01_A: CH1 - Questions

Describe the modern practice of chemistry

(The modern practice of chemistry uses the scientific method to explore matter and it's properties)

Describe the early practice of chemistry

600-350 b.c, the early Greeks used reason and thoughtful mental exercises to understand the laws of nature. They often arrived at conclusions based on speculation, unveiled some of nature's secrets, profound influence for 20 centuries.

5. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation of why the behavior described in the law happens. A theory is an extensively tested hypothesis or explanation of the behavior.

6. What is the difference between a scientific theory and a natural law?

A theory is an extensively tested explanation of an observed behavior and a law is the observations condensed to a pattern, it cannot go beyond what was actually observed, and cannot attempt to explain why the behavior happens.

450 B.C. a Greek philosopher Empedocles proposed what four basic elements after observing wood burn?

Air, fire, water, earth

What is the term for the pseudoscience that attempted to convert base metals, such as iron, into gold?

Alchemy

10. Who is considered the founder of modern chemistry?

Antoine Lavoisier

11. Name at least five professions in which chemistry plays an important role.

Doctors, Nurses, Dentist, Physical Therapists, Chiropractors, Dieticians, Veterinarians, Scientists, Engineers, and many others.

350 B.C., Aristotle adopted the idea that air, earth, fire, and water were basic elements. What fifth element did he add and how long did his opinion last?

Ether, for over 2000 years

What four sciences demand an understanding of chemical principles?

Health Sciences, Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Earth Sciences

8(b)Scientific Theory or Natural Law: The energy emitted from an atomic nucleus can be found by E=mc2.

Natural Law (??because it describes a pattern??)

8(c)Scientific Theory or Natural Law: If the temperature of a gas doubles, the pressure also doubles.

Natural Law (??because it describes a pattern??)

8(d)Scientific Theory or Natural Law: Equal volumes of gases, at the same temperature and pressure, contain equal numbers of molecules.

Natural Law (??because it describes a pattern??)

7(a)Scientific Theory or Natural Law: A nucleus can decay by emitting gamma radiation

Natural Law because gamma radiation can be measured

7(d)Scientific Theory or Natural Law: The volume of gases in a chemical reaction combine in the ratio of small whole numbers.

Natural Law because gas volumes can be measured.

7(c)Scientific Theory or Natural Law: The total mass of substances, before and after a chemical change, is equal.

Natural Law because masses of substance can be weighed.

9. Name the five branches of chemistry.

Organic, Inorganic, Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Physical (environmental in book)

4. Who is considered the founder of the scientific method?

Robert Boyle

8(a)Scientific Theory or Natural Law: Protons and neutrons are composed of quarks.

Theory (??because it explains the composition of protons and neutrons??)

7(b)Scientific Theory or Natural Law: The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and neutrons.

Theory because it explains the composition of a nucleus.

The Chinese believed that the universe was created from the interaction of two forces, what were they?

Yin (feminine force, dark, cold wet) and Yang (masculine force, light heat, dryness)

Name four industries that chemistry plays an important role.

agriculture, steel, electronics, pharmaceutical, petrochemical

1. According to the ancient Greeks, what four basic elements composed everything in nature?

air, earth, fire, and water

A few years after Thales, suggested that the earth was composed of one element; what did another Greek philosopher propose as the basic element...and what theories followed?

air, fire, earth

What is the term for the study of chemical substances isolated from plants and animals?

biochemistry

What is the term for the study of the composition and properties of matter?

chemistry

2. According to Aristotle, what fifth basic element was found in nature and filled all of space?

ether

Which of the following is not a basic element of nature according to the ancient Greeks? water, fire, gold, air

gold

What is the term for the initial proposal that explains the data gathered in an experiment?

hypothesis

What is the term for the study of chemical substances that contain carbon?

organic chemistry

What is the term for the systematic investigation of nature and the explanation of the recorded observations?

science

What is the term for an extensively tested model that explains the behavior of nature?

theory

600 B.C., A Thales, the Greek founder of science, mathematics, and philosophy suggested that.....

water was the single element that earth was composed of and claimed that air and space were less dense forms of water