Zimmerman Bio 2 Exam 2
Production of bile is one of several important functions of the __________. A. gallbladder B. pancreas C. liver D. small intestine
C. liver
The main function associated with structure Y (opening) is __________. A. absorption of carbon dioxide B. retention of water C. collection of light D. release of carbon dioxide
A. absorption of carbon dioxide
Which of the following would have the LOWEST water potential? A. air just outside of a leaf B. moist soil around a root C. fluid in the vascular tissue of a stem D. fluid in the vascular tissue of a root
A. air just outside of a leaf
The single-celled protist Paramecium live in freshwater ponds (hypotonic). They have an internal cellular structure called a contractile vacuole which enables them to osmoregulate by expelling excess water from their cytoplasm back into the environment. If a Paramecium was placed into the following solutions, which solution would you expect to cause the contractile vacuole to be most active? A. 0 mM surcorse B. 0.05 mM saline C. 0.08 mM sucrose D. 1.0 mM saline
A. 0 mM sucrose
The opening of stomata on leaves of plants involves ________. A. Active transport of protons (H+) out of the guard cells. B. Active transport of water out of the guard cells. C. Decreased turgor pressure in guard cells. D. Movement of potassium ions (K+) from the guard cells.
A. Active transport of protons (H+) out of the guard cells.
Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. all triploblastic pseudocoelomates have bilateral symmetry B. all triploblastic coelomates are segmented C. all diploblastic animals have bilateral symmetry D. all animals lacking true tissues have radial symmetry
A. all triploblastic pseudocoelomates have bilateral symmetry
For a neuron at its resting membrane potential _______ ions are found at a higher concentration int the cytoplasm of the neuron than in the interstitial fluid surrounding the neuron. A. K+ B. Ca++ C. Na+ D. Cl-
A. K+
Many aquatic animals excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of ________. A. ammonia B. urea C. uric acid D. trimethylamine oxide
A. ammonia
An enlarged cecum is typical of _______. A. animals that consume only vegetation B. animals that consume only meat C. animals that consume equal amounts of vegetation and meat D. humans and other primates
A. animals that consume only vegetation
Adaptations to terrestrial living in amphibians that are not found in their lobed fin fish ancestors include avoiding excessive water loss. A. by storing urine in an enlarged bladder as a water source B. by using uric acid for disposal of nitrogenous waste C. through efficient recovery of water using Malpighian tubules D. through extended loops of Henle in their kidneys
A. by storing urine in an enlarged bladder as a water source
Adaptations to terrestrial living in amphibians that are not found in their lobed fin fish ancestors, include avoiding excessive water loss ______ and increased efficiency of gas exchange using _________ in addition to gas exchange directly through their skin. A by storing urine in an enlarged bladder as a water source; primitive lungs B. by using uric acid for disposal of nitrogenous waste; external gills during the larval stage C. through efficient recovery of water using Malpighian tubules; an extensive alveoli network D. through extended loops of Henle in their kidneys; diaphragm muscles to increase ventilation
A. by storing urine in an enlarged bladder as a water source; primitive lungs
Which of the following primarily enters a plant somewhere other than through the roots? A. carbon dioxide B. nitrogen C. potassium D. water
A. carbon dioxide
Consider the basal metabolic rates for a human, an elephant, a cat, a mouse, and a rattle snake. The _______ would have the highest total expenditure of energy per year and the __________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass. A. elephant; mouse B. elephant; human C. human; cat D. mouse; rattle snake
A. elephant; mouse
Consider the basal metabolic rates for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The ________ would have the highest total expenditure of energy per year and the __________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass. A. elephant; mouse B. elephant; human C. human; penguin D. mouse; snake
A. elephant; mouse
A common evolutionary trend seen across all domains of life that have evolved on this planet is that many more "branches" of their phylogenic trees ________ than _________. A. end because of extinction; lead to an extant organism B. lead to an extant organism; end because of extinction C. bifurcate because of speciation events; end because of extinction D. are unbranched because of lack of speciation; lead to an extant organism
A. end because of extinction; lead to an extant organism
Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains why they consume food more frequently than reptiles? A. endothermy B. ectothermy C. amniotic egg D. terrestrial
A. endothermy
Which of the following filtrates contains the highest amounts of amino acids, glucose, and salts? A. filtrate in the Bowman's capsule B. filtrate passing through ascending limb C. filtrate passing through distal convoluted tubule D. filtrate passing through collecting tubules
A. filtrate in the Bowman's capsule
Which of the following filtrates in a mammalian nephron would contain the highest concentrations of amino acids, glucose, and vitamins? A. filtrate in the Bowman's capsule B. filtrate passing through ascending limb C. filtrate passing through distal convoluted tubule D. filtrate passing through collecting tubules
A. filtrate in the Bowman's capsule
Which of the following processes that occur in the nephrons of mammalian kidneys moves urea from the body into the lumen of the nephron? A. filtration B. absorption C. active transport D. diffusion via a channel protein
A. filtration
Although ferns have true vascular tissue and mosses do not, ferns must still live in same moist environments as mosses. This is because ferns ________. A. have male gametes dependent on water for dispersal B. have a dominant gametophyte generation C. do not have stomata D. produce seeds
A. have male gametes dependent on water for dispersal
Sponges _______. A. have no defined body symmetry as adults B. are the simplest diploblastic animals C. have a nerve net but not a central nervous system D. have feeding cells called dinoflagellates
A. have no defined body symmetry as adults
If an amino acid molecule is transported into the capillary bed surrounding the small intestine which list below shows the correct path the amino acid molecule travels after leaving the small intestine capillary bed and before entering the right atria of the heart. A. hepatic portal vein, liver capillary bed, hepatic vein, inferior vena cava B. hepatic artery, liver capillary bed, hepatic portal vein, inferior vena cava C. hepatic portal vein, inferior vena cava, liver capillary bed, hepatic vein D. hepatic vein, inferior vena cava, liver capillary bed, hepatic portal vein
A. hepatic portal vein, liver capillary bed, hepatic vein, inferior vena cava
Some protozoans have special organelles that continually eliminate excess water from the cell. The presence of these organelles tells you that these protozoans are adapted to live ________. A. in freshwater B. in human blood C. on land D. in saltwater
A. in freshwater
Upon activation by stomach acidity, the substances secreted by the parietal cells ________. A. initiate the chemical digestion of protein in the stomach B. initiate the mechanical digestion of lipids in the stomach C. initiate the chemical digestion of lipids in the stomach D. delay digestion until the food arrives in the small intestine
A. initiate the chemical digestion of protein in the stomach
Which of the following hormones would you expect to be released after consuming an extra-large candy bar? A. insulin B. glucagon C. parathyroid hormone D. prolactin
A. insulin
Many plants have evolved to use changes in day length to trigger life cycle events such as dormancy and flowering because changing day length _________. A. is more predictable than temperature changes B. was more predictable in the Mesozoic era C. predicts the availability of moisture D. predicts the availability of micronutrients
A. is more predictable than temperature changes.
As animals has evolved toward greater sizes, the effectiveness of their adaptations that promote exchanges with the environment have also increased. For example, in many larger organisms, evolution has favored lungs and a digestive tract with ________. A. more branching or folds B. increased thickness C. larger cells D. decreased blood supply
A. more branching or folds
As the body size of some animals has increased during evolution, the effectiveness of their adaptations that promote exchanges with the environment have also increased. For example, in many larger organisms, evolution has favored lungs and a digestive tract with __________. A. more branching or folds B. increased thickness C. larger cells D. decreased blood supply
A. more branching or folds
Evolution of biological mechanisms for ________ is NOT an example of an adaptation unique to living in a terrestrial environment. A. periods of alternating sunlight and darkness B. prevention of water loss due to evaporation C. support against the force of gravity D. reducing the amount of water needed for excretion
A. periods of alternating sunlight and darkness
Shoots that are growing vertically toward the sun are demonstrating _________. A. positive phototropism and negative gravitropism B. neutral phototropism and positive gravitropism C. negative phototropism and positive gravitropism D. neutral phototropism and neutral gravitropism
A. positive phototropism and negative gravitropism.
Which of the following cardiovascular structures would you expect to contain the highest percentage of oxygen saturated hemoglobin molecules? A. pulmonary vein B. pulmonary artery C. right atrium D. superior vena cava
A. pulmonary vein
In the mammalian nephron that descends into and out of the medulla of the kidney, both water and sodium leave the tubule. Where does each of these processes take place? A. sodium leaves the tubule primarily in the ascending portion while water leaves the tubule primarily in the descending portion B. sodium leaves the tubule primarily in the descending portion while water leaves the tubule primarily in the ascending portion C. both water and sodium leave the tubule primarily in the descending portion D. both water and sodium leave the tubule primarily in the ascending portion
A. sodium leaves the tubule primarily in the ascending portion while water leaves the tubule primarily in the descending portion
Which of the following organs is correctly paired with its function? A. stomach - protein digestion B. large intestine - bile production C. small intestine - starch digestion D. pancreas - starch digestion
A. stomach - protein digestion
What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg? A. tetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproduction B. tetrapods can now function with just lungs C. newborns are much less dependent on their parents D. embryos are protected from predators
A. tetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproduction
Which of the following DOES NOT happen when a human inhales? A. the diaphragm muscle relaxes B. the pressure in the lungs decreases C. the rips move upward and downward D. air moves into the lungs
A. the diaphragm muscle relaxes
Two organisms are of similar body size, but one is a mammalian endotherm and the other is a reptilian ectotherm. If you measured both their metabolic rates of 20degrees C you would predict that _________. A. the endotherm would have a significantly higher metabolic rate than the ectotherm while at rest. B. the ectotherm would have a significantly higher metabolic rate than the endotherm while at rest. C. the metabolic rates would be equal for both organisms while they are at rest.
A. the endotherm would have a significantly higher metabolic rate than the ectotherm while at rest.
Which statement is true about marine fishes? A. the kidneys of marine fishes excrete little urine B. marine fishes lack proximal tubules C. marine fishes secrete uric acid to conserve water D. their kidneys produce filtrate at higher rates
A. the kidneys of marine fishes excrete little urine
Fungi have an extremely high surface-area-to-volume ratio. What is the advantage of this to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption? A. the larger surface area allows for more material to be transported through the cell membrane B. the lower volume prevents the cells from dying out too quickly, which can interfere with absorption C. the high ratio creates more room inside the cells for additional organelles involved in absorption D. this high ratio means that fungi have a thick, fleshy structure that allows the fungi to store more of the food it absorbs
A. the larger surface area allows for more material to be transported through the cell membrane
Why did scientists originally hypothesize that proteolytic enzymes such as pepsin and trypsin are secreted in inactive form? A. these proteolytic enzymes, in active form, would digest the very tissues that synthesize them. B. they identified the hormone that activates pepsin and trypsin. C. the stomach is too acidic to maintain these enzymes in their active form. D. pepsin and trypsin have never been isolated in their fully activated form.
A. these proteolytic enzymes, in active form, would digest the very tissues that synthesize them.
The multicellular condition of animals and fungi seems to have arisen _____. A. due to common ancestry B. by convergent evolution C. by inheritance of acquired traits D. by serial endosymbiosis
B. by convergent evolution
Which of the following hormones is dependent on an initial release of a hormone from the hypothalamus to be released by their endocrine cells? A. parathyroid hormone (PTH) B. luteinizing hormone (LH) C. Calcitonin D. Gastrin
B. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Multicellular organisms can communicate the reception of a stimulus to multiple cells or tissues via the release of hormones into vascular systems. A specific response occurs even though the hormone circulates throughout the vascular system because _____________. A. only its target cells get exposed to the hormone B. only its target cells contain appropriate receptors. C. non target cells do not have the downstream genes D. nontarget cells destroy the hormone
B. Only its target cells contain appropriate receptors.
Some animals have no gills when very young, but then later in life stages develop gills that grow larger as the animal grows larger. Which statement below best explains why this would happen? A. Relative to their body volume, the earliest life stages have less total surface area across which they can transport all of the oxygen they need. B. Relative to their body volume, the earliest life stages have more total surface area across which they can transport all the oxygen they need. C. relative to their total surface area, the adults have more body volume in which they can store oxygen for long periods of time. D. Relative to their total surface area, the young have more body volume in which they can store oxygen for long periods of time.
B. Relative to their body volume, the earliest life stages have more total surface area across which they can transport all the oxygen they need.
Sharks must constantly swim because they lack __________. A. pectoral fins B. a swim bladder C. gills D. lungs
B. a swim bladder
A significant evolution advantage of a complete digestive system with mouth and anus over a gastrovascular cavity with a single opening is that the complete digestive system _____________. A. excludes the need for extracellular digestion B. allows for specialized regions with specialized functions C. allows for extensive branching D. facilitates intracellular digestion
B. allows for specialized regions with specialized functions
A significant evolutionary advantage of a complete digestive system with mouth and anus over a gastrovascular cavity with a single opening is that the complete digestive system ________. A. excludes the need for extracellular digestion. B. allows for specialized regions with specialized functions. C. allows for extensive branching. D. facilitates intracellular digestion
B. allows for specialized regions with specialized functions
All gases exchanged between the air and the blood in mammals occurs across the walls of the __________. A. trachea B. alveoli C. bronchi D. bronchioles
B. alveoli
Which of the following evolutionary adaptations have helped animals from a number of different unrelated taxa directly exchange nutrients and waste between cells and the environment? A. A gastrovascular activity, a two-layered body, and a torpedo-like body shape. B. an external respiratory structure, a small body size, and a flattened body shape C. a large body volume, a long, tubular body, and a set of wings D. an unbranched internal surface, a small body size, and thick covering
B. an external respiratory structure, a small body size, and a flattened body shape
The body plan of a mammal would be described as _______. A. radially symmetric coelomate B. bilaterally symmetric coelomate. C. bilaterally symmetric accelomate D. bilaterally symmetric pseudocoelomate
B. bilaterally symmetric coelomate
Totipotency is a term used to describe a cell's ability to give rise to a complete new organism. In plants, this means that ______________. A. plant development is not under genetic control B. cell differentiation depends largely on the control of gene expression C. the cells of shoots and the cells of roots have different genes D. a cell's environment has no effect on its differentiation
B. cell differentiation depends largely on the control of gene expression
Animals ranging from corals to monkeys have ______ in common. A. a mouth and an anus B. collagen molecules in their extracellular matrix C. a body symmetry D. the number of embryonic tissue layers
B. collagen molecules in their extracellular matrix
Which of the following factors favors decreased oxygen saturation of hemoglobin at a fixed PO2? A. decreased CO2 B. decreased pH C. lower blood temperature D. increased pH
B. decreased pH
Among the following choices, the most concentrated urine would be most likely excreted by ______. A. frogs B. desert mammals C. humans D. freshwater fish
B. desert mammals
Which of the following levels of organization is arranged in the correct sequence from the most inclusive to least inclusive (most specific)? A. community, ecosystem, individual, population B. ecosystem, community, population, individual C. population, ecosystem, individual, community D. individual, population, community, ecosystem
B. ecosystem, community, population, individual
Fishes, most of the invertebrates and amphibians are examples of _______ animals A. endotherms B. ectotherms C. heterotherms D. homeotherms
B. ectotherms
To maintain homeostasis freshwater fish must _________. A. excrete large quantities of electrolytes B. excrete large quantities of water C. consume large quantities of water D. take in electrolytes through simple diffusion
B. excrete large quantities of water
Conversion of phytochrome [Pfr] to phytochrome [Pr] is caused by exposure of the Pfr molecule to ________. A. blue light B. far-red light C. red light D. green light
B. far-red light
Most segmented worms have a pair of structures found in every segment called a metanephridia. Nitrogenous waste is eliminated by these structures, which are surrounded by capillaries from the circulatory system of the worm, through pores found in every segment to the external environment. The source of the filtrate that enters the metanephridium through a ciliated funnel is the ____________ of the worm. A. Bowman's capsule B. fluid in the coelom C. digestive system D. circulatory system
B. fluid in the coelom
As part of the digestive systems of many organisms exist structures that function in the mechanical breakdown of large chunks of food into smaller pieces. Individual pieces of food being smaller is important to the digestive process because smaller pieces _______________. A. expose more surface area for a better taste sensation B. have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food C. are easier to excrete than are larger pieces of food D. are more easily stored in the stomach than are larger pieces of food
B. have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food
Part of the digestive systems of many organisms are structures that function in the mechanical breakdown of large chunks of food into smaller pieces. Individual pieces of food being smaller is important to the digestive process becasue smaller pieces _________. A. expose more surface area for a better taste sensation. B. have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food. C. are easier to excrete than are larger pieces of food. D. are more easily stored in the stomach than are larger pieces of food.
B. have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food.
The affinity of fetal hemoglobin for oxygen is ______ than the adult form in humans, _________ the transfer of oxygen from maternal to fetal circulations. A. higher, decreasing B. higher, increasing C. lower, decreasing D. lower, increasing
B. higher, increasing
Osmoconformers are most likely to be organisms that live ________. A. in freshwater streams B. in the ocean C. in freshwater lakes D. on land
B. in the ocean
Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has __________. A. less surface area B. less surface area per unit of volume C. a smaller average distance between the nucleus and external signals D. a smaller cytoplasm-to nucleus ratio
B. less surface area per unit of volume
Which of the following is NOT an adaptation to prevent water loss in terrestrial insects? A. a layer of wax covering their exoskeleton B. metanephridia found in each body segment C. malpighian tubules D. tracheal system for respiration
B. metanephridia found in each body segment
A cell with the same shape as a second cell but whose dimensions are half the length the second cell has _____ than the second cell. A. less surface area per unit volume B. more surface area per unit of volume C. the same amount of surface area per unit of volume D. has more surface area and volume
B. more surface area per unit of volume
Which of the following mechanisms of osmoregulation or nitrogen removal is incorrectly paired with the organism? A. kidney - frog B. nephron - earthworm C. flame cell - flatworm D. rectal gland - shark
B. nephron - earthworm
In which of the following blood vessels would you expect to find the lowest concentration of urea? A. renal artery B. renal vein C. hepatic artery D. hepatic portal vein
B. renal vein
The main function associated with structure X (thin top layer) is __________. A. absorption of carbon dioxide B. retention of water C. collection of light D. release of carbon dioxide
B. retention of water
Which of the following happens during exhalation in humans? A. the pressure in the lungs decreases B. the diaphragm muscle relaxes C. the ribs move upward and outward D. air moves into the lungs
B. the diaphragm muscle relaxes
In animal respiratory systems, adaptations that increase the movement of external air (ventilation) or the flow of internal fluids (perfusion) result in a maximized rate of gas diffusion throughout the entire respiratory organ. Which terms of Frick's Law of diffusion would these adaptations relate to? A. the area of the respiratory surface (A) B. the difference between the partial pressures P1 and P2 C. the length of the path of diffusion (L) D. the diffusion coefficient associated with the epithelial tissues (D)
B. the difference between the partial pressures P1 and P2
Consider a bony fish in the marine environment. Which of the following statements is false? A. the fish gains water through drinking B. the fish gains water through gill tissues by osmosis C. the fish produces copious amounts of dilute urine D. specialized cells at the base of the gills secrete Na+ and Cl-.
B. the fish gains water through gill tissues by osmosis OR C. the fish produces copious amounts of dilute urine
Which of the following statements is true? a. the respiratory medium for fish carries more oxygen than the respiratory medium of mammals and birds. B. the movement of respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in birds and fish it is unidirectional. C. the movement of respiratory medium in mammals and birds is bidirectional but is unidirectional in fish D. all vertebrates increase ventilation through increasing the rate at which they expand and collapse their ribs
B. the movement of respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in birds and fish is unidirectional
Some Cnidarians, like the hydra, can reproduce both sexually through fertilization of eggs with sperm and asexually through ________. A. binary fission B. the process of budding C. mitosis of the sporophyte D. mitosis after fragmentation
B. the process of budding
One of the theories for the evolution of circulatory systems is that circulatory systems compensate for _______________. A. temperature differences between the lungs and active tissue B. the slow rate of diffusion from oxygen exchange surfaces to internal body tissues C. the slow communication between neurons in the nervous system D. the need to cushion animals from trauma
B. the slow rate of diffusion from oxygen exchange surfaces to internal body tissues
A potassium ion gradient is set up in insect Malpighian tubules through an active transport process. As a result, potassium concentration is higher in the lumen of the tubules than in hemolymph. How would the potassium gradient affect water movement? A. there would be a net movement of water out of the lumen of the Malpighian tubules B. There would be a net movement of water into the lumen of the Malpighian tubules C. the potassium gradient would have no effect on water movement
B. there would be a net movement of water into the lumen of the Malpighian tubules
Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because ________. A. only those animals use those nutrients B. these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients C. the nutrients are necessary coenzymes D. only certain foods contain them
B. these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients
Sharks maintain an internal osmolarity which is essential isosmotic relative to seawater, however, they also possess a rectal gland to get rid of excess sodium and chloride. Although the osmolarity of shark tissues is very similar to seawater, sharks accumulate excess sodium and chloride because _________. A. these ions are moving against their concentration gradient into the shark B. these ions are moving down their concentration gradient into the shark C. sodium and chloride ions are moved into the shark from seawater by specialized gill cells using ATP. D. sharks evolved from freshwater bony fishes that had high levels of sodium and chloride ions.
B. these ions are moving down their concentration gradient into the shark
A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to delivery oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery to the thumb and then back to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through ________________. A. one capillary bed B. two capillary beds C. three capillary beds D. four capillary beds
B. two capillary beds
In Daphnia the aquatic Arthropod that switches between sexual and asexual reproduction, when is sexual reproduction more likely to occur? A. when conditions for survival are favorable B. when conditions for survival are unfavorable C. when males and females find each other D. the conditions favoring sexual over asexual remains a complete mystery
B. when conditions for survival are unfavorable
In an animal that switches between sexual and asexual reproduction under specific conditions, under what conditions is the switch to sexual reproduction most likely to occur? A. when conditions for survival are favorable B. when conditions for survival are unfavorable C. when males and females find each other D. the switch is random and not based upon any conditions
B. when conditions for survival are unfavorable
Which of the following statements about homeostasis is incorrect? A. homeostasis often involves negative feedback loops B. homeostasis maintains an internal environment within a narrow range as compared to the range of the same parameters in the external environment C. homeostasis maintains a static unchanging internal environment despite wide fluctuations in the external environment D. Homeostasis requires the organism to expend more energy than conforming to the external environment
C. Homeostasis maintains a static unchanging internal environment despite wide fluctuations in the external environment.
Catabolism is a form of metabolism in which _____ molecules are converted into _____ molecules. A. amino acid, protein B. small, large C. large, small D. food, storage
C. large, small
Within animals with bilateral symmetry which of the following characters does NOT distinguish the mollusks, annelids, arthropods (all Protostomes) from the Deuterostomes (echinoderms, chordates)? A. spiral cleavage in Protostomes while Deuterostomes have radial cleavage B. the origin of the cells which form the coelom C. In protostomes there are only two tissue layers, in Deuterostomes there are three tissue layers D. In Protostomes the mouth develops first, in Deuterostomes the anus develops first
C. In Protostomes there are only two tissue layers, in Deuterostomes there are three tissue layers
Which of the following statements comparing respiration in fish and in mammals is correct? A. the respiratory medium for fish carries more oxygen than the respiratory medium of mammals. B. a countercurrent exchange between the respiratory medium and blood flow is seen only in mammals. C. The movement of the respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in fish it is unidirectional. D. In blood, oxygen is primarily transported by plasma in fish, but by red blood cells in mammals.
C. The movement of the respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in fish it is unidirectional.
Which of the below best characterizes the alternation of generations typical of all plants? A. alternation of a diploid gametophyte with a haploid sporophyte B. alternation of a multicellular gametophyte with a single-celled sporophyte C. alternation of a haploid gametophyte with a diploid sporophyte D. alternation of a single-celled gametophyte with a multicellular sporophyte
C. alternation of a haploid gametophyte with a diploid sporophyte
In human lungs, gas exchange between the external environment and the circulatory system is limited to the ___________. A. trachea B. bronchi C. alveoli D. bronchioles
C. alveoli
Which of the following would most likely decrease the rate of transpiration for a tree found on the campus of UPenn? A. an increase in temperature B. an increase in the movement of air C. an increase in relative humidity D. a decrease in the relative humidity
C. an increase in relative humidity
Which of the following would most likely decrease the rate of transpiration for a tree found on the campus of UPenn? A. an increase in temperature B. an increase in wind C. an increase in the relative humidity D. a decrease in the relative humidity
C. an increase in the relative humidity
The two-component system for detecting environmental changes surrounding a bacterial cell is composed of ________. A. an integral membrane protein channel and an integral membrane kinase protein B. an integral membrane protein channel and a response protein C. an integral membrane protein with kinase capability and a response protein D. a nuclear steroid receptor and a response protein
C. an integral membrane protein with kinase capability and a response protein
Which of the following correctly pairs the stage of development of an egg cell with the relevant point in a human female's life cycle? A. at birth - prophase II B. at ovulation - metaphase I C. at ovulation - metaphase II D. at fertilization - prophase II
C. at ovulation - metaphase II
Which one of the following terms includes all of the others? A. habitat B. population C. biosphere D. organism
C. biosphere
Most types of communication between cells in a multicelluar organism utilize _________. A. the exchange of cytosol between the cells B. the movement of the cells C. chemical or electrical signals D. the exchange of DNA between the cells
C. chemical or electrical signals
Malpighian tubules are structures whose function is to remove nitrogenous waste and are involved in osmoregulation of insects. Malpighian tubules are tubes closed at one end whose lumen empty into the ________ of insects. A. Bowman's capsule B. fluid in the coelom C. digestive system D. circulatory system
C. digestive system
Bile salts _______. A. are enzymes B. are manufactured by the pancreas C. emulsify fats in the duodenum D. are normally an ingredient of gastric juice
C. emulsify fats in the duodenum
To maintain homeostasis freshwater fish _______. A. excrete large quantities of electrolytes B. consume large quantities of water C. excrete large quantities of water D. take in electrolytes through simple diffusion
C. excrete large quantities of water
To maintain homeostasis freshwater fish must __________. A. excrete large quantities of electrolytes B. consume large quantities of water C. excrete large quantities of water D. take in electrolytes through simple diffusion
C. excrete large quantities of water
When a woman has her gallbladder removed, she should probably reduce her consumption of _____________. A. proteins B. carbohydrates C. fats D. proteins and carbohydrates
C. fats
In response to a drop in temperature, an animal that does not thermoregulate, a strict ectotherm, would likely do which of the following? A. vasoconstriction of arterial networks in the skin B. thermogenesis of brown fat C. find a location to bask in the sun D. the animal would begin to shiver
C. find a location to bask in the sun
Unlike bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are nearly isoosmotic to seawater, sharks achieve this iososmotic condition partially by _______. A. using their gills and kidneys to rid themselves of sea salts B. monitoring dehydration at the cellular level with special gated aquaporins C. having high urea concentrations that combined with internal salt concentrations equal seawater osmolarity D. having salt glands located in their nasal cavities to remove excess salt
C. having high urea concentrations that combined with internal salt concentrations equal seawater osmolarity
The ability of a multicellular organism to maintain a normal internal environment in response to changes in the external environment is best described as ______. A. anabolism B. catabolism C. homeostasis D. metabolism
C. homeostasis
The tendency of any organism to maintain an internally stable environment is known as __________. A. isostasis B. physiological chance C. homeostasis D. static equilibrium
C. homeostasis
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) decreases the water content (concentrates) of urine by __________. A. inhibiting sodium reabsorption by the distal convoluted tubule. B. stimulating the secretion of urea by the glomerulus. C. increasing the permeability of the collecting duct walls to water. D. raising the body temperature leading to evaporative water loss
C. increasing the permeability of the collecting duct walls to water.
In a cold environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm ________. A. maintains a higher basal metabolic rate B. expends more energy per kilogram of body mass than does the endotherm C. invests little energy in temperature regulation D. has greater insulation on its body surface
C. invests little energy in temperature regulation
Sharks primarily use the following strategy for osmoregulation _________. A. long loop of Henle in the kidneys B. salt excretion using chloride cells C. isoosmolarity using urea D. reduced blood flow to the kidneys
C. isoosmolarity using urea
When measuring metabolic rate per gram of body mass of two animals of similar shape but two different sizes, the larger animal would have a _________ metabolic rate but if measuring metabolic rate per year the larger animal would have a ____________ metabolic rate. A. higher; lower B. higher; higher C. lower; higher D. lower; lower
C. lower; higher
A person has been taking a drug orally that is transported into the circulatory system by intestinal epithelial cells but INACTIVE UNTIL OXIDATION by an enzyme found in the liver. If a doctor were to take samples of blood found in the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery of this person and analyze the samples, they would find that the blood in the hepatic portal vein would have a __________ PO2 and a ___________ concentration of ACTIVE drug than the blood isolated from the hepatic artery. A. higher; higher B. higher; lower C. lower; lower D. lower; higher
C. lower; lower
Which of the following excretory structure is associated with gut of the organism? A. protonehpridium B. metanephridium C. malpighian tubules D. nephrons
C. malpighian tubules
In all land plants, gametes are formed through the process of __________ and spores are produced by the process of ___________. A. meiosis; meiosis B. meiosis; mitosis C. mitosis; meiosis D. mitosis; mitosis
C. mitosis; meiosis
The animals that create coral reefs have requirements for a minimum duration of sunlight and warmer water temperatures. Coral reefs can be found on the southeast coast of North America [Atlantic Ocean] but are not found at the same latitudes on the southwest coast of North America [Pacific Ocean]. Differences in ______ are most likely the major cause for the observed difference in distribution of these animals between the two coasts. A. precipiation B. day length C. ocean currents D. night length
C. ocean currents
Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid _______. A. is readily soluble in water B. is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products C. requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass D. can be reused by birds as a protein source
C. requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass
Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid ________. A. is readily soluble in water B. is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products C. requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass D. can be reused by birds as a protein source
C. requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass
Osmoconformers are typically found in a _____ environment where their tissues would be ______. A. freshwater; isoosmotic B. saltwater; hyperosmotic C. saltwater; isoosmotic D. saltwater; hypoosmotic
C. saltwater; isoosmotic
Which of the following abiotic factors has the greatest influence on the metabolic rates of plants and animals? A. water B. wind C. temperature D. rocks and soil
C. temperature
What is the likeliest explanation for why a rabbit taken from a meadow near sea level and moved to a meadow high on a mountainside would have some trouble breathing? A. the percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level. B. the percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher than at sea level. C. the partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level. D. the partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher than at sea level.
C. the partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level.
An ecological "niche" can be defined as ________. A. the various habitats an organism may inhabit B. the specific environment an organism inhabits C. the role an organism plays in its community D. the inorganic, nonliving aspects of a given area
C. the role an organism plays in its community
Due to its system of air sacs connected to the lungs, the respiratory system of birds is arguably the most effective respiratory system of all air-breathers. If the inner lining of the air sacs is neither thin nor highly vascularized, then what could be concluded about the air sacs? A. they must not belong to the respiratory system B. they cannot be derived from endoderm C. they are not efficient sites of gas exchange between air and blood D. they cannot effectively moisturize the air before it reaches the lungs
C. they are not efficient sites of gas exchange between air and blood
Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to sea water. They are therefore considered by many to be osmoconformers because of the unusual way they maintain homeostasis. They osmoregulate by __________. A. using their gills and kidneys to rid themselves of sea salts. B. monitoring dehydration at the cellular level with special gated aquaporins. C. tolerating high urea concentrations that balance internal salt concentrations to sea water osmolarity. D. possessing a special adaptation that allows their cells to operate at an unusually high salt concentration.
C. tolerating high urea concentrations that balance internal salt concentrations to sea water osmolarity
Most terrestrial insects get rid of bulk of their nitrogenous wastes as A. amino acids B. urea C. uric acid D. ammonia
C. uric acid
Which structure contains the lowest amount of oxygen? A. pulmonary vein B. aorta C. vena cava D. left ventricle
C. vena cava
A thick, waxy and leathery cuticle covering the epidermal layer of leaves is an example of the adaptations to preventing water loss seen in ______. A. hydrophytes B. mesophytes C. xerophytes D. halophytes
C. xerophytes
The single-celled protist Paramecium live in freshwater ponds (hypotonic). They have an internal cellular structure called a contractile vacuole which enables them to osmoregulate by expelling excess water from their cytoplasm back into the environment. If a Paramecium was placed into the following solutions, which solution would you expect to cause the contractile vacuole to be LEAST active? A. 0.0 mM sucrose B. .05 mM sucrose C. 0.08 mM sucrose D. 1.0 mM sucrose
D. 1.0 mM sucrose
Which of the following examples BEST represents an animal that would use the largest percentage of its energy budget for homeostatic temperature regulation? A. a cnidarian living on the ocean floor B. a snake living in a tropical forest C. a shark swimming in the open ocean D. a bird living year round in a desert
D. a bird living year round in a desert
If an animal is classified as a protostome you would observe ______. A. a body composed of two tissue layers B. that the blastopore would become the anus C. a radial body symmetry D. a body with a true coelom
D. a body with a true coelom
All gases exchanged between the air in the lung and the circulatory system in humans occurs across the walls of the ___________. A. trachea B. bronchioles C. bronchi D. alveoli
D. alveoli
African lungfish have an unusual life style. For part of the year, they live in shallow freshwater lakes immersed in water during the wet season. These lakes disappear during the dry season though and the fish go into 'estivation', a state in which they become inactive in a cocoon of sorts in the dry lake bed. Based on what you know about nitrogenous waste usage in relation to environment, you would predict that they would use _____ during the wet season and ______ during the dry season. A. ammonia, ammonia B. urea, ammonia C. urea, urea D. ammonia, urea
D. ammonia, urea
The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia, e.g. the mycelium being a connected network of long thin tubes, is most likely related to ________. A. the ability to reproduce and parasitize other organisms B. the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats C. the increased probability of contact between different mating types D. an extensive surface area being best suited for invasive growth and external digestive processes.
D. an extensive surface area being best suited for invasive growth and external digestive processes
Hagfish (Eptatretus cirrhauts) are a jawless marine vertebrate that are isotonic with their environment and are considered to be osmoconformers. Having this adaptation means that hagfish ____. A. are not limited by salinity of the aqueous environment they inhabit. B. do not face the same pressures as osmoregulators and can live in any aqueous environment C. will adapt to different salinities over their lifetime and, therefore, can inhabit any aqueous environment D. are limited to inhabiting aqueous environments that have a salinity within a specific range
D. are limited to inhabiting aqueous environments that have a salinity within a specific range
Which of the following respiratory systems is most efficient at obtaining oxygen from the surrounding environment? A. mammal lungs B. reptile lungs C. amphibian lungs D. bird lungs
D. bird lungs
Which of the following vertebrates have evolved respiratory systems that provide unidirectional movement of air through their lungs? A. mammals B. reptiles C. fishes D. birds
D. birds
The right side of the heart is responsible for pumping ________. A. oxygenated blood to the body B. oxygenated blood to the lungs C. deoxygenated blood to the body D. deoxygenated blood to the lungs
D. deoxygenated blood to the lungs
The ventricles of the heart are fully contracted _________. A. just before diastole B. during diastole C. right after systole D. during systole
D. during systole
There are both advantages and disadvantages to evolved traits. Animals that are endothermic are likely to be at a greater disadvantage than similar sized ectotherms in ____________. A. very cold environments B. very hot environments C. environments with a constant food source D. environments with variable and limited food resources
D. environments with variable and limited food sources
Sweating allows a person to lose heat through the process of evaporation A. conduction B. convection C. radiation D. evaporation
D. evaporation
The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a _______. A. unicellular algae B. multicellular algae C. multicellular fungus D. flagellated protist
D. flagellated protist
While the sporophyte embryo in both the seeds of a gymnosperm and angiosperm is diploid the food source for the embryo is derived from _________ tissue in gymnosperms and _________ tissue in angiosperms A. diploid; haploid B. triploid; haploid C. diploid; triploid D. haploid; triploid
D. haploid; triploid
As the volume of an organism increases, its surface area _______. A. increases at the same rate as the volume B. increases more quickly than the volume C. remains the same while volume increases D. increases more slowly than the volume
D. increases more slowly than the volume
Which of the following is NOT an adaptation found in a boney fish respiratory system? A thin epithelia layer in gill arches. B. large surface area of gill tissues. C. countercurrent flow between blood circulation and water D. movement of ribs outward during inhalation
D. movement of ribs outward during inhalation
The two body systems that regulate homeostasis in mammals are the ______. A. cardiovascular and respiratory systems B. cardiovascular and endocrine systems C. nervous and cardiovascular systems D. nervous and endocrine systems
D. nervous and endocrine systems
Corals need warm temperatures and sufficient exposure to sunlight to thrive. Therefore the most likely explanation for coral reefs being present at a specific latitude on the southern US east coast but absent from the same latitude on the west coast of the US is due to differences in _________ found in these two locations. A. season length B. precipitation C. day length D. ocean currents
D. ocean currents
Multicellular organisms can communicate the reception of a stimulus to multiple cells or tissues via the release of hormones into vascular systems. A specific and limited response occurs even though the hormone circulates throughout the entire vascular system because _________. A. the hormone is unable to enter nontarget cells B. nontarget cells destroy the hormone C. only target cells get exposed to the hormone D. only its target cells contain appropriate receptors
D. only its target cells contain appropriate receptors
Animals which do not expend energy to alter their internal osmotic state relative to the external environment would be considered _______. A. osmoregulators B. hyperosmotics C. ureoosmotics D. osmoconformers
D. osmoconformers
An organism that can synthesize all its required organic components from CO2 using energy from the sun is a ___________ . A. chemoheterotroph B. photoheterotroph C. chemoautotroph D. photoautotroph
D. photoautotroph
In the digestive system, peristalsis is _________. A. a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine B. voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation C. the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vessel D. smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus
D. smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus
Besides sunlight, which would be the next most important climatic factors for terrestrial plants? A. wind and fire B. moisture and wind C. temperature and wind D. temperature and moisture
D. temperature and moisture
The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because ___________. A. the capillaries have internal valves that slow the flow of blood B. the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate. C. the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle. D. the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system.
D. the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system
The velocity of blood flow increases in the veins relative to the capillaries because __________. A. the capillaries have internal valves that slow the flow of blood B. blood pressure is greater in the veins relative to the capillary bed C. the heart is creating negative pressure when the muscles of ventricles contract D. the total cross-sectional area of veins is less than that of capillaries
D. the total cross-sectional area of veins is less than that of capillaries
Which of the following statements about protosomes and deuterostomes is true? A. the anus forms fist in both, before the mouth B. protostomes are diploblastic and deuterostomes are triploblastic animals C. the mouth forms first in both, before the anus D. They both have an embryonic stage that is a hollow ball of cells with an indentation called a blastopore.
D. they both have an embryonic stage that is a hollow ball of cells with an indentation called a blastopore
Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in mammals? A. left ventricle --> aorta --> lungs --> systemic circulation B. vena cava --> right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary vein C. pulmonary vein --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> pulmonary circuit D. vena cava --> right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary artery
D. vena cava --> right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary artery
