

Historical Perspective

Taking historical perspective means understanding the social, cultural, intellectual, and emotional settings that shaped people's lives and actions in the past. This includes an appreciation of the circumstances they faced and the motivations, values and attitudes behind their actions.

What were the outcomes of the Strike? List all the positive and negative outcomes to your best extent ;)

The Industrialists, bankers and politicians refused to compromise with the workers demands. The Committee of 1000 believed that it was the work of the communist "enemy aliens" that have triggered people to rebel and protest. The government deported anyone that were foreign workers and union leaders. Anyone deemed to starting a revolution were arrested and deported without a trial. The NWMP (North Western Mounted Police) raided homes of union leaders and arrested them. The "Bloody Saturday" happened when civilians set cars on fire and mounted police charged at civilians to beat the protestors. Negative: - Protest failed - Strikers returned to work - It was another 30 years until the government recognized a union Positive: - Drew attention to many social/political/economic problems that many people faced and fighted for - Labour leaders became more interested in politics and pro-worker political parties became more common

Nationalism

The belief that a group of people who share a common history, language, and culture should constitute an independent nation state (political independence). Part of M.A.I.N (reasons why the war started). Canadian nationalism has been a significant political force since the 19th century and has typically manifested itself as seeking to advance Canada's independence from influence of the United Kingdom and the United States. During the 19th century nationalism became one of the most significant political and social forces in history; it is typically listed among the top causes of World War I.

What were the perspective of the committee of 1000?

The committee of 1000: On one hand there are the workers that are dealing with the conditions and have a need to strike for and on the other hand there are business elites that were opposed to unionists. The social economic elites join together to gain control since they are losing workers and profits: want to get the city to running again They try and re-establish central services. There are volunteers for daily police officer positions which don't go well. They are given battens to beat civilians. This starts the "red scare" rhetoric in newspapers which painted many leaders as 'dangerous foreigners' despite many strike leaders being of British descent

How were the conflicts in Europe selective in terms of who were able to fight? What did the upper heads call the war?

The conflict in Europe was considered a "White man's war." The Canadian army discouraged and forbade visible minorities (i.e. First Nations, Chinese immigrants, African Canadians, etc...) from joining the war as they were seen as "damaging" and "divisive" to the esprit de corps (feeling of pride, fellowship, common loyalty). The Canadian government didn't lift the restrictions on the enlistment of visible minorities until 1917. By the time, Canada has become desperate for more troops, as casualties were rising.

How did Canada deal with increasing war expenses during WWI?

The cost of financing the war became staggeringly high. To raise funds, the federal government introduced a business tax in 1916. In 1917, the government released the income tax. - Both were planned as a temporary measure but was never removed. The government also borrowed money from the Americans and went in 1billion dollars in dept. The government also raised over 600 million dollars through victory bonds (also known as liberty bonds). Victory bonds are tokens that the government sold to patriotic citizens for cash with the promise that they will be paid back later with interest.

In terms of the M.A.I.N causes of WWI, what is the 1st cause?

The first cause is Militarism: It is the policy of building a strong military in preparations for war. In the years leading up to WWI, Britain and Germany believed that it was crucial to build and maintain and strong military force. - This period in the early 20th century is referred to as the "arms race," as there was a race to build up weapons for war. - Britain had the strongest navy and Russia had the strongest army. Thus, in this period, Germany began to build up their military arsenals and develop new technologies. - The "arms race" resulted in the development of new and more powerful weapons. i.e. U boats, Flamethrowers, Tracer bullets.

Continuity and Change

The recognition that, over time, some things stay the same, while others change. One of the keys to continuity and change is looking for change where common sense suggests that there has been none and looking for continuities where we assumed that there was change. Judgments of continuity and change can be made on the basis of comparisons between some point in the past and the present, or between two points in the past, such as before and after Confederation in Canada. We evaluate change over time using the ideas of progress and decline.

No Man's Land

The result of trench warfare. Artillery, barbed wire, and machine guns made it almost impossible to cross open ground, which is why it became known as "No Man's Land".

What were the countries involved in WWI?

The war pitted the Central Powers (mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy) against the Allies (Britain, Russia and France and from 1917, the United States).

How was the War Measures Act used in action with Borden's controversial policy for enlistment?

There were debates over conscription which divided many civilians during the war. In Quebec, riots started to develop as support for conscription was low in that region. In order to suppress the rioters, the government released troops. The rioters fought the troops and the troops retaliated. Many casualties resulted.

What were the perspectives of the Strikers?

They demanded three main things: 1. The right of collecting bargaining: - employees have the right to unite, to present demands to the employer collectively and to engage in discussions in an attempt to achieve workplace-related goals 2. A living wage: - means one that enables workers, for their labour during a standard work week, to support half the basic needs of an average-sized family 3. Reinstatement of all strikers - The restorations of all jobs lost due to participating in a strike. They did not want three things: 1. Revolution 2. Dictatorship 3. Disorder

The Lost Generation

They were the group of people in early adulthood in WW1. By lost is refers to the post war survivors who were left disoriented and directionless.

Trench Foot

This fungal infection was brought on by "damp, and wet" conditions in the trenches.

Militarism

To build and maintain a strong military force and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests. In the years leading up to WWI, countries such as Britain and Germany believed it was necessary to build and maintain a strong military force. This period during the early 20th century is referred to as the "arms race," as there was a "race" to build up weapons of war. Since Britain had the "largest navy" and Russia had the "largest army," Germany began to build up its military arsenals and develop new technology. This "arms race" resulted in the development of more powerful and deadlier weapons (e.g. flamethrower, tracer bullets, U-boats).

Briefly summarize Canada's involvement in WWI and the impacts. The amount of troops vs casualties?

WWI was a "watershed" in Canadian history because no other event had a profound impact on this nation. Watershed means, an event that is a turning point. Canada was a part of the British Empire, thus, was automatically at war when Britain joined the war. During the 4 year period, Canada sent over 625,000 men. Of that total, 60,000 men died and nearly 170,000 were injured. Canada had a small population during this time period. The victory of the allies meant that Canada would emerge as a proud victorious nation.

Mustard Gas

Was introduced by the Germans in 1917. It blistered the skin, eyes, and lungs, and killed thousands. Military strategists defended the use of poison gas by saying it reduced the enemy's ability to respond and thus saved lives in offensives. In reality, defenses against poison gas usually kept pace with offensive developments, and both sides employed sophisticated gas masks and protective clothing that essentially negated the strategic importance of chemical weapons.

Why did the tactic employed at the Western Front result in a stalemate? What were the disadvantages to the trench warfare vs advantages?

Wave after waves of troops were sent "over the top" and charged the enemy lines. The new technology (machine guns, barbed wire, and artillery) made this technique ineffective as the soldiers on either side were "mowed down like sitting ducks." The trench system was effective in terms of defending your territory but when both sides adopted it, "No man's land" was the result. Artillery, barbed wire, and machine guns made it almost impossible to cross open ground, which is why it became known as No Man's Land.

What were some propagandas shown at the people in the home-front?

While soldiers fought at war, the people at home were expected to also do their part to support the efforts of the war. Propaganda posters such as "fuel-less Sundays," "meat-less Fridays" and the elimination of wasteful practices were shown and exercised. There were also several war menus to help with public rationing. Foods that were eggless, butter-less, and milk-less were popular.

Explained what happened in the final 100 days of WWI. What are the significance of those events?

With the victory on the battle of Amiens in August 1918, the allies have won the war. Canadians recaptured a number of German occupied cities in France and Belgium, most notably, mons Belgium. Canadians liberated Mons, on November 10th, 1918 with the last shot of the Great War was fired. This ultimately signalled the end of the Great War. Germany surrendered on the morning of November 11, 1918 after losing over 2 million men in the war and being constantly defeated by the Allies.

Why was the aftermath of WWI a revolution in terms of women's rights?

Women's contributions to the war effort at the home-front were vital for the victory of the war. However, when the war ended and men returned back, women were expected to return home. Women argued for gender equality post-war and fought for the right to vote. Women were granted with the ability to vote in Manitoba after the federal election in 1918.

What was M.A.I.N

militarism, alliances, imperialism and nationalism these words are often used to analyze war, and each of these reasons are cited to be the 4 main causes of World War One.