10-2

Inferring Why do you think citizens allowed patricians to fix elections in medieval cities?

I think that citizens allowed this because patricians were more prestigious, experienced, and less likely to mess up the area than plebeians.

bourgeoisie

Middle Class

How did new farming methods benefit Europe in the Middle Ages?

The carruca allowed farmers to farm more easily because it was wielded by many animal animals and was made of heavy iron. This saved what humans had to do before. People also started taking advantage of the water and wind to do what humans or animals had to do before. Also they shifted to 3 field crop system where only 1/3 of their field was not being used so as to produce more food.

How did the revival of trade result in a commercial revolution during the Middle Ages?

Trade started in Europe again in 1100 between Northern Europe and Italy. Trade soon brought back capitalism in Europe and initiated a broader trade connection like in the east.

Making Connections What events during the Middle Ages led to a growth of cities?

Trade, specialized workers, free peasants.

What was life like for nobles and peasants under the economic system of manorialism?

Under manorialism, a lord owned a plot of land which he would allow peasants and serfs to work on. Serfs would work the land of their lord, but would also have a portion of land to work themselves. Serfs would not be able to leave the manor. Lords had a lot of leisure time and were usually warriors.

What spurred the growth of cities in the Middle Ages?

When a larger amount of trade happened in the area, merchants began moving back into Roman cities, followed by

Carruca

a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare

Manor

an agricultural estate that a lord ran and peasants worked.

Serfs

peasants legally bound to the land.