YAWP Unit 7A
Hetch Hetchy Valley
Preservation vs conservation - conservation wins Debate over a proposed dam in the area- Congress approved the project in 1913 Dam built and valley flooded for the benefit of SanFran residents Fight revolved around the provision of water for San Francisco Engineers identified the location where the Tuolumne River ran through Hetch Hetchy as an ideal site for a reservoir The project had been suggested in the 1880s but picked up momentum in the early twentieth century But the valley was located inside Yosemite National Park. (Yosemite was designated a national park in 1890, though the land had been set aside earlier in a grant approved by President Lincoln in 1864.)
Explain the difference between preservation and conservation and give an example of someone who supported each.
Preservation was the belief that the wilderness should be left untouched so that future generations could enjoy it's natural beauty. John Muir was a preservationist, known for his quote that "everybody needs beauty as well as bread". Conservation emphasized the efficient use of available resources, through planning, control, and the prevention of waste. It is often said that the conservationsts' catchphrase was the "greatest good for the greatest number". One key conservationist during this time was Gifford Pinchot.
Theodore Roosevelt
Previously assistant secretary of the navy but resigned so he could see action in the war National celebrity after his actions in cuba
Prior to the Progressive era, how had the federal government tried to regulate some business and commerce issues?
Prior to the Progressive era, the federal government used a laissez-faire approach in governing the economy. This meant that they did not think it was their place to get involved in business, and that this capitalistic freedom stimulted creativity and success in America.
Bison
Professional bison hunting expeditions nearly eradicated an entire species
How did Progressive environmentalism address the urban poor?
Progressive environmentalism addresed the urban poor because it called for increased sanitation measures and the builing of public parks, things that increased the urban poor's quality of life.
How did Progressive environmentalism address rural communities?
Progressive environmentalism addressed rural communities because the country life movement sought to improve living conditions and social issues in rural areas. The movement was meant to persuade the children of rural communities to stay there and carry on running the family farms so that there would be a sufficient food supply for the growing American population.
"Understanding clause": (disenfranchisement laws)
Protect illiterate whites from exclusion due to the literacy test Allowed a voter to qualify if they could adequately explain the meaning of a section that was read to them
Theodore Roosevelt
Reform-minded Republican who ascended to the presidency after the death of William McKinley in 1901 Envisioned his presidency as a mediator between opposing forces, such as between labor unions and corporate executives Despite his own wealthy background, Roosevelt pushed for antitrust legislation and regulations, arguing that the courts could not be relied on to break up the trusts Used his own moral judgment to determine which monopolies he would pursue Believed that there were good and bad trusts, necessary monopolies and corrupt ones Although his reputation as a trust buster was wildly exaggerated, he was the first major national politician to go after the trusts. Roosevelt was more interested in regulating corporations than breaking them apart Besides, courts were unpredictable
Sen. Albert J. Beveridge
Saw American victory as an opportunity for Imperialism(are we surprised) America had a "mission to perform" and a "duty to discharge" around the world Ultimately, he wanted an American empire
How were Christians involved in Progressive reform?
They asked themselves what they could do to enact the kingdom of God on Earth, trying to be kind and giving to those less fortunate than themselves as Jesus would have done. Charles Sheldon published In His Steps: What Would Jesus Do?, and Walter Rauschenbush confronted the crime and poverty in the Hell's Kitchen section of New York City, telling those around them to do as Jesus would to benefit society. However, these followers of the social gospel tended to ignore the women, African Americans, and Natives fighting for their rights as part of social reform.
Compare and contrast the tactics and effectiveness of NAWSA and the National Women's Party. Which do you think was more successful in achieving the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment?
They both fought for women's right to vote; the NAWSA was focused on both the state and national level, whereas, the National Women's Party held more marches and petitioned the White House(fought on a more national/federal level).
National Association of Colored Women
Usually upper-middle-class, educated, northern women
Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois
Vied for leadership among African American activists, resulting in years of intense rivalry and debated strategies for the uplifting of Black Americans
Compare and contrast Washington and DuBois?
Washington and DuBois both advocated for racial justice. However, Washington believed in "seperate but equal" and claimed that the failure of reconstruction was inevitable because African Americans had to work for their equality by first obtaining economic independence. DuBois, on the other hand, did not believe in "seperate but equal," condemning Wasthington's "Atlanta Compromise" and was a founder of the NAACP, an organization that fought for social and political change in the lives of African Americans.
Conservation
"to take every part of the land and its resources and put it to that use in which it will serve the most people."- Pinchot Emphasized the efficient use of available resources, through planning and control and "the prevention of waste "greatest good for the greatest number" - catchphrase Policies that tended to benefit the nation's financial interests: Many states instituted game laws to regulate hunting and protect wildlife, but they could be entirely unbalanced: PA: local game laws included requiring firearm permits for non-citizens, barred hunting on Sundays, and banned the shooting of songbirds Disproportionately affected Italian immigrants as Italians often hunted songbirds for subsistence, worked in mines for low wages every day but Sunday, and were too poor to purchase permits or to pay the fines levied against them when game wardens caught them breaking these new laws Other laws offered up resources to businesses at costs prohibitive to all but the wealthiest companies and individuals, or with regulatory requirements that could be met only by companies with extensive resources
Guano Islands Act
1856- U.S. aquires its first Pacific territories Authorized and encouraged Americans to venture into the seas and claim islands with guano(popular fertilizer integral to industrial farming) deposits for the United States 1st insular, unincorporated territories of the U.S.- neither part of a state nor a federal district, and they were not on the path to ever attain such a status
Mark Twain
1867- travels to the Middle East The Innocents Abroad- "The people [of the Middle East] stared at us everywhere, and we [Americans] stared at them. We generally made them feel rather small, too, before we got done with them, because we bore down on them with America's greatness until we crushed them." When Americans later intervene in the Middle East, they do so out of a sense of superiority
Frances Willard
1879-1898: transformed the WCTU into a national political organization Adopted all reforms that would improve social welfare and women's rights
Jacob Riis
1890: How the Other Half Lives- described poverty through words and photos Led to housing reforms in NY and other cities Conveyed message that society was to blame for such squalor and could therefore be able to relieve it
Social gospel & Protestant Christianity
1896: Charles Sheldon pulbishes In His Steps: What Would Jesus Do? - promotes the social gospel Social gospel emerged in Protestant Christianity at the end of the 19th century Christians should be concerned for the salvation of society- not just individual people Challenge yourselves, help the less fortunate
The Spanish-American War
1898 conflict between the United States and Spain that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America
Open Door Policy
1899 by John Hay All Western powers would have equal access to Chinese markets He feared that other imperial powers would "carve China into spheres of influence"
Boxer Rebellion
1900- American troops joined a multinational force that intervened to prevent the closing trade by putting down the Boxer Rebellion Movement opposed to foreign businesses and missionaries operating in China McKinley sent the U.S Army without telling Congress, setting a precedent for U.S presidents to order American troops to action around the world under their executive powers
Upton Sinclair
1906: The Jungle- novel dramatizing the experiences of a Lithuanian immigrant family who moved to Chicago to work in the stockyards Novel was intended to expose the exploitation of labor in the meatpacking industry(built support for the socialist movement), but major impact was to expose the unsanitary nature of food production Led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906
Hepburn Act
1906: allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate best practices and set reasonable rates for the railroads
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
1911- factory in Manhattan caught fire Doors were locked to prevent unauthorized breaks(managers with keys saved themselves leaving the rest of the women- over 200- to die) Fire ladder broke due to shoddy construction Women jumped from the rooftop- the life nets the firemen were holding tore on impact Women had a strike the year before for safer working conditions
Anti-Saloon League
1912: Yearbook - presented charts indicating comparable increases in alcohol consumption alongside rising divorce rates
BOTH POPULISTS (late 1890s) and PROGRESSIVES (early 1900s) SUPPORTED THE FOLLOWING IDEAS:
A graduated income tax Direct election of senators by the people, not the state legislatures Lower tariff rates The secret ballot (Australian ballot) Restrictions on immigration The initiative, referendum, and recall Improvement of Workers' Conditions and an 8 hour day Promotion of the welfare of farmers
Christian Missionaries
First American missionaries arrived in Hawaii in 1820 and China in 1830 Often worked alongside business interests Hawaii: obtained large tracts of land and started lucrative sugar plantations
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
Aimed to limit anticompetitive practices, such as those institutionalized in cartels and monopolistic corporations Stated that a "trust . . . or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce . . . is declared to be illegal" and that those who "monopolize . . . any part of the trade or commerce . . . shall be deemed guilty." The Sherman Anti-Trust Act declared that not all monopolies were illegal, only those that "unreasonably" stifled free trade. The courts seized on the law's vague language, however, and the act was turned against itself, manipulated and used, for instance, to limit the growing power of labor unions. Only in 1914, with the Clayton Anti-Trust Act, did Congress attempt to close loopholes in the previous legislation.
Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party
Alice Paul led the organization Party took to the streets to demand voting rights, organizing marches and protests that mobilized thousands of women Beginning in January 1917, National Woman's Party members also began to picket the White House, an action that led to the arrest and imprisonment of over 150 women
"Atlanta Compromise"
Famous speech by Booker T "Cast your bucket down" to improve life's lot under segregation In the same speech, delivered one year before Plessy v. Ferguson, Washington said to white Americans, "In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress." Washington was both praised as a race leader and pilloried as an accommodationist to America's unjust racial hierarchy His public advocacy of a conciliatory posture toward white supremacy concealed the efforts to which he went to assist African Americans in the legal and economic quest for racial justice
Progressive Era
A time when middle class Americans sought to "clean up" politics and advocate for various reforms- African Americans wanted equal rights, women wanted the right to vote and to be equal with their male counterparts, and workers demanded higher wages, safer working conditions, and the recognition of their right to join unions
How were African Americans left behind during the Progressive Era? Give two examples.
African Americans were left behind during the Progressive Era due to disenfranchisement laws and the Plessy v. Ferguson case declaring the legality of "seperate but equal". Disenfranchisement laws included poll taxes and literacy tests designed to keep African Americans from being able to participate in elections. The "understanding clause" was designed to allow illiterate white people to still vote because it allowed a voter to qualify if they could adequately explain the meaning of a section that was read to them. The grandfather clause also ensured the ability to poor, illiterate white people to vote because it granted suffrage on anyone whose grandfather was eligible to vote in 1867.
Grandfather clause
Bestowed suffrage on anyone whose grandfather was eligible to vote in 1867 Ensured that whites who would have been otherwise excluded through poll taxes or literacy tests would still be eligible to vote Struck down by the Supreme Court in 1915
Dewey and Manilla
Although America was off to a rough start, Spain's decaying military crumbled Victories came quickly Pacific, May 1: Commodore George Dewey engaged the Spanish fleet outside Manila(capital of the Philippines), (another Spanish colonial possession) Known as the Battle of Manila Bay Destroyed it, and proceeded to blockade Manila harbor 2 months later: American troops take San Juan Heights in Cuba Where Teddy Roosevelt and Rough Riders earn their fame
Maine
Although the U.S. government said they wanted to avoid armed conflict with Spain, McKinley became increasingly concerned about American lives and property in Cuba→orders battleship Maine to Havana Harbor in January 1898 Ship sat undisturbed in harbor for approx. 2 weeks →February 15: explosion sinks ship ¾ of the 354 occupants died A naval board began investigating, but many Americans already blamed Spain
How did America begin to intervene in the Pacific, mainly China? What was the reaction?
America intervened in China via John Hay's Open Door Policy and putting down the Boxer Rebellion. Hay worried that other European nations would start to carve out portions of China for themselves, limiting American access to the Chinese market and China's resources. The Open Door Policy ensured China's ability to trade with any nation they choose. The Boxer Rebellion was an anti imperialist uprising in China that seeked to end foreign influence over the country. China was to valuable to America for them to let the rebellion succeed, so the U.S. troops joined a multinational force that intervened to prevent the closing trade by putting the rebellion down. McKinley sent the U.S Army without telling Congress, setting a precedent for U.S presidents to order American troops to action across the globe under their executive powers.
What the heck was going on in Mexico? Why was it significant?
American capitalists invested a lot of money in Mexico during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, during the long reign of the corrupt yet stable regime of Porfirio Diaz. In 1910, the people of Mexico revolted against him and American capitalists' business investements were consequently in shambles, causing them to plead for interference by the federal government. When Victoriano Huerta executed democratically elected president Francisco Madero in 1913, Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize the new government and demanded that Huerta step aside and allow democracy to take place. In April 1914, Mexican forces mistakenly arrested American sailors in port city Tampico and Huerta refused to apologize, prompting Wilson to ask Congress for military interference. Before they could respond, the U.S. invaded Veracruz, Mexico to prevent what Wilson said was a German shipment of arms from reaching Huerta's forces. The Huerta government fell in July 1914, and American occupation lasted until November, when Venustiano Carranza took power. When Wilson supported Carranza and not the more radical Pancho Villa, Villa and several hundred supporters attacked American interests and raided the town of Columbus, New Mexico, in March 1916, killing over a dozen soldiers and civilians. General John J. "Blackjack" Pershing and his team were then sent to caputre Villa. This is all significant because America got involved in the affairs of a foreign nation due to public business interests gone bad. This then became the catalyst for further American involvement in Mexican affairs that reached the point where Mexican radicals attacked an American city and sparked further internal uproar in the U.S. Basically, if America just kept to itself, it is possible this whole situation could have been avoided.
Preservationists
An escape from an increasingly urbanized and industrialized way of life and as a welcome respite from the challenges of modernity
Gifford Pinchot
Arguably the father of American forestry and a key player in the federal management of national forests Emphasized conservation
Treaty of Paris
Disease was beginning to eat away at American troops, but lucky them, because Spanish lose Santiago de Cuba on July 17→WAR ENDS Nations agreed to a cease-fire on August 12 and Treaty of Paris is signed in December United States would acquire Spain's former holdings of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines John Hay: "spledid little war" War lasted 15 weeks Fewer than 400 American soldiers died Many saw it as the providential act of God
Jane Addams
Believed that well-educated women of means, such as herself, lacked practical strategies for engaging everyday reform Went to Europe- drawn to settlement houses Philanthropists embedded themselves among communities and offered services to disadvantaged populations 1889: Founded Hull House in Chicago Ran a nursery and kindergarten, social and cultural events 1907: Newer Ideals of Peace- philisophical foundation of pacifism Received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931
Was Booker T. Washington progressive or an accommodationist?
Booker T. Washington was more of an accomodationist than a progressive. This is because while he established the Tuskegee institute to help educate African Americans, his "Atlanta Compromise'' claimed that African Americans had to work for respect from white people by learning skills, becoming economically independent, and being well-fuctioning members of society. He believed in separate but equal as well, trying to find a balance in the tensions between Afrian Americans and the white majority.
DuBois
Born free Said Washington had, in his 1895 "Compromise" speech, "implicitly abandoned all political and social rights. . . . I never thought Washington was a bad man . . . I believed him to be sincere, though wrong." Directly attacks Washington in his 1903 The Souls of Black Folk, but at the turn of the century he could never escape the shadow of his longtime rival Studied "the Negro problem" First Black American to receive a PhD at Harvard The Niagra Movement: Du Bois gathered with supporters on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls to form an organization dedicated to social and political change for African Americans
Booker T. Washington
Born into slavery in VA Established the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama to educate African Americans Envisioned that Tuskegee's contribution to Black life would come through industrial education and vocational training Believed that such skills would help African Americans accomplish economic independence while developing a sense of self-worth and pride of accomplishment, even while living within the confines of Jim Crow Washington poured his life into Tuskegee, and thereby connected with leading white philanthropic interests- Individuals such as Andrew Carnegie financially assisted Washington and his educational ventures Published a handful of influential books, including the autobiography Up from Slavery
What problems did big business present by the end of the Gilded Age?
By the end of the Gilded Age, there was a lot of corruption from monopolies having influence over government at a local, state, and even national level. The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 aimed to limit anticompetitive practices, such as those institutionalized in cartels and monopolistic corporations, but it's wording was so vague that many companies and monopolies exploited it, and in some cases used it to limit the growth of labor unions.
Florance Kelley
Convinced Addams to move towards social reform Hull House began exposing the conditions of sweatshops and advocating for the organization of workers Hull House workers surveyed their community and produced statistics on poverty, disease, and living conditions
Federal Trade Commission
Created by Congress to enforce the Clayton Act, ensuring at least some measure of implementation
Cuba Libre!
Cry of Cubans in America and their Allies during the final Cuban uprising against Spain
Hawaii, Mexico / Huerta / Tampico / Pancho Villa
During the 19th century, Hawaii was ruled by an oligarchy based on the sugar companies (the "Big Five") Mexico: American capitalists invested a lot of money in Mexico during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, during the long reign of the corrupt yet stable regime of the modernization-hungry president Porfirio Diaz 1910: Mexican people revolt against him, ending his friendliness toward U.S. business interests In the midst of the destruction caused by the revolt, Americans pleaded for government help When Victoriano Huerta executed democratically elected president Francisco Madero in 1913, Woodrow Wilson put pressure on the new Mexico regime Wilson refused to recognize the new government and demanded that Huerta step aside and allow free elections to take place. Huerta refused April 1914: Mexican forces mistakenly arrest American sailors in port city Tampico Huerta refused to make amends, and Wilson therefore asked Congress for authority to use force against Mexico Before Congress could respond, Wilson invaded and took the port city of Veracruz to prevent, he said, a German shipment of arms from reaching Huerta's forces The Huerta government fell in July 1914, and American occupation lasted until November, when Venustiano Carranza, a rival of Huerta, took power When Wilson threw American support behind Carranza, and not his more radical and now-rival Pancho Villa, Villa and several hundred supporters attacked American interests and raided the town of Columbus, New Mexico, in March 1916, killing over a dozen soldiers and civilians
New Freedom(Election of 1912)
Emphasized neither trust busting nor federal regulation but rather small-business incentives so that individual companies could increase their competitive chances
Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
Enhanced the Sherman Act, specifically regulating mergers and price discrimination and protecting labor's access to collective bargaining and related strategies of picketing, boycotting, and protesting
Interstate Commerce Act / Commission (1887)
Established the Interstate Commerce Commission to stop discriminatory and predatory pricing practices
Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
Founded in 1874 to combat the evils of drunkenness
POPULISTS ONLY (more rural)
Free and unlimited coinage of silver in the ration of 16:1 Subtreasury for the storing of crops Government ownership of railroads, telephone, and telegraph lines Establishment of postal savings banks by the government for the safe deposit of the earnings of the people Prohibition of alien ownership of land, as land is for all the people. All land held by r.r.s and other corporations in excess of their actual needs, and lands now owned by aliens should be reclaimed by the government for the use of actual settlers only. Populist ideas merged into the Democratic Party in the Election of 1896
"Trust busting"
Government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies
PROGRESSIVES ONLY (more urban)
Government regulation of railroads, telephone, and telegraph lines The immediate creation of a parcel post, with rates proportionate to distance and service. Policy of conservation which will not retard legitimate development. Remaining forests, coal, and oil lands still in State and National control (except agricultural lands) are more likely to be wisely conserved and utilized for the general welfare if held in public hands. Prohibition of child labor, minimum wages, workmen's compensation, unionization of workers; regulations on hours for women Disease prevention by the federal government Strong national regulation of interstate corporations through a regulatory commission; strengthening the Sherman Anti-Trust Act Support for a strong system of national highways Legislation to develop friendship and commerce between the U.S. and the nations of Latin America. Peaceful settlement of international disputes and a limitation of naval forces Strict enforcement of the Civil Service Act Legislation to regulate the stock market Progressive ideas led to the formation of the Progressive Party in the Election of 1912
How did Wilson contribute to ongoing business regulation?
He believed in the New Freedom agenda, which emphasized neither trust busting nor federal regulation but rather small-business incentives so that individual companies could increase their competitive chances. He also signed the Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914, which enhanced the Sherman Act by specifically regulating mergers and price discrimination and protecting labor's access to collective bargaining and related strategies of picketing, boycotting, and protesting.
How did the Progressive Era open new doors for American women in public life? Give at least two examples.
It allowed women to speak up for temperance and women's suffrage. The WCTU became the largest women's organization in the country and people such as Jane Addams and Florance Kelley worked within Hull House to stir social reforms and speak up for women's suffrage.
William Howard Taft
Roosevelt's successor after 1908 Firmly believed in court-oriented trust busting and during his four years in office more than doubled the number of monopoly breakups that occurred during Roosevelt's seven Notably went after U.S. Steel, the world's first billion-dollar corporation formed from the consolidation of nearly every major American steel producer
Nineteenth Amendment
January 1918: Woodrow Wilson declared his support for women's suffrage, and 2 years later the 19th Ammendment was ratified
Ray Stannard Baker
Journalist(muckraker) who exposed corporate capitalism with reports on U.S. Steel
How did journalists contribute to the Progressive Era? Give at least two specific examples. How effective were they?
Journalists(muckrakers) unearthed the poverty and corrupt politics others refused to address. For example, Upton Sinclair, in his novel The Jungle, exposed the unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry(exploitation of labor and the process of producing meat for the public). His novel led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act. Jacob Riis published How the Other Half Lives, exposing urban poverty through both words and photographs. He showed readers that it was up to society to improve the lives of the poor as they were the ones who brought it into existence in the first place. These journalists were very effective in their pursuits, fueling the growing uproar against corrupt industries.
Ida B. Wells
Known for her work against southern lynching
National American Suffrage Association
Leading suffrage organization composed largely of middle- and upper-class women National American Women's Suffrage Association developed a dual strategy that focused on the passage of state voting rights laws and on the ratification of an amendment to the U.S. Constitution
Country Life movement
Led by Liberty Hyde Bailey Wanted to support agrarian families and encourage young people to stay in their communities and run family farms Led by Bailey and Anna Botsford Comstock, the nature study movement took elementary students outside to experience natural processes and to help them develop observational skills and an appreciation for the natural world
Literacy test: (disenfranchisement laws)
Local voting officials(who were themselves part of the local party machine) were responsible for judging whether voters were able to read and understand a section of the Constitution
McClure's
Magazine detailing political corruption and economic wrongdoing
What groups of people helped to explore and spread American influence into the Pacific? What were their intentions?
Missionaries helped to explore and spread American influence into the Pacific. Their intentions were to educate native peoples and convert them to Protestantism, as that was seen as the religion of the "civilized" world.
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Founders include Dubois and Ida B. Wells
John Muir
Naturalist, writer, and founder of the Sierra Club Defense of the valley in is supposedly pristine condition: invoke the "God of the Mountains" (preservation for aesthetic and spiritual value) "everybody needs beauty as well as bread."
Yellow journalism
Newspapers promoting sensational stories, commonly at the cost of accuracy Political tabloids, if you will Capitalized on the Maine explosion and called for war with Spain Ex: William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal After yellow journalism fueled the fire, urgent negotiations failed to produce and agreeable settlement→Congress declares war on April 25, 1898
Looking Backward
Novel by Edward Bellamy promoting socialism A man falls asleep in Boston in 1887 and awakens in 2000 to find society radically altered- Poverty, disease, and competition gave way as new industrial armies cooperated to build a utopia of social harmony and economic prosperity Bellamy's vision of a reformed society enthralled readers, inspired hundreds of Bellamy clubs, and pushed many young readers onto the road to reform.
The Crisis
One of America's leading Black publications Dubois was the editor
Homer Plessy, "Separate but equal":
Plessy was a New Orleans resident who challenged the constitutionality of Louisiana's segregation of streetcars The court ruled against Plessy in Plessy v. Ferguson and, in the process, established the legal principle of separate but equal. Racially segregated facilities were legal provided they were equivalent- never actually equal though
Christian socialism
Religious and political philosophy that blends Christianity and socialism, endorsing left-wing politics and socialist economics on the basis of the Holy Bible and the teachings of Jesus Many Christian socialists believe capitalism to be idolatrous and rooted in the sin of greed
SOURCES OF PROGRESSIVE STRENGTH
Republicans and Democrats Urban middle class Factory workers Writers Various sects of urban Protestant denominations Socialists Political leaders: National level - TR, Taft, Wilson State-level - LaFollette (WI), Hiram Johnson (CA)
Poll tax: (disenfranchisement laws)
Required voters to pay for the privilege of voting
Northern Securities Company
Roosevelt's first trust busting target A "holding" trust in which several wealthy bankers, most famously J. P. Morgan, used to hold controlling shares in all the major railroad companies in the American Northwest Holding trusts had emerged as a way to circumvent the Sherman Anti-Trust Act: by controlling the majority of shares, rather than the principal, Morgan and his collaborators tried to claim that it was not a monopoly Roosevelt's administration sued and won in court, and in 1904 the Northern Securities Company was ordered to disband into separate competitive companies
Florence Kelley
Settlement house workers like Jane Addams and Florence Kelley focused on questions of health and sanitation, while activists concerned with working conditions, most notably Dr. Alice Hamilton, investigated both worksite hazards and occupational and bodily harm Progressives' commitment to the provision of public services at the municipal level meant more coordination and oversight in matters of public health, waste management, and even playgrounds and city parks
Why did Jane Addams become an American celebrity of the Progressive Era? In other words, why was she so important?
She founded the first settlement house and fought against social injustice such as sweatshops, poverty, disease, and living conditions.
All-white primary
Southern states adopted an all-white primary(state primary election restricted to white voters) and excluded Black Americans from the Democratic primary, the only political contests that mattered across much of the South All-white primaries were outlawed by the Supreme Court in 1944
Convict lease system
Southern states leased prisoners(mainly African American men) to private railways, mines, and large plantations. While states profited, prisoners earned no pay and faced inhumane, dangerous, and often deadly work conditions
Walter Rauschenbush
Strong proponent of the social gospel 1886: Became the pastor of a German Baptist church in the Hell's Kitchen section of New York City Confronted rampant crime and poverty left unaddressed by political leaders What could the people do to enact the Kingdom of God on Earth?
What did Teddy Roosevelt do to combat the trusts? To what extent did his predecessor, William Howard Taft continue Trustbusting?
Teddy Roosevelt began trust busting to combat trusts, claiming that courts were too unpredictable and therefore could not be relied on to break up bad trusts. Despite this position, Roosevelt also believed that there were both good trusts and bad trusts. His predecessor, William Howard Taft, continued trust busting and did it to a much greater extent than Roosevelt, doubling the number of monopoly breakups in four years that occurred during Roosevelt's seven.
Muckrakers
Term coined by Teddy Roosevelt Reporters unearthing the unseen horrors behind industries
Woodrow Wilson
The Democratic Party nominee New Freedom agenda Won the election of 1912 Once he won the election, Wilson edged nearer to Roosevelt's position, signing the Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914
Civil Rights Cases (1883)
The Fourteenth Amendment only prevented discrimination directly by states. It did not prevent discrimination by individuals, businesses, or other entities. Needless to say, the South exploited the living heck out of this
SOURCES OF POPULIST STRENGTH
The Grange (1865) Knights of Labor (1869) Greenback Party and Greenback Labor Party (1874) Farmers' Alliances (1870s and 1880s) Farmers - Mary Elizabeth Lease, James B. Weaver workers Political leaders of the Mid-western and western states - William Jennings Bryan
The passenger pigeon
The North American passenger pigeon went extinct Passenger pigeons were actively hunted, prepared at New York's finest restaurants and in the humblest of farm kitchens Some hunted them for pay; others shot them in competitions at sporting clubs Many Americans took notice at the great extinction of a species that had perhaps numbered in the billions and then was eradicated Women in Audubon Society chapters organized against the fashion of wearing feathers—even whole birds—on ladies' hats Upper- and middle-class women made up the lion's share of the membership of these societies. They used their social standing to fight for birds. Pressure created national wildlife refuges and key laws and regulations that included the Lacey Act of 1900, banning the shipment of species killed illegally across state lines. The people figuring out what—and who—American nature should be for.
How was the United States getting involved in the Middle East? How did Mark Twain describe it?
The United States government had little contact with the Middle East prior to World War I, and most of its cotact revolved around education, science, and humanitarian aid, courtesy of Protestant Missionaries. Mark Twain describes America's sense of superiority to the people of the Middle East in his The Innocents Abroad, and alludes to the fact that when the U.S. later gets involved in Middle Eastern Affairs, it does so out of this aforementioned superiority.
Crop lien
The crop lien and convict lease systems were the most important legal tools of racial control in the rural South Allowed farmers to obtain supplies, such as food and seed, on credit from merchants; the debt was to be repaid after the crop was harvested and brought to market. (blacks were trated more harshly)
Suffragists'
Those who fought for wmen's suffrage Many suffragists argued that women's votes were necessary to clean up politics and combat social evils 1890s: WCTU(largest women's organization in America) advocated for women's suffrage Some argued that white women needed to be able to vote to maintain white supremacy
Middle East
U.S. government tended to have little contact Trade was too limited for an economic relationship deemed vital to the national interest, but treaties were still signed Majority of American involvement prior to WWI was not in trade but education, science, and humanitarian aid 1819- first Protestant missionaries arrive Laid the foundation for the establishment of Western-style universities, such as Robert College in Istanbul, Turkey (1863), the American University of Beirut (1866), and the American University of Cairo (1919)
"Bull Moose" Party(Election of 1912)
When the Republican Party spurned Roosevelt's return to politics and renominated the incumbent Taft, Roosevelt left and formed his own coalition, the Progressive or "Bull Moose" Party
New Nationalism program(Election of 1912)
While Taft took an all-encompassing view on the illegality of monopolies, Roosevelt adopted a New Nationalism program, which once again emphasized the regulation of already existing corporations or the expansion of federal power over the economy
General John J. "Blackjack" Pershing
Wilson called for a punitive expedition led by Pershing to enter northern Mexico and capture Villa Pershing left Mexico in 1917 after Villa eluded him for nearly a year
Carrie A. Nation
Woman who believed God gave her the duty to "carrie the nation" Well known for destroying saloons in the name of temperance December 27, 1900: took a hatchet and broke bottles and bars at the luxurious Carey Hotel Arrested and charged with causing $3,000 in damages→spent a month in jail before being dismissed due to "a delusion to such an extent as to be practically irresponsible."- days later smashed two more bars
