🌻🌻 1 st respirtory 🌻🌻
55) Which of the following statements about bronchioles is true? A) Sympathetic action causes bronchodilation. B) Walls contain hyaline cartilage. C) Extreme bronchodilation occurs in asthma. D) The muscular walls are composed of a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle. E) Segmental bronchi are braches of terminal bronchioles.
A
59) The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________. A) three lobes; two lobes B) two lobes; two lobes C) two lobes; three lobes D) three lobes; three lobes E) None of the answers is correct.
A
6) The respiratory mucosa of the conducting airways consists of A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. B) moist cuboidal epithelium. C) simple squamous epithelium. D) ciliated squamous epithelium. E) surfactant cells.
A
67) Each terminal bronchiole supplies air directly to A) a single pulmonary lobule. B) over 150 million alveoli. C) a single alveolar duct. D) several alveolar sacs. E) about 6500 bronchioles.
A
69) If you looked closely at a pulmonary lobule, you would see all of the following structures except A) cartilage plates. B) alveoli. C) a lymphatic vessel. D) a branch of a pulmonary vein. E) some elastic fibers.
A
73) Pulmonary ventilation refers to the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. C) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space. D) movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. E) utilization of oxygen.
A
78) Which of the following is greater? A) the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air B) the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli
A
80) When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that A) they are equal. B) intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric. C) atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary. D) atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary. E) intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric.
A
89) When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, A) the volume of the thorax increases. B) the volume of the thorax decreases. C) the volume of the lungs decreases. D) the lungs shrink. E) expiration occurs.
A
99) Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known? A) respiratory minute volume B) inspiratory reserve volume C) expiratory reserve volume D) anatomic dead space E) minimal volume
A
107) External respiration involves the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood. C) exchange of dissolved gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid. D) binding of oxygen by hemoglobin. E) utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism.
B
109) Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is A) dissolved in plasma. B) bound to hemoglobin. C) in ionic form as solute in the plasma. D) bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide. E) carried by white blood cells.
B
110) Each 100 mL of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ of oxygen. A) 10 mL B) 20 mL C) 30 mL D) 50 mL E) 75 mL
B
111) A hemoglobin molecule contains ________ globular protein subunits. A) 1 alpha and 1 beta B) 2 alpha and 2 beta C) 2 alpha and 3 beta D) 4 alpha E) 4 beta
B
114) Which of the following would be greater? A) hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high B) hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low
B
115) Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of A) external respiration. B) internal respiration. C) carbon dioxide transport. D) hemoglobin synthesis. E) acid-base balance.
B
116) Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues? A) decreased temperature B) decreased pH C) increased tissue PO2 D) decreased amounts of BPG E) None of the answers is correct.
B
122) The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as A) the BPG pathway. B) the chloride shift. C) a bicarbonate exchange. D) the Bohr effect. E) gas diffusion.
B
123) If tissue oxygen demand increases and respiratory rate and tidal volume remain the same, what happens? A) Alveolar PO2 increases; blood and tissue PCO2 decreases. B) Alveolar PO2 decreases; blood and tissue PCO2 decreases. C) Alveolar PO2 increases; blood and tissue PCO2 increases.
B
125) Asthma is A) a collapsed lung. B) an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways. C) an obstructive tumor. D) characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli. E) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
B
13) Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following except A) filtering the air. B) cooling the air. C) humidifying the air. D) trapping airborne particles. E) All of the answers are correct.
B
15) The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the A) nasopharynx. B) vestibule. C) internal chamber. D) conchae. E) nasal septum.
B
20) The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the A) hard palate. B) soft palate. C) cribriform plate. D) internal nares. E) pharyngeal septum.
B
26) Which structure leads to the middle ear? A) 9 B) 4 C) 1 D) 12 E) 2
B
4) Which of the following systems is responsible for gas exchange? A) urinary B) respiratory C) digestive D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers is correct.
B
46) Modification of the sounds produced by the larynx is known as A) vibration. B) articulation. C) speech. D) phonation. E) amplification.
B
5) The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli all make up the A) upper respiratory tract. B) lower respiratory tract. C) internal respiratory tract. D) alveoli of the respiratory tract. E) respiratory mucosa.
B
50) Secondary bronchi supply air to the A) lungs. B) lobes of the lungs. C) lobules of the lungs. D) alveoli. E) alveolar ducts.
B
58) In the lower respiratory tract, cartilage plates first appear at the A) primary bronchi. B) secondary bronchi. C) tertiary bronchi. D) bronchioles. E) terminal bronchioles.
B
60) The most superior portion of the lung is termed the A) base. B) apex. C) cardiac notch. D) hilum. E) oblique fissure.
B
61) Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch? A) right lung B) left lung C) right primary bronchus D) left primary bronchus E) both left lung and left primary bronchus
B
71) Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as A) external respiration. B) internal respiration. C) pulmonary ventilation. D) gas diffusion. E) alveolar ventilation.
B
75) The technical term for "breathing" is A) gas exchange. B) pulmonary ventilation. C) internal respiration. D) external respiration. E) alveolar ventilation.
B
77) The unit of measurement for pressure specifically preferred by many respiratory therapists is A) mm Hg. B) torr. C) cm H2O. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers is correct.
B
1) Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system? A) oropharynx B) bronchioles C) larynx D) bronchi E) alveoli
A
112) Which of the following would be greater? A) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6 B) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2
A
124) The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is A) respiratory distress syndrome. B) COPD. C) anoxia. D) pulmonary embolism. E) pneumothorax.
A
14) The openings to the nostrils are the A) external nares. B) internal nares. C) vestibules. D) conchae. E) nasal apertures.
A
17) The auditory tubes open into the A) nasopharynx. B) oropharynx. C) laryngopharynx. D) larynx. E) nasal cavity.
A
19) The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the A) hard palate. B) soft palate. C) cribriform plate. D) internal nares. E) pharyngeal septum.
A
2) Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the A) upper respiratory tract. B) lower respiratory tract. C) lungs. D) alveoli. E) bronchioles.
A
3) Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the A) lips. B) nose. C) nasal cavity. D) pharynx. E) paranasal sinuses.
A
31) Which of the following is false about the pharynx? A) It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems. B) The nasopharynx is superior. C) The oropharynx connects to oral cavity. D) The laryngopharynx ends at esophagus opening. E) Solids, liquids, and gases pass through.
A
36) The largest shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage. A) thyroid B) cricoid C) cuneiform D) arytenoid E) epiglottal
A
45) Regarding the vestibular folds, the term vestibular refers to A) an entryway. B) balance. C) vocal. D) cartilage. E) sound.
A
49) The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the A) trachea. B) bronchiole. C) laryngopharynx. D) alveolar duct. E) bronchus.
A
53) Which of the following is the best explanation for the C shape of the tracheal cartilages? A) Large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing. B) Large masses of air can pass through the trachea. C) It facilitates turning of the head. D) Cartilage can change shape during sympathetic activation. E) Cartilage can constrict during an asthma attack.
A
54) During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle. A) right primary B) left primary C) right secondary D) left secondary E) None of the answers are more likely.
A
79) Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere. B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. C) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. D) greater than intra-alveolar pressure. E) less than intrapulmonary pressure.
B
81) If the fluid bond between the parietal and visceral pleura is broken and the lung collapses, the resulting condition is termed A) emphysema. B) atelectasis. C) metaplasia. D) apnea. E) anaplasia.
B
83) What pressure will be present in the space labeled "5"? A) alveolar pressure B) intrapulmonary pressure C) subalveolar pressure D) subatmospheric pressure E) atmospheric pressure
B
95) The amount of air that a person can voluntarily expel after completing a normal, quiet respiratory cycle is termed A) total lung capacity. B) expiratory reserve volume. C) residual volume. D) tidal volume. E) inspiratory reserve volume.
B
97) Alveolar ventilation (VA) refers to the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute. C) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. D) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli. E) utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism.
B
40) The vocal ligaments are found in the A) vestibular folds. B) aryepiglottic folds. C) rima glottidis. D) vocal folds. E) cricoid cartilage.
D
42) Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the A) movement of the arytenoid cartilages. B) extrinsic ligaments. C) contraction of laryngeal muscles. D) movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of voluntary muscles. E) None of the answers is correct.
D
43) The laryngeal cartilage composed of elastic cartilage that prevents entry of solids or liquids into the larynx when swallowing is the A) arytenoid cartilage. B) corniculate cartilage. C) cricoid cartilage. D) epiglottis. E) thyroid cartilage.
D
44) During swallowing, all of the following occur except A) solids are prevented from entering the respiratory tract. B) the larynx is elevated. C) the epiglottis folds over the glottis. D) the uvula rises to block the oropharynx. E) liquids are prevented from entering the respiratory tract.
D
47) The opening or closing of the glottis involves rotational movement of the A) vocal folds. B) vestibular folds C) rima glottidis. D) arytenoid cartilages. E) cricoid cartilages.
D
51) What branches from the trachea? A) terminal bronchioles B) secondary bronchi C) tertiary bronchi D) primary bronchi E) alveolar ducts
D
56) Air traveling from the tertiary bronchi must pass through the ________ to reach the pulmonary lobule. A) secondary bronchi B) alveoli C) primary bronchi D) terminal bronchioles E) trachea
D
63) The lungs are divided into lobes by structures called A) grooves. B) sutures. C) notches. D) fissures. E) segments.
D
64) The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the A) bronchioles. B) terminal bronchioles. C) pleural spaces. D) alveoli. E) falciform ligaments.
D
68) Which of the following statements is true regarding activity in the alveoli? A) Type II pneumocytes are the site of gas exchange. B) Alveolar capillaries constrict when oxygen levels are high. C) Type I pneumocytes produce surfactant. D) Alveolar macrophages collect stray dust particles. E) They are composed of simple cuboidal epithelium.
D
7) A mucosa consists of A) an epithelium. B) an underlying layer of areolar tissue. C) stratified squamous cells. D) both an epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue. E) both an underlying layer of areolar tissue and stratified squamous cells.
D
70) At the level of the alveoli, where does gas exchange occur? A) within the red blood cells B) at the interconnections between adjacent alveoli C) in the alveolar ducts D) across the respiratory membrane E) between type II pneumocytes and red blood cells
D
91) ________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions. A) Residual volume B) Expiratory reserve volume C) Inspiratory reserve volume D) Tidal volume E) Inspiratory capacity
D
98) ________ equals the respiratory rate � (tidal volume - anatomic dead space). A) Vital capacity B) Respiratory minute volume C) Pulmonary ventilation rate D) Alveolar ventilation rate E) External respiration rate
D
Figure 21-1 23) Identify the structure labeled "2." A) olfactory organ B) oropharynx C) nasopharynx D) choanae E) nasal sinus
D
35) The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the A) thyroid cartilage. B) cricoid cartilage. C) corniculate cartilage. D) cuneiform cartilage. E) epiglottis.
E
37) The visible and palpable prominence on the throat known as the Adam's apple is part of the A) epiglottis. B) cricoid cartilage. C) glottis. D) corniculate cartilage. E) thyroid cartilage.
E
39) The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage and help with opening and closing the glottis to produce sound are the ________ cartilages. A) thyroid B) tracheal C) cuneiform D) corniculate E) arytenoid
E
48) Which of the following statements about the trachea is false? A) It ends in the mediastinum. B) It is reinforced with C-shaped cartilages. C) It is also called the windpipe. D) It alters its diameter in response to the autonomic nervous system. E) It is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages.
E
57) The ________ extends from the larynx to the mediastinum. A) upper respiratory system B) cricoid cartilage C) primary bronchus D) pharynx E) trachea
E
66) Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in all of the following except A) a loss of surfactant. B) a decreased rate of gas exchange. C) increased surface tension in the alveoli. D) increased tendency to alveolar collapse. E) decreased number of dust cells.
E
72) The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as A) anoxia. B) hypercapnia. C) hypoventilation. D) hyperoxia. E) hypoxia.
E
85) Which muscle(s) contract(s) to cause the movement indicated by the arrows labeled "6" and "7"? A) rectus abdominis B) internal intercostals C) external intercostals D) diaphragm E) none, quiet expiration is passive.
E
87) Which of the following muscles would not be recruited to increase inspired volume? A) sternocleidomastoid B) pectoralis minor C) scalenes D) serratus anterior E) rectus abdominis
E
9) The respiratory defense system is important for all of the following reasons except A) helping filter the air. B) helping warm the air. C) keeping out debris. D) keeping out pathogens. E) providing gas exchange.
E
94) If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's A) tidal volume. B) total lung capacity. C) expiratory reserve volume. D) reserve volume. E) vital capacity.
E
24) Identify the structure labeled "7." A) internal nares B) esophagus C) glottis D) oropharynx E) laryngopharynx
D
Figure 21-2 82) What is the relationship between the pressures at label "3"? A) P outside = P inside B) P outside > P inside C) P outside < P inside D) P outside + P inside E) P outside - P inside
B
100) The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats. A) 4 to 6 B) 10 to 12 C) 12 to 18 D) 16 to 20 E) 22 to 24
C
102) Henry's law states that A) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas. D) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. E) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.
C
105) The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is A) pulmonary ventilation. B) external respiration. C) internal respiration. D) cellular respiration. E) breathing.
C
126) The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called A) asthma. B) bronchitis. C) emphysema. D) tuberculosis. E) pneumonia.
C
18) Starting at the ________, the epithelium changes to stratified squamous epithelium. A) nasopharynx B) trachea C) oropharynx D) larynx E) nasal cavity
C
29) Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because A) there is less resistance to flow. B) it combines olfaction with respiration. C) it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air. D) bacteria won't be inhaled from the oral cavity. E) it dries out the mouth.
C
30) Which of the following is not a function of the nasal mucosa? A) humidify the incoming air B) dehumidify the outgoing air C) dehumidify the incoming air D) trap particulate matter E) cool outgoing air
C
33) The glottis is A) the soft tissue that hangs off the end of the soft palate. B) a flap of elastic cartilage. C) the opening to the larynx. D) the opening to the pharynx. E) part of the hard palate.
C
34) The vocal folds are located within the A) nasopharynx. B) oropharynx. C) larynx. D) trachea. E) bronchi.
C
41) Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces A) speech. B) articulation. C) phonation. D) whistling. E) ululation.
C
52) The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages. A) 1.0 cm; 15-20 B) 1.0 cm; 10-15 C) 2.5 cm; 15-20 D) 2.5 cm; 40-50 E) None of the answers is correct.
C
62) The ________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures. A) base B) apex C) hilum D) root E) cardiac notch
C
65) The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. B) moist cuboidal epithelium. C) simple squamous epithelium. D) ciliated squamous epithelium. E) surfactant cells.
C
74) The ultimate function of pulmonary ventilation is to A) remove carbon dioxide from the blood. B) supply oxygen to the blood. C) provide adequate alveolar ventilation. D) remove air from dead air space. E) prevent gas exchange in the bronchioles.
C
76) Boyle's law states that gas volume is A) directly proportional to pressure. B) directly proportional to temperature. C) inversely proportional to pressure. D) inversely proportional to temperature. E) both directly proportional to pressure and directly proportional to temperature.
C
8) ________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting people of Northern European descent. A) MRSA B) Congestive heart failure C) Cystic fibrosis D) Myasthenia gravis E) Parkinson's disease
C
84) What is the relationship between the pressures at label "8"? A) P outside = P inside B) P outside > P inside C) P outside < P inside D) P outside + P inside E) P outside - P inside
C
86) Which muscle(s) produce(s) the movement labeled "1" in quiet inspiration? A) rectus abdominis B) internal intercostals C) external intercostals D) diaphragm E) both rectus abdominis and external intercostals
C
88) Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle(s). A) scalene B) diaphragm C) internal intercostal D) external intercostal E) serratus anterior
C
90) Which of these descriptions best matches the term "external intercostal"? A) accessory muscle of expiration B) accessory muscle of inspiration C) primary muscle of inspiration D) contraction increases airway resistance E) affects lung compliance
C
92) ________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume. A) Residual inhaled volume B) Expiratory reserve volume C) Inspiratory reserve volume D) Enhanced tidal volume E) Inspiratory capacity
C
93) In quiet breathing, A) inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions. B) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions. C) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. D) inspiration and expiration are both passive. E) None of the answers is correct.
C
96) After a quiet expiration, the amount of air in your lungs is called the A) expiratory reserve volume. B) inspiratory capacity. C) functional residual capacity. D) tidal volume. E) residual volume.
C
25) Identify the structure labeled "10." A) hard palate B) trachea C) larynx D) glottis E) laryngopharynx
D
38) The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage. A) epiglottal B) cuneiform C) corniculate D) cricoid E) arytenoid
D
10) Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from A) inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus. B) uncontrollable laryngospasms. C) production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport. D) both the inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and the production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport. E) All of the answers are correct.
D
101) Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as A) functional residual capacity. B) respiratory minute volume. C) alveolar ventilation volume. D) anatomic dead space. E) minimal volume.
D
103) Dalton's law states that A) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. D) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. E) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.
D
106) Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the A) PO2 of the alveoli. B) PCO2 of the blood. C) thickness of the respiratory membrane. D) diameter of an alveolus. E) solubility of oxygen in plasma.
D
11) The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the A) respiratory mucosa. B) lamina propria. C) respiratory defense system. D) mucus escalator. E) conducting portion of the respiratory tract.
D
12) The conchae A) divide the nasal cavity into a right and a left side. B) provide an opening into the pharynx. C) form part of the soft palate. D) create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus. E) provide an opening to paranasal sinuses.
D
16) The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the A) larynx. B) glottis. C) vestibule. D) pharynx. E) trachea.
D
104) The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in pulmonary veins during internal respiration is approximately A) 40 mm Hg. B) 45 mm Hg. C) 50 mm Hg. D) 70 mm Hg. E) 95 mm Hg.
E
108) At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen. A) 10 B) 25 C) 50 D) 75 E) more than 90
E
121) What does not happen to a carbon dioxide molecule once it enters the bloodstream? A) It is converted to a molecule of carbonic acid. B) It binds to the protein portion of hemoglobin molecules within red blood cells. C) It dissolves in plasma. D) It is converted by carbonic anhydrase. E) It binds to heme groups in hemoglobin.
E
21) The nasal cavity is divided into left and right portions by the A) hard palate. B) soft palate. C) cribriform plate. D) internal nares. E) nasal septum.
E
22) The ________ extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue at the level of the hyoid bone. A) pharynx B) laryngopharynx C) trachea D) epiglottis E) oropharynx
E
27) What is the function of the structures labeled "12"? A) cause air to swirl within the respiratory passageway B) improve warming of incoming air C) create narrow passages D) help olfaction E) All of the answers are correct.
E
28) Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth is advantageous for all of the following reasons except A) air is warmed on inhalation. B) air is humidified on inhalation. C) heat loss is reduced on exhalation. D) water loss is reduced on exhalation. E) decreased breath volumes on inhalation.
E
32) The larynx contains all of the following except A) three unpaired cartilages. B) three paired cartilages. C) a total of nine cartilages. D) vestibular ligaments. E) C-rings composed of hyaline cartilage.
E