104 Final

Nassauer, S. The Psychology of Small Packages

"handtomouth platform,"An "artificial barrier" helps eaters decide when to stop,

Mod 4 lec

- Pastoralism: animal husbandry

According to the Kuhnlein article, which of the following are reasons for dietary change in indigenous populations?

- Political upheaval - Shifts in climate or weather patterns - Delocalization of the food supply - Industrialization

main 4 components of food security

- availability - access - utilization - stability

mod 8 lecture

- flavor = aroma+taste - gustatory flavor (taste) - taste receptors detect 5 tasates: sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami - all tastes can be detected everywhere. - umami = brothy, savory sensations; detection from receptors for certain amino acids like glutamate - flavor generation - biology cookking and microbes - root veggies vs processed foods = food movement in US - top chef, eat real, edible schoolyard project; not everyone can afford to participate; if food movemnet doesn't move to democratize benefits of good food, it will be elitist. - domestic food trendsin US: processed packaged foods, out of balance with recommendations -lower percent of income spent on food -globalization -cooking less often -increased snacking and solo dining - leveraging culture for health and sustainability - preservation/reintroduction of traditional food culture for empowered health change

national food policy

A national food policy would do that, by investing resources to guarantee prevention of death from chronic disease: ● All Americans have access to healthful food; ● Farm policies are designed to support our public health and environmental objectives; ● Our food supply is free of toxic bacteria, chemicals and drugs; ● Production and marketing of our food are done transparently; ● The food industry pays a fair wage to those it employs; ● Food marketing sets children up for healthful lives by instilling in them a habit of eating real food; ● Animals are treated with compassion and attention to their well-being; ● The food system's carbon footprint is reduced, and the amount of carbon sequestered on farmland is increased; ● The food system is sufficiently resilient to withstand the effects of climate change.

Macdiarmid, J., Kyle, J., Horgan, G., & et al. Sustainable diets for the future: can we contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by eating a healthy diet?

A sustainable diet that meets dietary requirements for health with lower GHGEs can be achieved without eliminating meat or dairy products or increasing the cost to the consumer.

McDonald, C. The Breast Milk Gap.

America worse at breastfeeding than Malawi, Burundi, DR of Congo, Niger,

Patwardhan, B. et al. Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Comparative Overview

Ayurveda, the traditional Indian medicine (TIM) and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) remain the most ancient yet living traditions. There has been increased global interest in traditional medicine. Efforts to monitor and regulate herbal drugs and traditional medicine are underway. China has been successful in promoting its therapies with more research and science-based approach, while Ayurveda still needs more extensive scientific research and evidence base. This review gives an overview of basic principles and commonalities of TIM and TCM and discusses key determinants of success, which these great traditions need to address to compete in global markets.

Perez-Escamilla, R. Acculturation, nutrition, and health disparities in Latinos.

Background: Latinos have become the largest minority group in the United States and will represent 25% of the US population by 2050. Latinos experience a disproportionate burden of poverty and poor health outcomes. Objectives: We critically examined the evidence for a link between acculturation and health disparities in Latinos with a focus on type 2 diabetes (T2D) and nutrition-related risk factors and illustrated how acculturation principles can help design a culturally appropriate T2D self-management intervention in Latinos. Results: The preponderance of the evidence supported an association of acculturation with poor dietary quality and obesity. These associations appeared to be modified by several socioeconomic and demographic factors and were not always linear. The association between acculturation and T2D is unclear. Conclusions: Longitudinal studies and more sophisticated analytic approaches are needed to better understand if and how acculturation affects health-disparity outcomes in Latinos. Tailoring interventions to the acculturation level of individuals is likely to help reduce health disparities in Latinos.

Cause of health disparities; roberts

Best predictor of health is an individual's position in the social hierarchy.

Pollan, M. Why did the Obamas fail to take on corporate agriculture? The New York Times, 2016.

Big Food had a big problem with the first lady's food talk, and especially with one modifier: organic. In fact, she seldom if ever used that word to describe her garden, but the White House news release announcing the garden made much of the organic practices they were using — fertilizing with compost, using beneficial insects instead of chemicals to control pests and so on — so the press invariably referred to it as the White House's "organic garden." - as big food partnered with michelle obama in her war on obesity, it engaged in a campaign against any new law or regulation that threatened its freedom to make market junk food.

Jernigan, V., et al. Food Insecurity and Obesity Among American Indians and Alaskan Natives and Whites in California.

Food insecurity is linked to obesity among some, but not all, racial and ethnic populations. We examined the prevalence of food insecurity and the association between food insecurity and obesity among American Indians (AIs) and Alaska Natives (ANs) and a comparison group of whites. Food insecurity was not associated with obesity in either group in analyses adjusted for sociodemographics and exercise. The ability to afford high-quality foods is extremely limited for low-income Californians regardless of race. Health policy discussions must include increased attention on healthy food access among the poor, including AIs/ANs, for whom little data exist. We found no difference in the prevalence of food insecurity between AIs/ANs and whites in this sample of low-income adults. Further, food insecurity was not significantly associated with obesity in either the AI/AN or white group.

Allen, P. Realizing justice in local food systems.

For alternative agrifood social movements, food-system localization is both an ideal and a pathway to resolve environmental, social and economic issues in the food system. This article addresses the potential for equity within food-system localization in practical and conceptual terms. Historical processes have shaped regions and social relations with vast differences in wealth, power and privilege and this has implications for thinking about and enacting equity through food-system localization. If food-system localization efforts are to work toward equity, they must consider inherited material and discursive asymmetries within frameworks of economy, demography, geography and democracy.

By what mechanism does fiber improve health?

If you dump a load of fiber—or microbiota-accessible carbohydrates—onto a colonic community of microbes, those that specialize in fermenting it will bloom. And they'll start churning out short-chain fatty acids. These acids are one of the long-sought mechanisms by which fiber prevents disease. Rodent studies suggest that as they diffuse into circulation, they stimulate the anti-inflammatory arm of the immune system—cells that help you not attack tree pollen and other harmless proteins—preventing allergies and other inflammatory diseases. The calming effect reaches as far as the bone marrow and lungs the acids reduced animals' vulnerability to asthma.

The Decolonizing Diet project in Michigan challenges people to eat a diet that can be best described as which of the below?

Indigenous

exercise and human brain - reynolds

Interestingly, after multiple generations, these animals began to develop innately high levels of substances that promote tissue growth and health, including a protein called brain-derived neurotrophic factor, or BDNF. These substances are important for endurance performance. They also are known to drive brain growth. Levels of BDNF, early ancestors: Eventually, these early athletes had enough BDNF coursing through their bodies that some could migrate from the muscles to the brain, where it nudged the growth of brain tissue.

School lunch political battleground

Let's move campaign - michelle obama; not supported by lunch ladies

Which statement below summarizes the conclusion from the Institute of Medicine report on Sodium Intake of Populations?

Low sodium intake is a risk factor for disease as is sodium intakes that are too high.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a core Fast Food Value presented by Alice Waters?

Marketing Core fast food values: Cheapness Speed Uniformity Availability

Verza, Maria. The "Coca-Colaization" of Mexico, the Spark of Obesity.

Mexico - 2.25 L daily, Chiapas - city wher 70% is overweight, 30% obese/ with 1994 North american free trade act, coke consumption doubled. soft drinks + malnourishment = alam, in chiapas. --> diabetes, heart disease, blindness...

mwas

Microbiome-wide association studies (MWASs) in humans or animal models have revealed that substantial deviations from "normal" are observed in several disease states. Probiotics are defined as live microbes that confer a health benefit when consumed in adequate quantities.

Garsd, Jasmine. Taking the Heat: Is foodie culture making room for female chefs? National Public Radio, 2015

More male chefs than female

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Practice Application Paper. Cultural Competency: Where It Is and Where It's Headed.

Most patients first language not english..

One aspect of the New Nordic diet is an emphasis on the connection between food and ________________.

Nature

o'keefe - Cardiovascular Disease Resulting From a Diet and Lifestyle at Odds With Our Paleolithic Genome: How to Become a 21st-century Hunter-Gatherer

Nuts are a valuable source of monounsaturated fats and have been shown to be cardioprotective in at least 6 epidemiological studies.' HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein hunger gathering - These circumstances provided a diet high in lean protein, polyunsaturated fats (especially omega-3 [(D-3] fatty acids), monounsaturated fats, fiber, vitamins,minerals, antioxidants, and other beneficial phytochemicals.

Lynch E., Kane J. Body Size Perception Among African American Women.

Objective: To assess body size perception among African American women using cultural definitions of body size terms. Methods: Sixty-nine African American women classified Body Image Scale figures as overweight, obese, and too fat, and independently selected the figure they considered closest to their current body size. Results: Body size classifications of figures did not vary by participant weight status. Overweight figures were not considered too fat. Conclusions and Implications: The difference between cultural (folk) and medical definitions of body size terms may serve as a barrier to effective communication between patients and providers about health effects of excess adiposity.

Timmerman, G., Brown, A. The Effect of Mindful Restaurant Eating Intervention on Weight Management in Women

Objective: To evaluate the effect of a Mindful Restaurant Eating intervention on weight management. The intervention, using 6 weekly 2-hour, small group sessions, focused on reducing calorie and fat intake when eating out through education, behavior change strategies, and mindful eating meditations. Results: Participants in the intervention group lost significantly more weight (P¼.03), had lower average daily caloric (P ¼ .002) and fat intake (P ¼ .001), had increased diet-related self-efficacy (P ¼ .02), and had fewer barriers to weight management when eating out (P ¼ .001). Conclusions and Implications: Mindful Restaurant Eating intervention was effective in promoting weight management in perimenopausal women.

De Vogil R., et al. The influence of market deregulation on fast food consumption and body mass index: a cross-national time series

Objective: To investigate the effect of fast food consumption on mean population body mass index (BMI) and explore the possible influence of market deregulation on fast food consumption and BMI. Conclusion Fast food consumption is an independent predictor of mean BMI in high-income countries. Market deregulation policies may contribute to the obesity epidemic by facilitating the spread of fast food. In this article we use a novel measure - the number of per capita fast food transactions (local and transnational) - to test the hypothesis that rising fast food consumption has been a major determinant of population increases in body mass index (BMI) among high-income countries belonging to the (OECD). We also examine whether market deregulation may have contributed to higher BMI by facilitating the spread of fast food.

Nan LV., et al. Dietary Pattern Change and Acculturation of Chinese Americans in Pennsylvania.

Objective: To obtain information about dietary pattern change of Chinese Americans in Pennsylvania and its relationship with demographic characteristics and acculturation indicators. Results: After immigration, Chinese Americans increased consumption frequency of all seven food groups (grains, vegetables, fruits, meat/meat alternatives, dairy products, fats/sweets, and beverages) and Western foods while consumption frequency of traditional Chinese foods decreased. Dietary variety also increased after immigration. Higher education and higher income levels were associated with a larger increase in consumption frequency of grains, vegetables, and fruits. Persons who resided in the United States for a longer period of time shared a greater increase in their consumption frequencies of vegetables, fats/sweets, and beverages. Persons with better English proficiency had a greater increase in their consumption frequency of grains, fruits, meat/meat alternatives, and fats/sweets. Conclusions: This study can help nutrition educators design educational programs for first-generation Chinese Americans that can facilitate the adoption of more healthful dietary practices. Nutrition educators should consider the dietary changes of Chinese-American participants, such as skipping breakfast and increased consumption frequency of fats, sweets, and soft drinks, which were observed in this study. For example, acculturated first-generation Chinese Americans should be encouraged to decrease fats, sweets, and soft-drink consumption. Less-acculturated persons should be encouraged to maintain their healthful dietary pattern and increase consumption of vegetables and fruits.

Chang, Kenneth. Stanford Scientists cast doubt on advantages of organic meat and produce. The New York Times, 2012.

One finding of the study was that organic produce, overall, contained higher levels of phosphorus than conventional produce. But because almost everyone gets adequate phosphorus from a wide variety of foods, they said, the higher levels in the organic produce are unlikely to confer any health benefit. The organic produce also contained more compounds known as phenols, believed to help prevent cancer, than conventional produce. The study's conclusions about pesticides did seem likely to please organic food customers. Over

Carrington, Clear differences between organic and non-organic food. The Guardian, 2014. (Links to an external site.)

Organic food has more of the antioxidant compounds linked to better health than regular food, and lower levels of toxic metals and pesticides, according to the most comprehensive scientific analysis to date. Sanders said he was not persuaded by the new work. "You are not going to be better nourished if you eat organic food," he said. "What is most important is what you eat, not whether it's organic or conventional. It's whether you eat fruit and vegetables at all. People are buying into a lifestyle system. They get an assurance it is not being grown with chemicals and is not grown by big business." why people choose organic - healthy eating; avoiding chemical residue; care for environment and nature; taste of organic food; animal welfare

shute - cooking up change, food fuels civil rights

Paschal - southern cooking, brought people together. Gilmore - club from nowhere, sold baked goods, then proceeds went for gasoline that ferried people around.

Which biocultural framework factor is the primary reason for the high levels of sodium in Scandinavian foods?

Physical environment

What does Guthman argue is necessary (and often lacking in obesity rhetoric) to create a healthier food system?

Policy

Food Police, guthman

Pollan and other experts think that if people just know where their food comes from, they'll change their habits. Obesity epidemic - blamed often on fat people, like it's always a choice. Moral high horse. need more policy.

_________ happens when certain groups of humans have adapted genetically to be better suited to different diets.

Population-level differences

ReFed. A Roadmap to Reduce U.S. Food Waste by 20 Percent.

Prevention, recovery, recycling Prevention: Standardized Date Labeling, Consumer Education Campaigns, Waste Tracking & Analytics. Recovery: policy, education, logistics. Donation tax incentives, standardized donation regulation, donation matching software; Recycling: centralized composting, centralized anaerobic digestion, and water resource recovery facilities with AD. Path ahead: policy (donation tax incentives, food donation regulation, recycling best practices); education (consumer education campaigns); innovation (packaging/labeling, software,

4 P's marketing

Product Price Place Promotion

Lecture Mod 1

Salt recommendations: conflicting opinions on connection b/t increased salt intake and increasedVCD. Most in the US still currently consume too much salt. - biocultural framework - personalized nutrition - nutrigenomics - relationship b/tgenes and diet - sodium intake USA: procesed foods > natural > processed meat > home cooking - scandinavia and salt: sodium intake higher than in US, but cardiovascular disease rates lower; chronic disease is new occurrence, hard to connect to traditional diets of past. - omnivore's paradox / dilemma - you want to try new foods but you're comfortable with what you know. omnivores must seek out and explore new potential foods while remaining wary of them until they are proven safe. Omnivores therefore go through life with two competing motives: neophilia (an attraction to new things) and neophobia (a fear of new things). People vary in terms of which motive is stronger, and this variation will come back to help us in later chapters: - social - of or relating to a society - culture - shared understandings that characterize a group. behaviors, beliefs. - society and ideology - the family unit plays a big role in establishing the sociocultural environment and defining what is a food

According to Carlo Petrini, food is no longer produced to be eaten, but to be ________________.

Sold

Tavernise, S. Calories on Menus: Nationwide Experiment Into Human Behavior.

Starting next November, menus in many places where Americans eat — like chain restaurants and some movie theaters, convenience stores and amusement parks — will have to list calories. consumers even saw the posted calories, and of those, a little over a quarter (around 15 percent of the total) said the information changed what they ordered. those who changed their ordering behavior tended to be the more educated consumers — in other words, not the target population. Americans with more education tend to be less likely to be obese than those with less, though there are exceptions.

Grier S., Kumanyika, S. The Context for Choice: Health Implications of Targeted Food and Beverage Marketing to African Americans.

Targeted marketing of high-calorie foods and beverages to ethnic minority populations, relative to more healthful foods, may contribute to ethnic disparities in obesity and other diet-related chronic conditions. We conducted a systematic review of studies published in June 1992 through 2006 (n=20) that permitted comparison of food and beverage marketing to African Americans versus Whites and others. Eight studies reported on product promotions, 11 on retail food outlet locations, and 3 on food prices. Although the evidence base has limitations, studies indicated that African Americans are consistently exposed to food promotion and distribution patterns with relatively greater potential adverse health effects than are Whites. The limited evidence on price disparities was inconclusive.

Georgia Gilmore helped to fuel the Civil Rights movement by providing food during which event(s)?

The Montgomery bus boycott

Otokiti, et al. Impact of Acculturation and Diverse Ethnomedical Beliefs on Health care Delivery to recent New York Immigrants.

The U.S remains the most culturally diverse nation in the world and New York City (NYC) is the largest, most populous, densely populated major city in the U.S. The New York region continues to be the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States. The multicultural nature of NYC is such that 36% of its population is foreign born and almost half of its population speaks a language other than English at home. Acculturation explains the process of cultural and psychological change that results at both individual and group levels following the meeting of cultures. It can be considered as a process by which people achieve social and functional fitness within a host community. This process is not without its challenges. In this paper we examine the various acculturation strategies and their impact on health of new immigrants while showing the significance of diverse ethnomedical beliefs of the recent NYC immigrant.

Graff, Samantha et al. Government Can Regulate Food Advertising To Children Because Cognitive Research Shows That It Is Inherently Misleading

The childhood obesity crisis has prompted repeated calls for government action to curb the marketing of unhealthy food to children. Food and entertainment industry groups have asserted that the First Amendment prohibits such regulation. However, case law establishes that the First Amendment does not protect "inherently misleading" commercial speech. Cognitive research indicates that young children cannot effectively recognize the persuasive intent of advertising or apply the critical evaluation required to comprehend commercial messages. Given this combination—that government can prohibit "inherently misleading" advertising and that children cannot adequately understand commercial messages—advertising to children younger than age twelve should be considered beyond the scope of constitutional protection.

Where's the fruit

The findings of this study also suggest that there may be an important role for government regulation. Current FDA regulations on health claims and product definitions such as those for fruit drinks are not sufficiently protecting parents and children; these regulations need to be updated to ensure the packaging clearly states fruit content on the cover. Further, parents and children would be assisted by requiring that added dietary sugars be included on the nutrition facts panel, so they can better understand how much sweetener is in these products.

Smith-Spangler, Crystal &et al. Are Organic Foods Safer or Healthier Than Conventional Alternatives?

The health benefits of organic food are unclear. The published literature lacks strong evidence that organic foods are significantly more nutritious than conventional foods. Consumption of organic foods may reduce exposure to pesticide residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. no diff in vitamins; more e coli in organic; conventional chicken and pork h ave a higher risk for contamination with bacteria resistant to 3> antibiotics than wer eorganic. no difference in risk for contamination of produce/animal products with pathogenic bacteria. conventioanl produce - 30% higher risk for pesticide contamination no long-term studies of health outcomes of populations having mostly organic vs conventionally produced food.

Anderson-Loftin, W. et al. Soul Food Light: Culturally Competent Diabetes Education.

The purpose of this study was to test effects of a culturally competent, dietary self management intervention on physiological outcomes and dietary behaviors for African Americans with type 2 diabetes. soul food light Results suggest the effectiveness of a culturally competent dietary self-management intervention in improving health outcomes for southern African Americans, especially those at risk due to high-fat diets and body mass index ≥ 35 kg/mm2. Given the burgeoning problem of obesity in South Carolina and the nation, the time has come to focus on aggressive weight management. Diabetes educators are in pivotal positions to assume leadership in achieving this goal for vulnerable, rural populations. BMI and FHQ

Kuhnlein - dietary change and traditional food systems of indigenous people

Traditional food system" is used to identify all food within a particular culture available from local natural resources and culturally accepted. 1. decrease in # plant/animal species, transfer of cultural knowledge to youth, time/energy for harvesting bc employment and increased concern for env contaminants --> 2. decreased density of species, decrease land use and harvesting, increased new foods available and acceptable --> 3. LOSS OF TRADITIONAL FOOD SYSTEMS--> 4. decrease in cultural specific food activities, increased sedentary life, decrease dietary diversity and cultural morale--> 5. INCREASE OBESITY, diabetes, alcoholism, gall bladder disease, heart D, anemia, tooth loss, otitis media, infections, cancer. kung bushmen, kalahari desert - meat veggies hunting gathering, then 1984 --> food purchased fro mstores, then anemia nuxalk - british columbia - fishing/hunting/gathering - mostly fish; food availability and taste preferences/appreciation hopi - Hopi children and demonstrated intakes below the recommended daily allowance for vitamin D, calcium, and zinc; energy, fat, sucrose, and cholesterol were above recommended levels; and traditional food use was not reported for kids, diabetes later. nankane, northern ghana - millet replaced sorghum, Changes provided more stability to local food supply and an increase in diet variety. PAPUA NEW GUINEA - Consumption of starchy tubers was largely replaced by imported rice, and traditional sources of fish and meat were replaced by imported tinned meat and fish. Fat and alcohol consumption increased. The author concludes that changes in traditional food systems has generally led to an improvement in nutritional status S A H T u DENEMeTIS- loss of traditional food use with each generation, and that dietary quality is lost with decreased use of nutrient-dense traditional food and increased use of market food. MAYAOFGUATEMALA - diet diversity increased but severe economic crisis of the 1980s may explain the absence of overall improvement in nutritional status. BAFFIN INUIT - traditional food for this culture is vital to maintaining dietary adequacy for many nutrients because market food that is available, purchased, and consumed is of inferior nutritional quality

Mushkin, S. et al. Trouble in Aisle 5,

Ubiquity for the sake of conformity is so Baby Boomer. Convenience, fresh/healthy, value (this is not always price), variety and natural/organic all seem to be important attributes (at least for now) for this very independent cohort.

Masumoto, David Mas. Working with Ghosts in the Field of American Agriculture. Food and Society Policy Fellows, 2008.

Undocumented workers - 12 million undocus The term "immigrant worker" reframes the debate. These ghosts contribute to local and regional economies. They are wanted. They fill jobs often few will do. They're a type of economic refugee, fleeing the poverty and economic conditions of one country and seeking a better life here. A

According to Chris Gardner in the Edible Education lecture, which of the following arguments would be the best way to get someone to replace animal-based foods with vegetables in their diet?

Vegetables are better on the environment than animal-based foods

Just D. and Wansink B. Smarter Lunchrooms: Using Behavioral Economics to Improve Meal Selection.

behavioral economics - students are more likely to choose with more options. self attribution and reactance The first is called reactance. When people feel coerced into doing something, they often react to this coercion by intentionally rebelling. Thus, forcing kids to abstain from a lunchtime cookie or brownie every day may unintentionally pave a direct afterschool path to the convenience store or their home where they can find cookies or brownies thus avoiding the heavy hand of the school lunch administrator. The second principle is self-attribution. When people feel as if they have freely and consciously made a decision, they take ownership of that decision and tend to have a greater enjoyment of the outcome. As a simple example, consider a small child being asked to go to bed. If told that bedtime is at 8:30 p.m., the child may be irritated and angry because he or she is being forced to go to bed.

Pollan best friends germs

bifidobacteria - Where do these all-important bifidobacteria come from and what does it mean if, like me, you were never breast-fed? Mother's milk is not, as once was thought, sterile: it is both a "prebiotic" — a food for microbes — and a "probiotic," a population of beneficial microbes introduced into the body. H. pylori -

McMillan, Tracie. 'Forked' Rates Restaurants on How They Treat Their Workers. NPR, 2016.

biggest problems facing restaurant workers: No. 1 is poverty wages, both tipped and untipped. No. 2 is benefits, [especially] the lack of paid sick days. tipped minimum wage, hasn't gone up in a quarter century. [ROC has] members whose mothers worked at the same wage they do: $2.13 an hour. It's a legacy of slavery; it comes from not wanting to pay black workers, former slaves, anything at all. That means we as consumers are doubly subsidizing billion dollar corporations [like Darden, which owns Olive Garden]: We're paying worker wages entirely through our tips, and subsidizing their survival through taxpayer funded public assistance. The other problem is 70 percent of tipped workers are women, and [some] suffer from the absolute worst sexual harassment.

Carroll, Abigail. How Snacking Became Respectable. The Wall Street Journal, 2013

commercialization --> snack foods becoming redeemed (rejuvenation of the pretzel).

TNN, Nutrition rank gives food for thought.

despite having the strongest nutrition and under nutritionrelated commitments and policies, Nestle India, maker of Maggi noodles, scored the second lowest for nutrition qualities "India faces the serious and escalating double burden of malnutrition, with a large undernourished population, as well as growing numbers of overweight and obese people who are developing chronic diseases

Flournoy, Rebecca, Healthy Food Healthy Communities: Promising Strategies to Improve Access to Fresh, Healthy Food and Transform Communities,

develop better grocery stores; improve small stores; start and sustain farmers' markets; connect local farmers to low income consuemrs; comm supported agriculture/gardens -policy link and cali endowment innovative ways that low-income communities are improving access to healthy, fresh food.

Block J., et al. Fast Food, Race/Ethnicity, and Income.

fast-food restaurant density in shopping areas with 1-mile buffers was independently correlated with median household income and percent of black residents in the census tract. Similar results were found for shopping areas with 0.5-mile buffers. Predominantly black neighborhoods have 2.4 fast-food restaurants per square mile compared to 1.5 restaurants in predominantly white neighborhoods. Conclusions: The link between fast food restaurants and black and low-income neighborhoods may contribute to the understanding of environmental causes of the obesity epidemic in these populations.

Walker, R., et al. Disparities and access to healthy food in the United States: A review of food deserts literature.

food desert - area devoid of a supermarket, access to healthy food is limited;

Pinsker J. Why So Many Rich Kids Come to Enjoy the Taste of Healthier Foods.

goitrin, a compound that tastes very bitter to people with a certain gene—which serves as a (meager) defense against getting eaten. the steep up-front cost of introducing foods to children is enough to deter a number of parents from trying. This cost-cutting decision may explain some of the differences between how rich and poor Americans eat.

Insect eating is becoming popularized because insects are NOT good sources of plant-based fiber.

high protein

Institute of Medicine - Sodium intake

higher risk for too much sodium--> CVd/stroke: AAs, 51>, and people with hypertension/diabetes/chronic kidney disease. The new studies support current efforts to reduce excessive sodium intake in order to lower risk of heart disease and stroke. However, the evidence on health outcomes is not consistent with efforts that encourage lowerng of dietary sodium in the general population to 1,500 mg/day. Further research may shed more light on the association between lower—1,500 to 2,300 mg—levels of sodium and health outcomes.

taylor - eating indigenously

indigenous diet

double burden of malnutrition

large undernourished population, as well as growing numbers of overweight and obese people who are developing chronic diseases

Powell L., et al. Racial/ethnic and income disparities in child and adolescent exposure to food and beverage television ads across the U.S. media markets

obesity prevalence / health burdens - greater among US minorities and low income. designated market area (dma) spot television ratings - used to assess exposure to food ads. tv ads for sugar beverages and fast food restaurants - higher in areas w/ higher portions of black kids and lower income households.

Barnhill - Impact and Ethics of Excluding Sweetened Beverages From the SNAP Program

objections to restriction on SNAP assistance: excluding sweetened beverages from SNAP will not affect SNAP participants' purchases of sweetened beverages. - Other objections question the equity of excluding sweetened beverages from SNAP, claiming that excluding sweetened beverages from SNAP reduces the consumer choice of SNAP participants and creates a disparity in consumer choice. - but the primary goal of SNAP is to improve the diet, nutrition, and health of low-income people, and the exclusion of sweetened beverages is an effective way to achieve this goal. The USDA should approve the proposed demonstration project in which sweetened beverages would be excluded from the food items eligible to be purchased with SNAP benefits in New York City.

- breastfeeding benefits: good for mom

postpartum weight loss -depression -bonding -free, no refrigeraiton req'd -good for both: less picky eaters later on

petrini - terra madre

price - main choice criterion; food = commodity; low cost of food but high and hidden price (economically and in earth's capacity to produce food in future).

Leonard - Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Nutrition: The Influence of Brain and Body Size on Diet and Metabolism

primate diet quality (i.e., caloric and nutrient density) is inversely related to body size and total resting metabolic requirements (RMR). Humans, however, consume a diet of much higher quality than is expected for our size and metabolic needs. This energy-rich diet appears to reflect an adaptation to the high metabolic cost of our large brain.

The Food Chain Workers Alliance. The Hands that Feed Us. 2012

production, processing, distribution; median wage is less than $10. hours worked - 40% worked more than 40 hours per week; 83%, no health insurance; lack of mobility - most never received promotion; employment law violations-lots of wage theft; breaks-some don't always receive lunch or 10min break.

freeganism

reduce consumption reuse recycle

Rosenzweig, W. How Foodpreneurs are reinventing your kid's school lunch STEWARDS**

revolution foods - Revolution Foods produces fresh, healthy meals. (Kids are involved in the creation of recipes that are refined by culinary experts.) Vegetables are introduced in creative ways; students learn about the foods they eat, where they come from and why they are important to their well-being. The RF offering is wholly distinct from the highly processed and commercial fast foods that have filled a staggering number of school cafeterias during the past two decades. Oakland, New Orleans and Elizabeth, New Jersey. Food entrepreneurs would be well served to envision themselves as stewards, rather than hackers or disrupters. Foodpreneurs by nature have a responsibility to a broad ecosystem of stakeholders — from their customers' guts and taste buds to the producers who grow real food and bring it to market. Some food leaders are even becoming externally accountable to the system of natural capital in which their products are produced—including the vital assets of healthy soil and clean air and water—with transparent reporting of their supply chains, labor practices and ingredients. Stewards also manage short-term expectations within a long-term perspective.

Turnwald B., et al. Association between indulgent descriptions and vegetable consumption: Twisted carrots and dynamite beets.

study tested whether labeling vegetables with the flavorful, exciting, and indulgent descriptors typically reserved for less healthy foods could increase vegetable consumption Labeling vegetableswith indulgent descriptors significantly increased the number of people choosing vegetables and the total mass of vegetables consumed compared with basic or healthy descriptions, despite no changes in vegetable preparation.

The sociocultural environment is comprised of 3 things

technology social organization ideology

Mod 2 - personalized health, nutrition, microbiome

to what extent can we manipulate our biology via microbiota - live microbes (microbiota transplants, bacterial cocktails); prebiotics (complex carbs that promote gut residents); microbiota-targeted small molecules; synthetic biology applications (therapeutic delivery, diagnostics). - microbiota accessible carbs (dietary fibers)--> primary fermenters--> acetate, co2, h2, formatae, propionate, lactate, butyrate-->methanogens, sulfate reducers, acetogens : trophic chain rx --> - diff metabolic scenarios: SCFA (small chain fatty acids) into circulation from high simple carb diet. - could there be an incompatibility between our human genome and microbiome - fiber-deficient diet result in irreversible loss of microbiota diversity - - huntergatherer - agriculture - industrial food - processed sanitized food - dietary change / species reintroduction

How a national food policy could save millions of lives --> Bittman, Pollan and Salvador

tweak SNAP regulations (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Benefits, the program formerly and more familiarly known as Food Stamps) so that the program concerns itself with the quality of calories instead of just their quantity. - The argument that soda and other junk masquerading as food should be made ineligible for purchase by food stamps, as are alcohol and tobacco, is one that's been gaining momentum in the last few years. - but if we advocate any tinkering with SNAP, it may make the program more vulnerable to cuts which it can ill afford. - billions of snap dollars are spent on soda so make sure it's spent on nutritious foods: - first, remove the subsidy for sugar-sweetened beverages, since no one without a share in the profits can argue that the substance plays a constructive role in any diet. & make it easier to buy real food;

Hazel, AB H., et al. Diet Quality of Americans Differs by Age, Sex, Race/Ethnicity, Income, and Education Level.

use the Healthy Eating Index-2005, a measure of diet quality in terms of conformance to the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, to describe the diet quality of Americans by varying sociodemographic characteristics in order to provide insight as to where diets need to improve. Children and older adults had better-quality diets than younger and middle-aged adults; women had better-quality diets than men; Hispanics had better quality diets than blacks and whites; and diet quality of adults, but not children, generally improved with income level, except for sodium. The diets of Americans, regardless of socioeconomic status, are far from optimal. Problematic dietary patterns were found among all sociodemographic groups. Major improvements in the nutritional health of the American public can be made by improving eating patterns.

comparing ingredients using chromatography

venn diagram: many shared compounds if Ns is large (middle, overlapping compounds - coffee, beef). if Ns small, few shared compounds (shrimp, lemon). - ingredients --> flavor compounds --> flavor network --> prevalence; shared compounds - north american: milk, butter, vanilla, egg, cane molasses, wheat - east asian: soy sauce, scallion, sesame oil, rice, soybean, ginger

Berry, W. Wendell Berry: The Pleasures of Eating.

work in a farm, know where your food comes from

tactile sensations - astringency and spicy

astringency - tannins bind proteins and cause friction - dry, puckery, rough spicy - radish vs jalapeno - pungent v hot.

food movement in US

availability of affordable ugly produce - opening healthy fast food restaurants in underserved areas - attempts at culturally diverse, nourishing school lunches

Egan, Sophie. Devoured: From Chicken Wings to Kale Smoothies - How What We Eat Defines Who We Are. Harper Collins: NY, 2016.Preview the document

nutrification - good stuff removed; "additivity dominance" to describe our tendency to perceive a food as less natural if something is added to it than if something is removed from it.

Module 2

- food adaptation and evolution - over time, animals may evolve to have more permanent traits -food available in environment -->animals that can eat the food do, and/or develop traits to assist (ADAPT) --> animals who eat food live, pass on food-eating genes --> animals who can't eat the food die or don't procreate --> next animals have traits adapted to eat the food --> food available in environment - sagittal crest - assists with chewing tough, fibrous foods - sagittal crest and tooth morphology - herbivorous, carnivorous, and omnivorous. - what are we meant to eat - diet of early hominids to the homo group; humans are opportunistic omnivores from the Maasai tribe (milk, meat, blood) and inuit groups (>95% animal) to vegan (plant-based) and frutarian (raw fruits, nuts, seeds) - humans are opportunistic omnivores - the only diet that consistently health is the standard american diet = SAD - genes and health - genes and racial health disparities; paleolithic diet debate: pre-agricultural revolution; diet likely consisted mainly of: meat, seafood, plants, nuts, seeds, smaller amounts of wild tubers and grains; there is no one caveman diet. - paleo diet, inconsistencies - evolution of meat, environmnetal concerns, absence of wild foods, biodiversity, lifestyle differences: exercise, lower constant stress, etc.; certain aspects of the paleolithic diet are beneficial - modern-day hunter gatherers - freegan: rejection of consumerism, obtain nutrients primarily by retrieving discarded food; foragers - seek out wild foods that would otherwise go to waste - paleolithic era (2.5mya-12,000ya)--> mesolithic era (inbetween)--> neolithic era (12,000-2000 ya) --> population explosion

mod 7 lec

- food preferences: food enviornment, ideology, branding - food preferences and packaging - people provided with a large container ate 53% more popcorn - brocolli bites: antioxidant rich, low sodium, mouthwatering - preference characteristics: env impact, farm workers rights, animal rights - kids with ads: they recognize images, recall ad content, but don't understand purpose (0% of 6 year olds)

Vidal, John. UN warns of looming worldwide food crisis in 2013.

- global grain reserves hit critically low levels • Extreme weather means climate 'is no longer reliable' • Rising food prices threaten disaster and unrest

mod 6 lec

- hunger - 48 million in 2012; 57% increase from 1990s - temptation at checkout - 90% unhealthy - portion sizes increasing - 1.8$ billion spent per year, food marketing, to kids (mostly>51% on sugary stuff, then fast foods) - food deserts or swamps - disparities in access to healthy food: 30 million Americans lack access to healthy food; AAs are 2.5x likely than whites to lack access; latinx are 1.4 times likely than whites to lack access; low-income census tracts have half supermarkets as wealthy; urban/rural low-income comms and comms of color are most likely to lack access to healthy food - food away from home on rise - energy density; nutrient densit - more costly. - american diet quality - slight improvement in recent yearas - disparities in diet quality - bincrease in quality of diet for high SES, decrease in diet for low SES. - hunger + global burden of malnutrition: prevalence of undernourishment in otal pop - double burden of malnutrition = undernutrition]optimal nutrition ] overnutrition (1.9 billion adults overweight globally, 450 million adults underweight) - highest rates food insecurity: mississippi, texas, arkansas - lowest rates: north dakota, Mass, virginia

Module 2 cont'd

- paleolithic era and transition to homo group: physiology: smaller mouths, weaker jaws, smaller teeth (Some sharper), smaller stomachs, smaller large intestine, smaller gut volume, larger brains --> diet low in fiber, higher energy density, decreased cost of digestion; more nutrients available for brain. - Neolithic era aka agricultural revolution - domestication of plants and animals; population growth and social interaction - agricultural revolution: dietary changes :- concurrent health deterioration- less diverse diet--> harder to achieve balance --> nutritional deficiencies, increased risk of widespread famine; increase in infectious diseases; inequalities - importance of food source biodiversity - diverse potatoes and cloned potatoes (cloned-all die when blight); after disease, diverse potatoes still exist. - changes during industrial revolution: work, agriculture--> industry; live, rural-->urban; shift in meal patterns, work conditions lead to disease, malnutrition; increase manufacterd food, mixed blessing of technological food developments. - fire: food processing, energy, and the cooking hypothesis - softening and cooking food makes it easier to digest: OUTSOURCED DIGESTION; cooking hypothesis: increased energy and nutrient density from cooking allowed for brain development - dietary change and human brain evolution - foliage to roots (2) increased meat consumption and tools for processing (3) cooking (4) improved cooking methods - dietary change and human brain evolution - chicken and egg syndrome; large brains require an enriched diet, but obtaining an enriched diet, requires large brain; one argument: lipids from seafood obtained accidentally helped 'jumpstart' brain - fire is not just important for meat - does weight loss always = healthy? associated risks - infertility, malnutrition/underweight; other: dental caries from frequent eating - bottom line: a variety of cooked and raw is best

food preferences and labeling - proposed label changes:

- serving size: updated to be more realistic, larger, bolder type - daily values - % comes first - calories - larger type - added sugars - actual amounts - nutrients required - food rating system - checks, calories per serving (nutrition, foodness, welfare)

Module 3 lecture

-Dr. vitamin - elmer mccolum; pioneer in animal studies, nutrition; with assistance from others, discvoered Vit A, helped w B and D. Understood importance of palatibility. - evolutionary vitamin decay - humans, primates and guinea pigs - disabled GULO gene --> scurvy potential - do vitamins help hide the low quality of our diet? - leading cause of death in 1900: TB, GI infections, heart disease, pneumonia; 2010 - cancer, heart disease. - past: undernutrition, acute (vit A, D deficiency, iodine, calories low); current: overnutrition, chronic - past: reactive; current: proactive - white is still biggest mijority re ethnic identity, but decreasing (latino, black, etc grew) - PH nutrition efforts recommendation example - Nutrition labeling education act 1991 - to combat obesity - PH nutrition efforts - mandate example - restrictions and taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages: ethics of excluding sweetened beverages from SNAP. can we view soda the same way?

- breastfeeding benefits: good for baby

-perfect ratio of macronutrients -immune factors -safe and clean -encourages a healthy microbiome -reduced risk of obesity / allergies -increased IQ

mod 3 lecL USDA dietary guidelines

1943 - groups; butter/margarine, green/yellow veggies; organges/tomatoes/grapefruit; bread/flour/cereals; meat/poultry/fish/eggs; milk/milk products; pottoes/other veggies and fruits 1956-1992 - milk group/meat group / vegetable-fruit group / bread-cereal group 2005 - mypryamid - person running on side; meat&beans/mlikanddairy/veggies/grains 2011 - myplate - pic of plate with fruits, grains, veggies, protein, dairy. 2011 - harvard healthy eating plate - addresses inefficiencies of myplate - healthy oils, water, whole grains, healthly protein, fruits, veggies, stay active

Robinson, Jo. Breeding the Nutrition Out of Our Food. The New York Times, 2013.

Wild dandelions, once a springtime treat for Native Americans, have seven times more phytonutrients than spinach, which we consider a "superfood." A purple potato native to Peru has 28 times more cancer-fighting anthocyanins than common russet potatoes. One species of apple has a staggering 100 times more phytonutrients than the Golden Delicious displayed in our supermarkets. SUPERSWEET corn, which now outsells all other kinds of corn, was derived from spontaneous mutations that were selected for their high sugar content. In 1959, a geneticist named John Laughnan was studying a handful of mutant kernels and popped a few into his mouth. He was startled by their intense sweetness. Lab tests showed that they were up to 10 times sweeter than ordinary sweet corn.

Nixon, Laura. Fast Food Fights in sleepy villages and urban jungles: the importance of community characteristics and policy purpose over fast food zoning. American Journal of Public Health, 2015.

Zoning and other land-use policies are a promising but controversial strategy to improve community food environments. To understand how these policies are debated, we searched existing databases and the Internet and analyzed news coverage and legal documentation of efforts to restrict fast-food restaurants in 77 US communities in 2001 to 2013. Policies intended to improve community health were most often proposed in urban, racially diverse communities; policies pro-posed in small towns or majority-White communities aimed to protect community aesthetics or local businesses. Health-focused policies were subject to more criticism than other policies and were generally less successful. Our findings could inform the work of advocates interested in employing land-use policies to improve the food environment in their own communities.

mod 5 lecture

life expectancy in US - birth: both sexes, 78,9; females higher - food taboos - BF rates drop after infant welfare movement and infant food industry, maternal welfar increase after lactational physio - social org: more women in workforce, push from frumula companies (increase to access, more affordable) - role of parent and child: role of parent, availability (what) exposure (where, when) - role of child: (if any, how much) - acculturation - blending of two cultures; can further compound health disparities; health benefits with access to health care - religion and food - symbolism: dates (common way to break fast, mimick how Mohamed broke Ramadan), noodles (long life), colored easter eggs (rebirth Easter, Jesus resurrected - religion, Christian) - evolution of religion: env connection: indigenous religions (strong emphasis on relaitonship with land and non-human beings); eastern religions-600BCE (interrelation between humans and other life forms); western religions-100CE (concrete distinction between humans, other animals, nature); - Judaism (not Kosher) - milk with meat, shellfish, most insects - Islam (not Halal) - alcohol, insects (debated) - neither kosher nor halal = pork, blood, amphibians, animals not slaughtered correctly - long term veg liv longer, life expectancy - integrative medicine - cultural competency - delivery of health services that are respectful of and responsive to health beliefs, practices, and cultural linguistic needs - western medicine : symptoms --> illness - functional medicine - there is a mind body connection - Delboeuf illusion - small plate filled looks bigger than big plate with less food. - mindful eating --> complementary and alternative medicine; functional approach, inconsistent policy standards, low profit potential,

Leschin-Hoar, C. Slice the Price of Fruits and Veggies, Save 200,000 Lives?

lowering price -

Yong, E. Breastfeeding the Microbiome.

more than two hundred human milk oligosaccharides, or H.M.O.s. They are the third-most plentiful ingredient in human milk, after lactose and fats, and their structure ought to make them a rich source of energy for growing babies—but babies cannot digest them. H.M.O.s pass through the stom ach and the small intestine unharmed, landing in the large intestine, where most of our bacteria live. food for microbes. microbes called Bi dobacteria ("Bifs," to their friends) were more com mon in the stools of breast-fed infants than bottle-fed ones. They argued that human milk must contain some substance that nourished the bacteria— something that later scientists called the bifidus factor. B. infantis earns its keep. As it digests H.M.O.s, it releases short-chain fatty acids, which feed an infant's gut cells. Through direct contact, B. infantis also encourages gut cells to make adhesive proteins that seal the gaps between them, keeping microbes out of the bloodstream, and anti-inflam matory molecules that calibrate the immune system. These changes only happen when B. infantis feeds on H.M.O.s; if it gets lactose instead, it survives but doesn't engage in any repartee with the baby's cells. In other words, the microbe's full beneficial potential is unlocked only when it feeds on breast milk.

Kristoff, N. The Breast Milk Cure.

most nutritionists are adamant that babies are best off with nothing but breast milk for the first six months of life; low-tech solution to infant malnutrition - water for some reason is thought to be sub in Niger

Sanger-Katz, Margot. Giving the Poor Easy Access to Healthy Food Doesn't Mean They'll Buy It,

no more than a tenth of the variation in the food people bought could be explained by the availability of a nearby grocery store. The education level of the shoppers, for example, was far more predictive. education of the shoppers was much more predictive than their incomes. Poorer families bought less healthy food than richer ones. But a bigger gap was found between families with and without a college education. Those results, Ms. Handbury said, suggest that improving people's diets will require both making food accessible and affordable and also changing people's perceptions and habits about diet and health.