zootech exam 1
nigerian dwarf
Miniature goat of West Africa - Lactating , 3 to to 4 #/day, 6 to 10% BF Nose straight, ears upright, medium hair and come in different colors Does - 17"( 19-22) Bucks - 19" ( 20-23) Non seasonal
top 5 states for milk cows
california, wisconsin, new york, idaho, pennsylvania
comparison of goat to another meat
chicken and goat are pretty similar they're lean, low calorie but it needs to be slow cooked same with lamb
top 5 countries sheep top 5 countries goat
china, australia, india, iran, nigeria china, india, nigeria, pakistan, bangladesh
us sheep and goat populations and wool production trends
goats are catching up sheep decreasing
saint croix
hair sheep Breed of Hair Sheep is St Croix. Qualities for St Croix is their legendary resistance to parasites, browsing abilities, high reproduction rate and ruggedness. The St Croix are mainly a meat sheep, and are well adapted to Florida and East Texas heat and humidity
mucus membrane what you check what is normal when you check this how you do it and what time means
uCapillary refill time uNormal 1-2 seconds uDetermined by pre-capillary sphincter tone uIncreased tone= increased CRT uPerfusion time Blanch mucus membranes with finger and count the seconds for it to return to normal >2 seconds suggests vasoconstriction (decreased perfusion) <1 second suggests vasodilation (sepsis)
number of all cattle and beef cow operations trend
the operations themselves are getting bigger but the amount of operations is decreasing most of the inventory is in the large operations
colostrum why do we need it what makes good quality colostrum
-High concentration of glucocorticoids following parturition -Suppresses the immune response in the calf number 1 problem with newborn calves is not getting colostrum good quality: Age of dam -1st calf heifers: •1st calf heifers may not produce as much volume as an older cow •Health of dam (vaccinations) •Nutritional status of dam •Breed
goats how many in the world 90% are in _____ #s in other countries how many goats in oklahoma where in US
1 billion goats in the world 90% are in asia and africa 16 million in central america 10 million in mexico 3 million in US 200,000 in oklahoma majority of goats in US are in west texas 2 million goats in texas
sheep pop goat pop
1.2 billion goat 1 billion (catching up)
feedstuffs utilized for meat and milk production beef cattle %grain they eat and %forage
15% grain 85% forage- forage is non human feedstuffs
degrees of lameness and pain small animal
1: stands and walks normally, no pain 2: mild discomfort, abnormal posture but walks without lameness 3: mild lameness when walking, moderate discomfort 4: moderate lameness, severe discomfort 5: severe lameness, severe discomfort unwilling to walk
food at 2 weeks and 4 weeks goats sheep what to feed when weaning
2 weeks of age → fine stemmed leafy hay 4 weeks of age → calf starter ¼ pound of grain/day Hay Water
US commercail slaughter head # US beef prodution lbs how much money made in US for exports top exports
30.5 million head 25.2 billion lbs $6.343 billion japan, mexico, canada, south korea, hong kong, middle east
average herd size cattle
40 head
more than ____ is needed to produce a pound of beef from natural grass fed cattle compared to _____ for conventionally raised grain fed beef
5 acre-days, 1.7 acre-days
goat production cycle
5 month gestation period, 4 months from birth to weaning with mom (goats ready for sale), 1 year from birth to maturity
number of farms and ranches specializing in beef cattle number of cattle and calf operations how much money made all calves and cattle in world
727,906 913,246 $88.25 billion 93.5 million (most beef cows)
goat and sheep fence
8 to 10 strand barbed wire fence - bottom 3 inches above the ground, 2 and 3 - 4 inches above
fiber goat breeds other goat breeds
Angora and Cashmere tennessee stiff legged pygmy (pet) nigerian dward (pet, milking)
dorset
England, all white, horned and polled, #1 white faced breed in the US—2nd largest total in US 2nd to Suffolk.
placentation goats sheep
Epitheliochorial or cotyledonary
small animal cardiovascular system normal rates methods to obtain
Heart Rate bigger the dog the slower the heartrate puppies heartrate higher than older dogs uLarge-breed dogs (>50#): 70 -120 uMedium dogs (25 - 50#): 80-120 uSmall dogs (10 - 25#) 90 -140 uToy dogs (<10#): 100 -160 uCats: 140-220 uMethods to obtain: uAuscultation uCaudal (behind) the left elbow, ventral (low) on the chest wall uSimultaneous pulses uFemoral triangle
dorper
South African mutton sheep, black or white head and white body. do well in oklahoma hair sheep
aging teeth cattle
Teeth Age at eruption First Incisor (I* 1) 18 - 24 months Second Incisor (I 2) 24 - 30 months Third Incisor (I 3) 36 months Fourth Incisor (I 4 or C) 42 - 48 months First Cheek Tooth (P* 2) 24 - 30 months Second Cheek Tooth (P 3) 18 - 30 months Third Cheek Tooth (P 4) 30 - 36 months Fifth Cheek Tooth (M 2) 12 - 18 months Sixth Cheek Tooth (M 3) 24 - 30 months
advantages of bos indicus over bos taurus and vice versa
advatages of bos indicus (like a brahman for example): Heat & insect tolerant advantages of a Bos taurus (like an angus for example): Maturity & meat quality
you can add a brahman to _____
anything
katahdin
hair sheep ¨The Katahdin is a breed of domestic sheep developed in Maine, USA, mostly in the second half of the 20th century. This breed was originated by Michael Piel who after reading an article in the February 1956 National Geographic imported selected St. Croix sheep and crossed them with various other breeds, selecting lambs based on hair coat, meat-type conformation, high fertility, and flocking instinct. The Katahdin sheds its winter coat, and so does not have to be sheared. Its popularity in the USA has increased in recent years due to low wool prices and high shearing costs do well in oklahoma, do well in summer, do not have to sheared
feeders for goats
have to feed off the ground they will poop in the feed
problems encountered with consumers and beef
lack of uniformity: lots of breeds, many production systems lack of agreement of product: grass fed vs grain fed, natural, organic -personal preference -economic return producer lack of interest to improve environmental influences: sustainability but also has to be economically viable
maximum performance does not equal
maximum profit (or income)
more than 90% of the worlds cattle are _____ US is the ____ largest cattle inventory in the world top 5 largest cattle inventory in world
not in the US 4th india, brazil, china, US, european union
US all cattle and calves inventory trend
peaked in 70s and then decreased still making the same amount of lbs of beef but it's decreasing because of better genetics and technology overall decline have bounced back in the last 3 years herd expansion
sheep how many in world majority in us how many oklahoma how many
qWorld = 1.2 X 109 qMajority - China, Australia and the middle east ¨U.S. = 5.3 X 106 ¨Oklahoma = 50,000 (meat goats here sold to east and west coast)
hampshire
sheep From Hampshire in S. England, genetically able to convert forage into meat and fiber, free of wool from eyes down and below knee or hock, wool cap from neck over forehead.
suffulk
sheep ¨English ¨Meat ¨Medium wool ¨Black face and legs ¨Long and slender ¨#1 Breed in US ¨Scrapie: neurological disease they're prone to
normal behavior for sheep and goats
sheep grazers, prefer grass, monotonous food okay, low/grass lands, butt when fighting, bunch up when alarmed, hornless: fertile, no beard, no wattles, "bad" behavior: butt head on goats browsers, need variety in food, climbers, rear on hindlimbs when fighting, form a line with alarmed, usually sterile if hornless, beard present, wattles present, bad behavior: sideways hook
spanish
short day breeders jump fences, fiesty Developed in Texas. ¨Referred to as "brush" goats in some regions, because of their use in controlling brush. ¨Spanish goats come in many colors and patterns. ¨Producers appreciate Spanish goats for their toughness and ability to thrive in a low-input situation. ¨ Spanish goats are prolific and produce enough milk for moderate growth rates of their kids. ¨Spanish goats are tolerant of internal parasites.
top 3 sheep in us
suffolk, hampshire, dorset
top 5 states for all cattle
texas, nebraska, kansas, california, oklahoma (has 5 million) OK doesn't have as many feedlots it's more cow/calf operations or pasture cattle
top 5 states for beef cattle with feedlots capacity more than 1000 head
texas, nebraska, kansas, colorado, iowa 13.1 million head cattle on feed (in feedlots with more than 1000 head)
mucus membrane small animal Color of unpigmented mucosa determined by: where to check whats normal color
uColor of unpigmented mucosa determined by: uVolume uPre-capillary sphincter tone uComposition uHemoglobin concentration uHemoglobin saturation in O2 uLift the lip or if pigmented, use mucosa of penis or vulva uAvoid areas of gingivitis in mouth uNormal = light to dark pink uColor uPale (deficient volume/Hb) uCyanotic (deoxygenated Hb) uJaundiced (bilirubin presence) Dark red (increased volume/vasodilation)- ceptic
hydration small animal physical different ways to check it and what the results mean whats normal
uDifficult to assess uSkin turgor (elasticity) uDependent upon amount of salt, water, and fat in the skin/SQ uIf hydration is normal, skin turgor is uDecreased in thin patients uIncreased in obese patient uGreater than adults in puppy/kitten uLift skin behind scapula and let it return to normal position uSlowness of return is associated with a percentage of dehydration (based on body weight) uMild = 5% uModerated = 7% uMarked = 12% uAssess with mucus membrane moistness, eyes, nose uInterpret skin turgor over the dorsal neck (not the back) uAssess moistness of mucus membranes uMouth uConjunctiva uNose
feline normal respiratory rate
uFor felines: uRange is from 16-40 BPM uDistance exam may be best uConsider all same things as in the dog... and STRESS is huge influence! uPanting or open mouthed breathing should be addressed ASAP
checklist for physical exam
uGeneral appearance uPosture uEENMT uHeart/lungs/pulses uAbdomen uGenitourinary uIntegument uMusculoskeletal uNervous system uLymph nodes uRectal
heart sounds pulse quality where to listen small animal
uHeart rate, rhythm uHeart sounds uListen at valves - pulmonary, aortic, mitral, tricuspid uSternally cranial and caudal (especially in cats) uPulse quality uWeak uBounding uAbsent listen behind the elbow, listen in center
respiratory system small animal what to listen for concerns
uInspiratory or expiratory noises (stridor) uLung sounds present in all quadrants? uDorsally and ventrally? uBoth sides? uCrackles? Wheezes? uIncreased effort should be noted uAbdominal component uElbow abduction uGasping
small animal temperature
uNormal: 100.5-102.5 uRectal temperature uOther options: ear, axilla uMake a notation as to where it was obtained uDon't make such a big deal out of it! uEnvironment may play a role uAmbient temp uPatient stress uPatient personality uIf elevated, repeat after 10-15 minutes uIs 108 ever normal in the dog? normal for excretion in working dogs
body score condition small animal
uObjective measure uHelps to monitor healthy weights uWeight ranges tend not to consider the actual body design! animals who are thinner live longer than obese animals (adds 2 years) have to score depending on type of dog on a 1-5 scale 1: thin dog. ribs, lumbar vertebrae, and pelvic bones easily visible. no palpable fat. obvious waist and abdominal tuck. prominent pelvic bones 2: undeweight dog: ribs easily palpable, minimal fat covering, waist easily noted when viewed from above, abdominal tuck evident 3: ideal dog: ribs palpable, but not visible. waist observed behind ribs when viewed from above. abdomen tucked up when viewed from side 4: overweight dog: ribs palpate with slight excess of fat covering. waist discernable when viewed from above but not prominent. abdominal tuck apparent 5: obese dog: ribs not easily palpable under a heavy fat covering. fat deposits over lumbar area and tail base. waist barely visible to absent. no abdominal tuck- may exhibit obvious abdominal distension
respiratory system small animal what to listen to normal rates think of influences like
uObtain respiratory rate from a distance uListen, feel to all quadrants uDepth, rhythm, sounds (or lack of thereof!) uFor canines: uAverage is 24 BPM uRange is from 10-30 BPM uPanting occurs with mild exercise, stress, ambient temps >80F uThink of influences... uAge uAnatomy uPhysical activity uConcurrent medications uObesity
Anamnesis: Medical History 5 core skills
uOpen and closed ended questions uReflective listening uPausing uPositive non-verbal communication uEmpathy
packer industry (beef)
v4 (5) major players vGrade and yield vGrid pricing vBoxed beef - 70 lbs.
cow calf production
vGestation approximately 283 days vProduction cycle 12 months vNew born calf weighs approximately 70lbs Calf weaned 5-9 months of age, 400-600 lbs
feedlot finishing production
vGet animal ready for harvest vAdjustment time - acclimate to new environment vFeed concentrate diet (grain based) and by products
stocker production beef
vWeaned cattle vGraze forage ØWheat pasture - small grain ØNative pasture - prairie grasses ØImproved pastures - Fescue, Bermuda, Timothy and Orchard Grass vGrowing/receiving diets: confinement operations (growers, grow yards) vLow cost gains - harvest forages
dog domestication how many dogs world wide ____ of american households have at least 1 dog
§Canis lupus familiaris §First domesticated animal §9,000 and 34,000 years ago (wide range...no one really knows or agrees!) §Evidence suggests genetically diverged from wolves 15,000 yrs ago §What they agree upon... §Human interaction played a significant role in shaping the subspecies §400 million worldwide 40% of American households have at least one dog
dogs traits
§Inherited complex behaviors from their wolf ancestors §Social cognition and communication §Increases trainability, playfulness, human interaction § Learn by inference §Find answers from clues, prior knowledge rather than directly §Have advanced memory skills §One of the most successful species on the planet
dog pros to have humans around
§Safe environment §Food source §Reduced caloric needs §Increased breeding opportunity §Humans are taller and can see potential predators and prey §Humans have color vision and have better visual discrimination §Humans use of tools (i.e. hunting)
colostral management sheep goats
¨10 - 15 % of their body weight preferably within the first 12 (12-24 hrs) hours after birth. Make sure they nurse good quality colostrum or colostrum replacer---NOT milk replacer most of absorption of colostrum takes place within 12-24 hrs after birth give small amounts at a time stomach is small
goat and sheep nutrition
¨4% of the body weight on a DM basis ¨Grass + Trace mineral ¨Winter - Supplementation with concentrates ¨Dairy animals - More concentrates 40 (concentration):60 (roughage) grazing animals: 10-20% concentration rest roughage
tennesee fainting goats
¨AKA stiff leg goats, myotonic goats. ¨Used for pets and meat. ¨Majority black and white. Condition called caprine myotoniacongenita, which is autosomal dominant gene, they have decreased numbers of chloride channels.So get membrane excitability when any stimulus presented—visual, auditory or contact stimuli.Will fall over for up to 1 minute, stiff legged, still VERY aware and eyes open—NOT a seizure
goat terminology
¨Adult Male = Buck (not "Billy") ¨Adult Female = Doe (not "Nanny") ¨Castrated Male = Wether or castrate ¨Young goat = Kid ¨Parturition = Kidding
sheep terminology
¨Adult male = Ram ¨Adult female = Ewe ¨Castrated male = Wether or castrate ¨Young sheep = Lamb ¨Parturition = Lambing
meat goat breeds
¨Boer ¨Spanish ¨Kiko ¨Savanna
water goats and sheep
¨Clean fresh water will not drink warm or dirty water ¨Water troughs should not be more than 12 - 14 inches high to allow access by kids and to prevent kids from falling in and drowning
dairy goat breeds
¨Dairy: ¡Saanen ¡Toggenburg ¡French Alpine ¡Nubian ¡American Lamancha
nubian
¨Developed in England. ¨Original line from Africa and India ¨The Nubian is best known as a dairy goat. ¨Other countries dual purpose. tolerate heat well
kiko
¨Developed in New Zealand. ¨ Kiko goats come in many colors and patterns. ¨Kikos may be more parasite-resistant than other breeds and have less problems with footrot. ¨ They grow rapidly, are somewhat angular in appearance, are prolific, and tolerant to diverse conditions. getting popular
savanna
¨Developed in South Africa. ¨ Easily recognized by total white body and large, muscular frame. The Savanna has an even disposition, grows rapidly
boer
¨Developed in South Africa. ¨Easily recognized by a white body, red head, and large, muscular frame. q Long ears ¨The Boer has an even disposition, grows rapidly, and has a muscular appearance. "Boer" = Dutch for farmer. Horned, long ears, South African descent, very popular right now for showing, very valuable when full-blooded. Far and away the majority of the goats we work on in the clinic so---this one is IMPORTANT!!
angora
¨Developed in Turkey. ¨ Raised primarily for their mohair fiber. (mohair is smoother and thinner than wool) ¨Susceptible for internal parasites. ¨Bucks horns are spiral. not many left here b/c you have to sheer and they dont do well in summer Fairly small goats, and very delicate when young
pygmy goat
¨Developed in West Africa. ¨Small size. ¨Mainly used as pets. Very hardy and parasite resistant Used to be called Cameroon Dwarf goat b/c originally from West Africa. Muzzle, forehead, eyes, ears all lighter colored than rest unless they are BLACK
production systems sheep and goat
¨Extensive - range or pasture/woods - goats and sheep are not handled often. Keeping goats on a large tract of pasture or rangeland and leaving them to fend for themselves. ¨ Pastured and rotated - management intensive grazing. In this system, pastures are cross-fenced into pens so that goats and area can be restricted in an area and moved to fresh pasture every few days (or even more frequently). ¨ Pastured but not rotated - In this system, pastures are cross-fenced into larger pens; however, goats are not moved frequently. ¨ Dry lot - Some producers keep the goats in a dry lot (where there is no growing forage), feeding them only hay and purchased feeds
goat milk
¨Goat milk contains lactose - main carb similar to cow's milk ¨Lactose - 4.2% compare to cows - 5.0% ¨Human's with mild lactose intolerance can handle goat's milk ¨Fat molecules in goat's milk are smaller than cow's milk and thus easily digested
goat and sheep housing
¨Minimum shelter ¨Goats are less tolerant to wet conditions ¨Housing or shelter depends on their body condition ¨Kids and lambs need shelter in winter or early spring ¨10 to 15 square feet goats and sheep should have shelter but not fully enclosed one side open
lamancha
¨Oregon - Spanish descent ¨Prone to ear infections ¨Maximum length of ear pinnae is 2 cm (short ears)
world meat consumption
¨Pork = 35% ¨ Beef = 26% ¨ Poultry = 31% ¨ Lamb = 5% Mutton =3% US beef is number 1, europe pork is number 1
roles of stocker industry
• increase Weight of cattle (light weight cattle) • increase Age of cattle -why is this potentially important ? so we can get disease out of the way •Improves quality and uniformity of cattle •"Upgrading" cattle •Balance seasonal production of cattle, forage, or grain ($) •Contributes to the long run economic balance between cattle, forage, & grain markets -Cattle can be produced by either forage or grain
areas where vets can make an impact on beef production
•Areas where you can make an impact -Identification of sick animals -Proper processing procedures including handling of products (BQA) -Preventive health programs and protocols Nutrition
breeding what should BCS be weight when when to preg check
•Body condition score (BCS) » 6.0 •Reach 65% mature body weight -715 - 845 lbs.: breeding •Breed heifers 1 month (21 d) before herd -Plan ahead -(Some operations 2 months) preg check: 45 to 90 days after breeding
brahman
•Bos indicus originated in India •Guzerat, Nellore, & Gir principal breeds that make up Brahman in US •Adapted to harsh tropical climate •Hump on back, long ears, excess skin dewlap & sheath area, sweat glands more developed •Bos indicus > Bos taurus -Heat & insect tolerant •Bos indicus < Bos taurus -Maturity & meat quality
2 general categories of cattle breeds
•Bos taurus (european or taurine cattle; your traditional cattle) -English breeds -Continental breeds •Bos indicus (zebu; humped or eared cattle) - Zebu
cow breeds and heat
•Brahman & English breeds -Both breeds tolerate to 80°F -English breeds up to 70 - 75°F -Brahman breed up to 105°F: Produce less internal heat in warm weather
Bos indicus
•Breeds originated from India •Brahman •Designer Breeds -Santa Gertrudis -Santa Cruz -Beefmaster •Several crossbreds
beefmaster
•Developed by Lasater Ranch in 1908 - Texas •Based on fertility, weight, conformation, hardiness, milk production, & disposition •Cross Brahman bulls with commercial Hereford - Shorthorn cows -Estimated composition •Slightly < ½ Brahman •Slightly > ¼ Hereford Slightly > ¼ Shorthorn
hereford
•England •1742 Benjamin Tomkins founder •Success: Breed to efficiently convert native grass to beef, at a profit •1817 import to US (Kentucky) •"Great Improver" -Crossed with Texas Longhorn (Western cattle)
shorthorn
•England, Tees River Valley •Noted as good milk producers, that lay down fat with feed dual purpose breed dairy shorthorn vs meat shorthorn
charolais
•France, 1st recognized 878 AD •Used for meat, milk, & work (draft) -Selected for rapid growth, large for draft •Said to have most significant impact on beef industry in North America (crossbreed)
majority of expenses for beef producers
•Labor: especially first few weeks •Health -Processing -Treatments
bull bull (bullock) steer cow heifer calf
•Mature Male of Breeding Age -bull •Young Male -Bull (Bullock) •Neutered Male -Steer •Mature Female after Parturition -Cow •Young Female -Heifer •Newborn/Young Calf
cattle vitals temp pulse RR
•Normal Temperature (rectal °F) -101.5 (100.4 to 103.1) •Normal Pulse Rate (beats/minute) -60 to 70 (Calf: 100 to 120) -nreally need to push cranially under the triceps •Normal Respiration Rate (breaths/minute) -10 to 30 (Calf: 15 to 40)
texas longhorn
•Originally from Spanish to Mexico -There is an English Longhorn •Completely different •Cattle drifted north to US -Released/captured from expeditions •Survival of fittest -Years of natural selection & adaptation -Calving ease, hardy, & adaptable
continental breeds
•Primary Continental (or Exotic) breeds considered in US •Origin -European continent •Charolais •Limousin •Salers •Braunvieh •Simmental •Gelbvieh Belgian Blue
english cattle breeds
•Primary English breeds considered in US •Origin -UK •Angus •Red Angus •Hereford, Polled Hereford •Shorthorn
heifer selection
•Recommended to select 1½ - 2x more replacement heifers than expected to breed •(These recommendations have been changed in recent times to try to meet the anticipated future demands of breeding beef females & the decline of the beef herd in the US) - #'s for herd expansion •Mature 1100 - 1300 lbs. -Available feed resources •Moderate frame size -Medium frame --> Moderate nutrient requirements--> Higher fertility •Color ? (uniformity) -pigment around eyes •Cross breeding program (makes them healthier and heavier) -Hybrid vigor •Genetic traits -Goals of the producer -Mothering ability, deliver calf without assistance -Terminal cross -Disease, parasite, or heat resistant/tolerant Disposition Structural Soundness
heifers in industry
•Replace cull/old cows •Rebuild the cowherd •Future income for the producer •Hopefully improves genetic base of the herd •Requires additional attention -Nutrition for growth -Breeding -Calving
angus
•Scotland •George Grant imported 4 bulls to Kansas -1873 •Crossed with Texas Longhorn -Wintered better & heavier calves a hereford angus cross is valuble
calving time weight age to have first calving age when done forever lifetime goal when for here
•Should be 85% of mature body weight •22 - 23 months of age: 1st calf •1 calf/365 days (or < 365 days) •Lifetime goal at least 7 calves, usually around 8-9 years old when done •Permanent identification •GOOD RECORDS try to calve in spring here bc wheat is growing to feed
