120A Midterm

In Biederman's Recognition by Components approach to object identification, a geon is - A way to describe shape independent characteristics of an object, such as texture and color - A one dimensional features (such as a line) that when combined with other geons can be used to describe the retinal image of 3-dimensional objects - A three dimensional feature (such as a cube) that when combined with other geons can be used to describe 3-dimensional objects - A two dimensional feature (such as a square) that when combined with other geons can be used to describe the retinal image of 3-dimensional objects

- A three dimensional feature (such as a cube) that when combined with other geons can be used to describe 3-dimensional object

COMplete the analogy, EEG is to event related potentials, just as fMRI is to which of the following - Firing rate of single neurons - Measures of energy use as a means of inferring neural activity - Blood oxygen level dependent signal - Concentrations of radioactive dye

- Blood oxygen level dependent signal

Attention operates at multiple frames of reference. A patient with hemispatial neglect may exhibit _____ - Both object based and space based neglect - Space to not object based neglect Impairments in vision but not mental imagery - Object neglect and impairments in vision - Symmetry based neglect

- Both object based and space based neglect

Which of the following is NOT a type of illusion in Richard Gregory's taxonomy? - Contradictions - Paradoxes - Distortions - Ambiguities

- Contradictions

Which of the following is NOT a feature of conjunctive search? - Finding the target is typically done serially, by checking each item. - Finding the target typically demands focused attention. - A combination of features is needed to find the target. - Finding the target is preattentive.

- Finding the target is preattentive.

The vascular system in the brain is important for what purpose? - Information processes such as memory or decision making occur in the ventricles of the brain, such as when one thinks of someone they love, areas in the ventricles are more active - All of the above - It supports cognitive processes through supplying blood, and through it oxygen and glucose, as energy sources to neurons in the brain - It supplies blood which the brain uses to contract and expand its musculature and leads to cognitive processes

- It supports cognitive processes through supplying blood, and through it oxygen and glucose, as energy sources to neurons in the brain

Which of the following is a prediction of Anne Treisman's Feature Integration Theory? - Attention is required for success on a disjunctive search task - Attention is required for noticing similarity between targets and distractors on a visual search task - Lack of attention will lead to illusory conjunctions - Attention will lead to illusory conjunctions

- Lack of attention will lead to illusory conjunctions

Which of the following, according to Anne Treisman's Attenuation Model, is someone least likely to detect when she is not paying attention? - Mention of their best friend's name - Mention of their own name - Mention of the word "rutabaga" - Exclamation of the word "help"

- Mention of the word "rutabaga"

All of the following are true about #TheDress except: -It showcases individual differences in people's interpretation of color information - Most people experience #TheDress as an ambiguous image that spontaneously shifts back and forth between appearing blue & black and appearing white & gold - It reveals that perception of an object's color is influenced by one's implicit interpretation of the lighting conditions in which it is encountered (or photographed in) - N/A (all of the these statements are TRUE about #TheDress)

- Most people experience #TheDress as an ambiguous image that spontaneously shifts back and forth between appearing blue & black and appearing white & gold

In inattentional blindness experiment, when participants were asked to fixate their eyes on the dot in the center of the screen and make judgements about the cross in the upper right hand corner of the screen ____ - Most people who had a warning that the dot might change did indeed notice the change n the dot - Most people who had a warning that the dot might change nonetheless failed to notice the change in the dot - Most participants paid attention to the dot more often than they did the cross - Most people who had no warning that the dot might change still noticed the change in the dot - Most participants failed to notice the gorilla appear on the screen

- Most people who had a warning that the dot might change did indeed notice the change n the dot

Patients suffering from hemispatial neglect typically exhibit ____ - None of these - Damage to their right temporal lobe, which makes it difficult for them to copy objects in their left visual field - Damage to their left parietal lobe, makes it difficult for them to copy objects in their right visual field - Are attentional disorder in which they cannot attend to objects in their right visual field due to damage in their left frontal lobe - Perceptual disorder in which they cannot see objects in their right visual field due to damage in their right parietal lobe

- None of these

The face inversion effect illustrates that - The orientation of internal facial features does NOT influence face perception - Facial features are NOT an important component of face recognition - Our visual processing mechanisms for integrating facial features only work properly for upright faces - All of the above

- Our visual processing mechanisms for integrating facial features only work properly for upright faces

Which of the following theories proposes that humans recognize objects by recognizing their parts and the spatial relations between those parts? - Template theory - Template theory with transformations - Feature integration theory - Recognition by components theory

- Recognition by components theory

Which of the following statements is FALSE? - Long-term memory (LTM) has a seemingly unlimited capacity. - Information stored in LTM remains inactive until cued (i.e. until something triggers its retrieval). - STM is characterized by slower forgetting than LTM. - Short-term memory (STM) contains the active content of consciousness. - It takes longer to access information in LTM than information in STM.

- STM is characterized by slower forgetting than LTM.

A patient with hemispatial neglect - Neglects the ipsilesional side - May have trouble perceiving the right side of a line - Shows attention bias towards the ipsilesional side - Shows attention bias towards the contralesional side - May have trouble reading the right side of a page

- Shows attention bias towards the ipsilesional side

DRM Paradigm (Deese-Roediger-McDermott)

- Study a list of words (e.g., tired, bed, awake, rest, dream, night, etc.) - Recall/Recognition Test >Tired (studied) > Sleep (critical NS) > Butter (unrelated NS) - Students falsely recall the "critical lures" 63% of the time! - Even if they recall the lures, surely people wouldn't report a vivid memory of hearing the words... Right? > Yes, 54% of the time! > 94% of the students falsely recognized at least one lure!

Which of the following is the best description of the problem of inverse optics? - The brain must reconstruct the 3D world based on a 2D retinal image. - The brain must generate rich representations of the environment with limited processing power. - The brain must reconstruct the 3D world based on noisy input. - The lens of the eye casts an upside-down image onto the retina, which then must be inverted.

- The brain must reconstruct the 3D world based on a 2D retinal image.

Which is true about the Peterson and Peterson task requiring participants to remember a set of letters? - When rehearsal was prevented, participants were able to recall all letters equally well regardless of the recall interval. - When participants were able to rehearse the letters, they showed a rapid decrease in recall as the recall interval increased. - When participants were able to rehearse the letters, recall was stable regardless of the recall interval. - When participants were asked to count backward, recall increased as the recall interval increased. - None of these are true about the Peterson and Peterson experiment.

- When participants were able to rehearse the letters, recall was stable regardless of the recall interval.

Which of the following is something that someone would be most likely able to accurately report about the ignored input of a dichotic listening task? - Whether or not the ignored input featured discussion of Cognitive Psychology - Whether or not the ignored input featured a female voice - Whether or not the ignored input featured spoken English - Whether or not the ignored input featured a coherent message

- Whether or not the ignored input featured a female voice

Why does change blindness occur ? - When motion detection is disrupted, it becomes difficult to observe changes in attended image locations - When signal detection is disrupted, it becomes difficult to observe changes in unattended image locations - Your view becomes permanently occluded, so you aren't able to notice the change in the image - Your brain fails to recognize the object flashing independently against the still background image - Your brain assumes that in the real world, things don't change unexpectedly in the absence of motion cues

- Your brain assumes that in the real world, things don't change unexpectedly in the absence of motion cues

The Tower of Hanoi puzzle is often used to examine the: - ability to select stimuli and inhibit responses - ability to plan and set goals - ability to switch tasks - controlled updating of working memory storage

- ability to plan and set goals

A researcher wishes to define the receptive field for a particular neuron in the visual cortex. To do this, the researcher will need to specify - an area in the visual field within which targets will cause the cell to fire. - where the neuron is located within the visual cortex. - the portion of the neuron that receives input from neighboring neurons. - the brain area from which the neuron is receiving its input.

- an area in the visual field within which targets will cause the cell to fire.

optic ataxia

- can easily recognize objects, but can't reach for them - damage to dorsal stream - lesions to parietal lobe

A person who has apperceptive visual agnosia is expected to have problems ____ but retain the ability to _______: - drawing an object from a model; draw an object from memory - recognizing an object; draw an object from a model - processing the colors of an object; recognize the shape of that object - understanding the word associated with an object in a context; recognizing that object

- drawing an object from a model; draw an object from memory visual agnosia is due to damage to the ventral "what" stream of visual processing and are often unable to process the shape and features of an object in their field of vision

dichotic listening tasks

- evidence against early selection theories - show that attention is selective

recognition by component theory

- geons (geometric elements of which all objects are composed) - can recognize partially occluded objects easily if the occlusions don't obscure the set of geons that compose object - difficult to extract geons from real life objects

distinctive feature search

- looking for single feature - not shared with distractors - does not require attention - done in parallel

dissociation between phonological loop and visuospatial sketch pad

- patient PV --> stroke that damaged left hemi temporal and frontal lobes - normal intelligence, not able to remember short digits or do math - impairment with auditory, not visual - patient ELD --> damage to right hemi frontal/temporal lobes, deficit in visuospatial, auditory fine - working memory not unitary function - verbal --> anterior frontal lobe - spatial --> parietal, posterior frontal

biedermann experiment

- primed subjects by viewing and naming objects twice, second time object was rotated - supports RBC theory, rotation had very little effect on priming - some parts of the brain are viewpoint dependent, while others are viewpoint independent

fMRI

- series of low res snapshots - BOLD signal --> indirect meausre of neural activity - good spatial and temporal resolution - no precise info about timing of neural activity

In early brain imaging studies which used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects the results showed that _________, in support of the ______ view. -there was no difference between the activation caused by perception and by imagery; propositional -perception and imagery activate the same areas associated with visual processing, but imagery resulted in a smaller activation; analog -perception and imagery activated the same area associated with reasoning and to the same degree; propositional

-perception and imagery activate the same areas associated with visual processing, but imagery resulted in a smaller activation; analog

ponzu illusion

2 objects of the same size but they appear different due to top down processing

Compared to other methods of brain imaging, EEG provides _____: The best spatial resolution Electrical stimulation to areas of the brain so researchers can deactivate key areas of the brain A measure of blood flow in the brain's vascular system A direct measure of neural activity

A direct measure of neural activity

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward. FFF

Patient HM

A patient who, because of damage to medial temporal lobe structures, was unable to encode new declarative memories.

nondeclarative memory

A subsystem within Long term memory which consists of skills we acquire through repetition and practice (e.g., dance, playing the piano, driving a car)

maintenance rehearsal

A system for remembering involving repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it

behaviorism

A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior - emphasis on rewards and punishment - more objective

What is the Carpentered World hypothesis? A. A proposed explanation of the Muller-Lyer illusion, which predicts that people without extensive experience seeing sharp corners and right angles will not experience the illusion B. A proposed explanation of the Muller-Lyer illusion, which predicts that people without extensive experience seeing sharp corners and right angles will experience the illusion more strongly than those with such experience C. A proposed explanation of the Thatcher Effect, which predicts that people from industrialized societies perceive inverted faces more accurately than people from pre-industrialized societies D. A proposed explanation of the Thatcher Effect, which predicts that people from industrialized societies perceive inverted faces less accurately than people from pre-industrialized societies. E. None of these

A. A proposed explanation of the Muller-Lyer illusion, which predicts that people without extensive experience seeing sharp corners and right angles will not experience the illusion A proposed explanation of the Muller-Lyer illusion, which predicts that people without extensive experience seeing sharp corners and right angles will not experience the illusion

Which of the following theories CANNOT explain the cocktail party effect? A. Broadbent's Filter Model B. Treisman's Attenuation Model C. The Deutsch-Norman Selection Model D. Both A & B E. N/A (all of these theories can explain the cocktail party effect) Feedback

A. Broadbent's Filter Model

If you studied for an exam in your bedroom, how can you maximize your test score? Test yourself rather than restudy the information Take the exam in your bedroom Imagine being in your bedroom during the exam All of these Use elaborative encoding techniques

All of these

EEG

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. - direct measure of neural activity - great temporal resolution, limited spatial resolution

hindbrain

An area of the brain that coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord, fundamental to survival

necker cube

An outline that is perceptually bi-stable. Unlike the situation with most stimuli, two interpretations continually battle for perceptual dominance. - ambiguity

Which of the following offers the best description of the function of color constancy? A.For people to generally see an object as changing its color when that object is seen under different lighting conditions B. For people to generally see an object as having the same color, even when that object is seen under different lighting conditions C. For people to be able to keep track of what color an object is even when the object is occluded from view D.For people to have mental templates for each color, which they can then match to the color information detected by their visual system

B. For people to generally see an object as having the same color, even when that object is seen under different lighting conditions For people to be able to keep track of what color an object is even when the object is occluded from view, For people to have mental templates for each color, which they can then match to the color information detected by their visual system

Which of the following is something that visual illusions show is FALSE about visual perception? A.Visual perception is influenced by the visual context (e.g., surface reflectance of nearby areas in the visual field). B. The visual system will always generate the same perception of a given visual stimulus. C. Visual perception consists of predictive hypotheses about how the external world is. D. Visual perception is influenced by the viewer's expectations.

B. The visual system will always generate the same perception of a given visual stimulus. The visual system will always generate the same perception of a given visual stimulus.

retrograde amnesia

Can remember childhood parents, but not recent things that happened right before surgery or injury

Which of the following explains why the Necker cube might be classified as an "ambiguity" according to Richard Gregory's taxonomy of visual illusions? A. The Necker cube is typically seen either as a flat plane or as a three-dimensional cube. B. The Necker cube is not an example of an "ambiguity" within Richard Gregory's taxonomy of visual illusions. C. The Necker cube is typically seen differently when it is drawn with red lines versus when it is drawn with black lines. D. The Necker cube is typically seen as one of two distinct cubes: one cube extending up and to the right and the other cube extending down and to the left. E. The way the Necker cube is perceived heavily depends on the viewer's background knowledge.

D. The Necker cube is typically seen as one of two distinct cubes: one cube extending up and to the right and the other cube extending down and to the left. The Necker cube is typically seen as one of two distinct cubes: one cube extending up and to the right and the other cube extending down and to the left.

What is the function of attention in Anne Treisman's Feature Integration Theory? A. To bind together visual features that are present in the different spatial locations in the visual field B. To distinguish between size and shape C. To distinguish between color and shape D. To bind together visual features that are present in the same spatial location in the visual field

D. To bind together visual features that are present in the same spatial location in the visual field

The ______ receive the signal from the _____ of a neighboring neuron: Axon; dendrites Cell body; axon Dendrites; axon Dendrites; cell body

Dendrites; axon

Which of the following will likely take someone the longest to find? A. A white circle randomly placed among a grid of 60 randomly assorted black triangles and 60 randomly assorted white squares B. A white circle randomly placed among a grid 8 of white squares C. A white circle randomly placed among a grid 120 white squares D. A white circle randomly placed among a grid of 4 randomly assorted black circles and 4 randomly assorted white squares E. A white circle randomly placed among a grid of 60 randomly assorted black circles and 60 randomly assorted white squares

E. A white circle randomly placed among a grid of 60 randomly assorted black circles and 60 randomly assorted white squares

What does the neural processing of illusory contours reveal about visual processing? A. Vision only involves "bottom-up" information processing in that information in the stimulus enters through the retina and is passed through the visual system in a single direction: cortical areas involved in early visual processing (e.g., V1) passes signal to cortical areas involved in later visual processing (e.g., V4), but cortical areas involved in later visual processing never pass signal back to those involved in early visual processing. B. Visual processing involves "top-down" information processing in that cortical areas involved in higher level visual processing of shape features (e.g., V4) sometimes pass signal back to those involved in early visual processing (e.g., V1). C. V1, the area of the visual cortex involved in the earliest visual processing, sometimes represents perceptual information that is not present in the physical stimulus. D. A and C E. B and C

E. B and C

Which of the following is/are true about #TheDress? A.It provides an example of the context-invariant nature of color perception: Our visual system generates the same perceptual representation of color regardless of the visual context (e.g., surface reflectance of nearby areas in the visual field). B. It provides an example of the context-dependent nature of color perception: Our visual system generates a perceptual representation of color that depends on the visual context (e.g., surface reflectance of nearby areas in the visual field). C. fMRI data showing elevated prefrontal and parietal cortex activity in some people's brains while viewing the dress suggests that top-down processing could be one important factor D. A and C E. B and C

E. B and C

Which of the following theories predicts at least some semantic processing of unattended information? A. Broadbent's Filter Model B. Treisman's Attenuation Model C. The Deutsch-Norman Selection Model D. A and C E. B and C

E. B and C

Broadbent's Filter Model

Early-selection model Filters message before incoming information is analyzed for meaning - does not explain cocktail party effect

Testing yourself leads to ______________ memory performance after a ___________ delay than restudying. Restudying information leads to ______________ memory performance after a ___________ delay than testing yourself. Poorer shorter; poorer longer Enhanced shorter; enhanced longer Poorer; longer; poorer; shorter Enhanced; longer; enhanced; shorter

Enhanced; longer; enhanced; shorter

The somatosensory cortex, more brain surface is dedicated to processing information from the ____ compared to the ____: Knee; tongue All have the same cortical area but the processing speed differs for each area Fingers; knee Leg; hand

Fingers; knee

The ______ of the brain contains most of the cell bodies of the neurons in the brain: Grey matter White matter Myelinated surfaces Ventricular spaces

Grey matter

anterograde amnesia

Inability to remember events you experience (episodic memory) and facts you encounter (semantic memories) after the brain injury - inability to form new memories

Performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task by a patient with prefrontal damage would be most critically related to deficits in: All of these would be critically affected Inhibition and goal maintenance Emotional regulation Binding of sensory representations

Inhibition and goal maintenance

Neurotransmitters are produced ______ to transmit information ________: Inside of cell; within cells at the synapse Inside of the cell; between cells at the synapse Outside of the cell; between cells at the synapse Outside of the cell; within cells at the synapse

Inside of the cell; between cells at the synapse

Which of the following statements is NOT true of executive control? It is needed for habitual responding but not for goal-directed behaviors. It seems to rely on the prefrontal cortex. It is used to keep current goals active It inhibits distracting thoughts.

It is needed for habitual responding but not for goal-directed behaviors.

Recall Kosslyn's map study. It took individuals ____ to find the second location if that location was ______ from the reference location. Longer amount of time; close Longer amount of time; far away Shorter amount of time; far away No time (i.e. it was instantaneous); close

Longer amount of time; far away

A researcher is interested in comparing the changes in anatomical regions of the brain between patients who have memory problems such as Alzheimer's compared to healthy individuals. She would most likely use: fMRI MRI

MRI

Passive reading and simple repetition exemplifies ______________ rehearsal, a generally _____________ rehearsal technique while interactive imagery, sentence generation, and grouping items in a meaningful way exemplifies _____________ rehearsal, a generally ____________ rehearsal technique. Elaborative; ineffective; maintenance; effective Maintenance; effective; elaborative; ineffective Elaborative; effective; maintenance; ineffective Maintenance; ineffective; elaborative; effective

Maintenance; ineffective; elaborative; effective

generation effect

Memory for material is better when a person generates the material him- or herself, rather than passively receiving it.

Recall the study where people imagine a rabbit next to an elephant. It took individuals ______ to find the whiskers on the rabbit, relative to when people image a rabbit next to a bee: Less time The same amount of time Details can't be seen in mental imagery More time

More time

In the inattentional blindness experiment, when participants were asked to fixate their eyes on the dot in the center of the screen and make judgments about the cross in the upper right-hand corner of the screen ______________________. Most people who had no warning that the dot might change still noticed a change in the dot Most participants paid attention to the dot more often than they did to the cross. Most participants failed to notice the gorilla appear on the screen. Most people who had a warning that the dot might change nonetheless failed to notice the change in the dot. Most people who had a warning that the dot might change did indeed notice a change in the dot.

Most people who had a warning that the dot might change did indeed notice a change in the dot.

Which of the following is NOT a symptom that a person might exhibit as a result of damage to their prefrontal cortex?: Working memory deficits Multisensory processing Personality changes Utilization behavior

Multisensory processing

Patients suffering from hemispatial neglect typically exhibit _______________. damage to their right temporal lobe, which makes it difficult for them to copy objects in their left visual field damage to their left parietal lobe, which makes it difficult for them to see objects in their right visual field an attentional disorder in which they cannot attend to objects in their right visual field due to damage to their left frontal lobe none of these a perceptual disorder in which they cannot see objects in their right visual field due to damage in their right parietal lobe

None of the available answer choices were correct, so "none of these" was the best choice. Patients with hemispatial neglect exhibit an attentional disorder in which legions in their right parietal lobe impact their ability to attend to objects in their left visual field. Nice job!

Which of the following is NOT a Gestalt principle: a. Good continuation b. Proximity c. Closure d. Similarity e. Object permanence

Object permanence

dorsal pathway

Projects to the parietal cortex and is involved in perceiving the location of objects ("where"). - parital (top of brain, like dorsal fin)

What did Shepard & Metzler (1971) find? Reaction times got faster with increasing rotation angle Reaction times showed an inverted U-shaped function with fast responses for very small and very large rotations, but a slowing for intermediate rotations Reaction times stayed constant but subjects made more errors for the large angle rotations Reaction times got slower with increasing rotation angle

Reaction times got slower with increasing rotation angle

word superiority effect

The idea that letters are easier to identify when they are part of a word than when they are seen in isolation or in a string of letters that do not form a word.

cerebral cortex

The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center. - gray matter --> no myelination

attenuation model

The mind has an attenuator which is able to turn down unattended sensory input rather than eliminating it. - likelihood of info getting through determined by its threshold - threshold: minimum amount of activation required to produce conscious awareness - name has low threshold

lateral inhibition

The pattern of interaction among neurons in the visual system in which activity in one neuron inhibits adjacent neurons' responses. - sharpens sense perception - enhances edge detection

template theory

The proposal that the visual system recognizes objects by matching the neural representation of the image with a stored representation of the same "shape" in the brain. - might not have perfect matching template, no space for infinite amount of templates

Which of the following is/are true about fMRI scans: - All of the above - They provide better temporal resolution than PET scans. - Unlike PET which only measures blood flow, fMRI can directly measure the electromagnetic activity emitted when neurons fire - They require the injection of a radioactive isotope.

They provide better temporal resolution than PET scans.

________ is driven by cognitive factors such as the perceiver's previous knowledge and expectations about what they will see in the environment. - Bottom-up processing - Top-down processing - Template matching

Top-down processing

Why does change blindness occur? Your brain fails to recognize the object flashing independently against the still background image. When signal detection is disrupted, it becomes difficult to observe changes in attended image locations. When motion detection is disrupted, it becomes difficult to observe changes in attended image locations. Your view becomes permanently occluded, so you aren't able to notice the change in the image. Your brain assumes that in the real world, things don't change unexpectedly in the absence of motion cues.

Your brain assumes that in the real world, things don't change unexpectedly in the absence of motion cues.

hemispatial neglect

a failure to attend to stimuli on the opposite side of space to a brain lesion - damage to right parietal lobe --> neglect of left side of space

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

a method of brain imaging that assesses metabolic activity by using a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream - measures blood flow - decent spatial resolution, poor temporal resolution (can't use to see response to discrete events) - quiet

elaborative rehearsal

a method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way

semantic memory

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

illusory conjunction errors

a perceptual mistake where features from multiple objects are incorrectly combined - parietal cortex important

serial search

a search for information in which several stores or slots of information are sequentially examined for match to the target

MRI

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain

Which of the following is TRUE? a. You often use both long-term and working memory when solving problems. b. You never use both long-term and working memory at the same time. c. You use long-term memory to manipulate information in a problem, but you retrieve strategies for problem-solving from working memory. d. Working memory is another name for long-term memory, so both terms can be used interchangeably. e. None of these are true

a. You often use both long-term and working memory when solving problems

The inability to form new episodic and semantic memories after an injury exemplifies ______ while a temporally-graded disruption of episodic and semantic memories before an injury exemplifies ________. a. Anterograde amnesia; retrograde amnesia b. Retrograde amnesia; anterograde amnesia c. Imposter syndrome; Capgras syndrome d. Capgras syndrome; Imposter syndrome

a. Anterograde amnesia; retrograde amnesia

Deep processing may lead to improved memory performance because it facilitates subsequent retrieval. How does this happen? a. Deep processing forms many connections between the current item and previous knowledge. b. Deep processing causes items to be kept in working memory. c. Deep processing is the only way to activate the hippocampus during learning. d. Deep processing forms fewer retrieval paths, making the correct path easier to access.

a. Deep processing forms many connections between the current item and previous knowledge.

Three of the following are known to be highly effective study strategies and the other three are far less effective. Please select the THREE most effective strategies from the following list: a. Spaced practice b. Massed practice c. Rereading d. Deep semantic processing e. Testing yourself f. Rote rehearsal

a. Spaced practice d. Deep semantic processing e. Testing yourself

Top-down mechanisms suggest that: a. processing can be driven by knowledge and expectations. b. upright stimuli are processed faster than inverted stimuli. c. we cannot perceive parts of a stimulus without first perceiving the whole. d. we always scan a visual stimulus from the top to the bottom. e. faces are processed faster than other body parts or inanimate objects.

a. processing can be driven by knowledge and expectations

bottom up processing

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information

Complete the sentence: The frontal lobe is ____ to the occipital lobe Medial Inferior Anterior Superior

anterior

motor projection area

area involved in planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements

Deutsch-Norman Memory Selection Model

assumed that the bottleneck occurs after pattern recognition, not before. messages are recognized, but only those selected into memory can later be recalled - selection at later stage based on semantic context of message

echoic memory

auditory sensory store - several seconds - proceeds STM

Participants are flashed a visual stimulus very quickly (for just 30 milliseconds) and are then asked, "Was there an E or a K in the stimulus?" We would expect the best performance if the stimulus is: a. Performance would be equal b. BARK c. BWQK d. K

b. BARK

Which of the follow claim(s) would be consistent with the levels of processing theory: a. intentional learning is always better than incidental learning b. deeper processing leads to stronger memories c. the amount of rehearsal determines the strength of the memory d. memory is best when the retrieval context closely matches the encoding context e. All of the above are claims made by levels of processing theory

b. deeper processing leads to stronger memories

After Maria witnessed a hit-and-run car accident, a police officer asked her, "Did you get a good look at the driver's glasses as he drove by you?" Based on the results of many studies, we expect that if Maria is asked about the driver again a day later, she will be a. able to recall virtually no accurate details about the visual aspects of the event. b. likely to recall that the driver was wearing glasses even if he was not. c. likely to have completely repressed the entire memory. d. likely to have a more accurate memory than she did immediately after the accident because her memories had consolidated overnight while she slept.

b. likely to recall that the driver was wearing glasses even if he was not.

In a study by Brewer and Treyens (1981), participants waited in an experimenter's office for the experiment to begin. After they left the room, they learned that the study was about their memory of that office. This study demonstrated that a. college students do not know what a professor's office typically contains. b. people make assumptions using prior knowledge about what an academic office typically contains. c. college students' memories are much worse than the memories of other groups in society. d. people tend to notice only those items in the environment that most fit with their expectations

b. people make assumptions using prior knowledge about what an academic office typically contains.

All of the following are TRUE of patients with hemispatial neglect syndrome EXCEPT: a. Objects presented to the contralesional side of space will often be neglected. b.They have trouble copying the left side of an image, but show no impairments when asked to spontaneously draw an image. c. When prompted to look at a drawing of a house whose left side is on fire and another house with no fire, they will often express a preference to live in the house that is not on fire even though they are not consciously aware of the fire. d. They have an attention bias toward the ipsilesional side of space. e. They fail to attend to the contralesional side of their own mental imagery.

b.They have trouble copying the left side of an image, but show no impairments when asked to spontaneously draw an image.

Attention operates at multiple frames of references. A patient with hemispatial neglect may exhibit _____________________. impairments in vision, but not in mental imagery both object-based neglect and space-based neglect object-based neglect and impairments in vision space-based neglect, but not object-based neglect symmetry-based neglect

both object-based neglect and space-based neglect

Which of the following is FALSE? a. If you can remember something the day after you learned it, then it is a long-term memory. b. Memories from the past 20 seconds are considered short-term memories. c. Once you rehearse a short-term memory, it immediately becomes a long-term memory. d. Counting backward can interfere with short-term memory for letters. e. When you recall information stored in long-term memory, that information will temporarily be maintained in short-term memory.

c. Once you rehearse a short-term memory, it immediately becomes a long-term memory.

What region of the brain is the central executive thought to primarily depend on? a. Thalamus b. Hypothalamus c. Prefrontal cortex d. Cerebellum e. Temporal lobe

c. Prefrontal cortex

In the experiment where the experimenter asks a pedestrian for directions, the pedestrian doesn't notice when the experimenter switches places with one of the men walking by carrying a door due to: a. unilateral neglect b. attention bias c. change blindness d. inattentional blindness e. multitasking

c. change blindness

Which of the following is NOT a type of long-term memory (LTM)? a. semantic b. procedural c. iconic d. episodic e. all of these are forms of LTM

c. iconic

Damage to the hippocampus often __________. a. results in loss of short-term memory b. results in loss of procedural memory c. impairs recent memories still undergoing consolidation d. all of these e. none of these

c. impairs recent memories still undergoing consolidation

lateralization

cognitive function that relies more on one side of the brain than the other

conjunctive feature search

combination of features needed to find target - serial --> checking each item - demands attention

Which of the following assertions is/are made by Recognition By Components (RBC) theory? a. Objects can be represented as a collection of geons b. Objects are identified based on structural descriptions of the spatial relationships of their constituent parts c. Recognizing an object depends on computing its correlation with a viewpoint-specific template d. Both A and B e. All of the above

d. Both A and B

When conducting an experiment that asks participants to memorize a list of 20 words, which experimental manipulation would serve to abolish the recency effect? a. speeding up the presentation rate b. slowing down the presentation rate c. add a distractor task at the beginning of the experiment d. add a distractor task after the word list but before the recall test e. none of the above would influence the recency effect

d. add a distractor task after the word list but before the recall test

Recalling what outfit you wore yesterday is which type of memory? a. episodic memory b. declarative memory c. short-term memory d. both episodic and declarative memory e. both episodic and short-term memory

d. both episodic and declarative memory

The anterior cingulate cortex plays a crucial role in - binding representations together from different brain areas - regulating attention - regulating prefrontal cortex activity - detecting conflict among brain systems

detecting conflict among brain systems

expectation based priming

does involve effort - primed for things you think are coming

stimulus based priming

does not involve effort

Baddeley's model of working memory

dominant theory in the field of working memory. Consists of the central executive which acts as supervisory system and controls the flow of information from and to its slave systems: the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the episodic buffer phonological loop --> verbal - visuospatial --> visual data episodic buffer --> intermediary between phonological loop and visual spatial sketchpad

Which of the following statements is TRUE? a.Not noticing the presence of an image of a gorilla while studying a scan of the lungs is an example of change blindness. b. Multitasking is an example of change blindness, but not inattentional blindness. c. none of these d. Unlike inattentional blindness, change blindness occurs when attention is engaged in some demanding task. e. Change blindness and inattentional blindness are both failures of visual awareness.

e. Change blindness and inattentional blindness are both failures of visual awareness.

Which of the following is NOT true about using a cell phone while driving? a. People on cell phones missed more stop lights in one study. b. Reaction times are slower when on a cell phone. c. When talking to someone on the phone, some cognitive resources are allocated towards creating a mental image of the person's reaction to what you are saying. d. It makes relatively little difference whether the phone is used in a handheld or hands-free manner. e. Drivers perform equally poorly when conversing via cell phone as when talking with a passenger.

e. Drivers perform equally poorly when conversing via cell phone as when talking with a passenger.

Which of the following may lead to a false memory? a. Misinformation b. Plausibility of the event c. Credibility of the person recounting the event d. Leading questions e. All of these

e. All of these

Talking on the phone while driving is dangerous because objects directly in your view can often go unnoticed. This is an example of: a. object-centered neglect b. change blindness c. space-based neglect d. unilateral neglect e. inattentional blindness

e. inattentional blindness

Edge detection is an example of _________, while face processing is an example of _____________. a. audition; vision b. top down processing; bottom-up processing c. holistic processing; top-down processing d. high level vision; low level vision e. low level vision; high level vision

e. low level vision; high level vision

testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

Another researcher is interested in comparing the changes in the level of brain activity in areas important for memory between patients with and without Alzheimer's. She should use: - fMRI - MRI

fMRI

face inversion effect

faces are much harder to recognize when they are upside down - thatcher effect - distorion

change blindness

failing to notice changes in the environment - gorilla walking through basketball

inattentional blindness

failing to notice existence of unexpected but fully visible item - gorilla on radiologist scan

attentional neglect

failure to acknowledge one side of the visual field, usually paired with damage to right parietal lobe - attention biased to ipsilesional side

penrose triangle

features all make sense locally, not globally - paradox

temporal lobe

hearing, language

midbrain

hearing, motor control, sleep and wake functions, arousal, temp regulation

forebrain

higher order functioning

prediction theory

if attention can conjoin features correctly, the lack of attention can lead to incorrect illusory conjunctions

Muller-Lyer Illusion

illusion of line length that is distorted by inward-turning or outward-turning corners on the ends of the lines, causing lines of equal length to appear to be different

visual agnosia

inability to recognize objects

visual agnosia

inability to recognize objects - can still reach for them - damage to ventral stream, lesions of lateral occipital cortex

top down processing

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations - conceptually driven - parietal and frontal lobes --> temporal lobes

A major problem with the template theory of object recognition is that: - it is not useful for within-category discriminations - it requires one to match an object with a template stored in memory - it requires an enormous amount of templates to represent objects of different orientations, sizes, or locations - None of these are major problems for template theory

it requires an enormous amount of templates to represent objects of different orientations, sizes, or locations While long term memory is vast, it is not unlimited

contralateral

left side of space processed by right side of brain and vice vers

Hippocampus

long term memory

consolidation of memory

long-term memory; when short-term memory is transferred to long-term memory under right conditions - memory becomes less dependent on the hippocampus and more on the neocortex

kanizsa triangle

looks like white triangle on top of black outline triangle with circles - most logical explanation - illusory lines --> top down feedback - fiction

template and transformation theory

matching process involves initial transformation step - accounts for invariance to retinal position, size, orientation - doesn't account for fonts

explicit memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

CUP. PEN A split brain patient stares at the center of a screen this display is briefly flashed. If asked to speak what she saw, she will likely say _____, and if asked to pick-up what she saw with her left hand, she would likely reach for the _____. cup; pen pen; cup cup; cup pen; pen

pen; cup

split brain patients

people whose corpus callosum has been surgically severed - able to accurately state what is presented on the right VF, not able to draw - not able to accurately state what is presented on left VF, but can draw it - language localized to left hemi

perceptual constancy

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change

Capgras syndrome

person believes someone he or she knows has been replaced by a double - temporal lobe damage (amygdala) responsible for emotions - able to recognize face of person but no emotional connection

implicit memory

retention independent of conscious recollection - automatic memory

sensory projection area

sensory info transmitted here by sensory receptors

overt attention

shifting attention from one place to another by moving the eyes

covert attention

shifting attention from one place to another while keeping the eyes stationary

A patient with hemispatial neglect _______________. neglects the ipsilesional side may have trouble reading the right side of a page shows attention bias towards the ipsilesional side shows attention bias towards the contralesional side may have trouble perceiving the right side of a line

shows attention bias towards the ipsilesional side

n the word recognition experiment discussed in the video, the researcher found that subjects were _________ at recognizing a letter when it was presented by itself than when it was presented as part of a word. about the same faster slower

slower

localization of function

specialization of particular brain areas for particular functions

ventral pathway

temporal lobe. Also called the what pathway because it is involved in recognizing objects. - visual agnosia

self-reference effect

tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves

recency effect

tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well - affected by distractor tasks - presentation rate does not affect

parallel processing

the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality - dorsal and ventral streams - increases speed , brain areas don't need to wait for others to be finished to begin processing

The "testing effect" refers to the phenomenon that: a. the act of retrieving a piece of information will strengthen your memory for that information. b. testing increases the likelihood that explicit memories will become implicit memories. c. testing in the same place you in which you studied will lead to improved performance. d. studied information will only be consolidated into long-term memory if it is subsequently tested. e. testing is maximally effective when no feedback is provided.

the act of retrieving a piece of information will strengthen your memory for that information.

Thalamus

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

declarative memory

the cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared

episodic memory

the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

procedural memory

the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things

feature integration theory

the idea that focused attention is not required to detect the individual features that comprise a stimulus, but is required to bind those individual features together

inverse optics

the problem of determining what objects in the 3D world generated a given image on the 2D retina

spacing effect

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

modal model

the three-stage memory model that divides memory into 3 areas--sensory, short term, and long term

roger shepherd's turning the tables

two rectangular tables look different shapes, but are the same - distortion

iconic memory

visual sensory store - short, less than 1 minute - proceeds STM

Ribot's law

vulnerability of a given memory is inversely related to the time of its initial formation

Gestalt Principles

ways for the brain to infer missing parts of a picture when a picture is incomplete - law of simplicity - figure ground - proximity - similarity - good continuation - closure

primacy affect

we better recall information presented first. - not affected by distractor tasks - slower presentation rate --> better memory for items at beginning of list

feature net system

word recognition - initial layer at bottom for feature detection - higher up layers detect letters and words - stronger pathways for words seen more frequently and recently