13-20 Chapters

A client with a diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is receiving teaching from her physician about her diagnosis. The client is eager to avoid future episodes of vertigo and has asked the physician what she can do to prevent future episodes. How can the physician best respond? "We usually don't actively treat BPPV unless it starts to affect your hearing." "Although they involve some risks, there are some options for ear surgery that can prevent future vertigo." "There are some exercises that I'll teach you to help reorient your inner ear and prevent vertigo." "Unfortunately there aren't any proven treatments for your condition."

"There are some exercises that I'll teach you to help reorient your inner ear and prevent vertigo."

A nurse is discussing the use of naso-oral continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) with a client. What is the nurse's most appropriate response when the client asks what the purpose of this equipment is? "This device will provide white noise to promote your sleeping." "This device will allow your nurse to suction your airway more easily." "This device will generate a positive pressure that will promote your taking a breath." "This device will provide better alignment of your trachea."

"This device will generate a positive pressure that will promote your taking a breath."

A client is diagnosed to be in a persistent vegetative state. How can her care providers most accurately explain an aspect of her situation to her family?

"Though she still goes through a cycle of sleeping and waking, her condition is unlikely to change."

A client reports occasional ringing in the ears that worsens toward the end of the day. The most important question for the nurse to ask would be: "Do you use Q-tips in your ears?' "Have you had any recent respiratory infections?" "How often do you clean your ears?" "What prescription medication and over-the-counter medication do you take?"

"What prescription medication and over-the-counter medication do you take?"

A nurse assessing an older adult 3 hours postoperative notes guarding, grimacing, and stiff body movement when changing positions. The client denies feeling pain. Which response will help the nurse best manage this client's pain? "Are you afraid of becoming addicted if I give you any pain medication?" "I can come back in an hour to see if you are having any pain then." "You seem to be uncomfortable. Pain is common with surgery. I can bring you pain medication." "You just had surgery. Are you sure you are not having any pain?"

"You seem to be uncomfortable. Pain is common with surgery. I can bring you pain medication."

The spouse of a client diagnosed with Alzheimer disease asks the nurse why the client often neglects to take a shower. The spouse states that the client was always diligent with hygiene in the past; however, over the past few months that has not been the case. What is the nurse's best response? "The client would be fine without showering." "You should remind the client to shower." "The client is experiencing a temporary relapse." "The client just does not care anymore." SUBMIT ANSWER

"You should remind the client to shower."

A client who has been exercising says to the nurse, "My skin is so hot!" What is the nurse's bestresponse? "You should not exercise this rigorously!" "Your body is trying to lower your temperature." "Your skin should be cool after exercise." "Have you been sick?"

"Your body is trying to lower your temperature."

A client reports being struck in the eye by flying debris falling off a building being demolished. Following fluorescein staining and use of biomicroscope, it is determined the eye has an injury to the Bowman membrane and stromal layer. Which explanation should the nurse provide to the client regarding the extent of this injury? "Your eye will heal slower with scar formation that impairs the transmission of light to some extent." "Since you got here quickly, you should have no lasting damage to the eye." "You might heal a little slower, but there is little to no danger of developing an infection." "Since the stromal layer regenerates quickly, you should have no scarring."

"Your eye will heal slower with scar formation that impairs the transmission of light to some extent."

Which temperature readings indicate to the nurse that the clients have fever? Select all that apply. 77-year-old with tympanic reading of 36.3ºC (97.3ºF) 19-year-old with oral reading of 38.4ºC (101.1ºF) 2-year-old with axillary reading of 35.8ºC (96.4ºF) 3-day-old with rectal reading of 38ºC (100.4ºF) 35-year-old with pulmonary artery reading of 37.9ºC (100.2ºF) SUBMIT ANSWER

35-year-old with pulmonary artery reading of 37.9ºC (100.2ºF) 19-year-old with oral reading of 38.4ºC (101.1ºF) 3-day-old with rectal reading of 38ºC (100.4ºF)

Approximately 6 months after a spinal cord injury, a 29-year-old man has an episode of autonomic dysreflexia. What are the characteristics of autonomic dysreflexia? Select all that apply. Fever of 102.2 F Gooseflesh noted on extremities Vasoconstriction BP 200/112 Cool, pale skin

BP 200/112 Cool, pale skin Gooseflesh noted on extremities

A client presents with copious amounts of yellow-green drainage, conjunctival redness, and chemosis to the right eye. A culture of the eye drainage reveals S. pneumoniae. The client most likely developed: Bacterial conjunctivitis Chronic conjunctivitis Allergic conjunctivitis Viral conjunctivitis SUBMIT ANSWER

Bacterial conjunctivitis

A 26-year-old client who has recently traveled by airplane complains of pain in his right ear. The nurse suspects which condition? Otitis media Otitis externa Cerumen accumulation Barotrauma

Barotrauma

Which type of seizure begins in a localized area of the brain but may progress rapidly to involve both hemispheres? Myoclonic Tonic Complex partial Tonic-clonic

Complex partial

Which interventions will the nurse reinforce when preparing to discharge a client being treated for Ménière's disease? Compliance with prescribed prednisone therapy Avoidance of foods high in saturated fats Insert cotton balls to protect ear canal Implementation of a physical exercise routine

Compliance with prescribed prednisone therapy

The nurse is caring for a client whose hearing is impaired due to impacted earwax. The nurse understands that the associated deafness is due to: Mixed sensorineural and conduction disorder Infection Sensorineural disorder Conduction disorder

Conduction disorder

A client presents to the clinic complaining, "I have something in my eye." When questioned, the client admits to a scratching and burning sensation and light sensitivity. The health care provider suspects the client has developed: Retinal detachment Conjunctivitis Corneal edema Acute glaucoma

Conjunctivitis

Which action/bodily function characterizes a function of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)? Blood sugar increase Conservation of energy Blood flow shifting from the skin and gastrointestinal tract to the skeletal muscles and brain Constriction of the stomach and intestine sphincters

Conservation of energy

A parent brings a 15-year-old adolescent into the clinic, stating "I cannot wake him up in the morning. He has been late for school several times and I do not know what to do any longer." Which sleep syndrome is the nurse aware is common in adolescents? Irregular sleep-wake rhythm (ISWR) Free-running sleep disorder (FRSD) Acute shifts in the sleep-wake cylcle Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS)

Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS)

A nurse working with an older adult for the past 2 days has assessed sudden, fluctuating confusional state and decreased consciousness. Which diagnosis would these assessment findings support? Depression Dementia Dysphagia Delirium

Delirium

Which assessment finding correlates to the prodromal stage of a fever? Reddened skin Fatigue Diaphoresis Shivering

Fatigue

Which sensations will be impaired in a client who has an injury to the primary somatosensory cortex? Select all that apply. Firm pressure in knees Sense of hot and cold Fine touch in the thumb Pressure sense in lips

Fine touch in the thumb Pressure sense in lips Sense of hot and cold

The nurse is conducting a vision assessment on a 2-year-old child. The nurse should assess for which visual ability in this child? Identification of shapes Recognizing letters Recognition of numbers Fixation on an object

Fixation on an object

An emergency room nurse receives a report that a client's Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is 3. The nurse prepares to care for a client with which of the following? Confused conversation Flaccid motor response Spontaneous eye opening Normal flexion

Flaccid motor response

A sudden, traumatic, complete transection of the spinal cord results in what type of injury below the site? Deep visceral pain Vasoconstriction Flaccid paralysis 3+ tendon reflexes

Flaccid paralysis

Vitreous humor occupies the posterior portion of the eyeball. It is an amorphous biologic gel. When liquefaction of the gel occurs, as in aging, what can be seen during head movement? Meshlike structures Red spots Blind spots Floaters

Floaters

The spinal cord contains the basic factors necessary to coordinate function when a movement is planned. It is the lowest level of function. What is the highest level of function in planning movement? Cerebellum Pons Frontal cortex Cerebral cortex

Frontal cortex

The nurse measures a blood glucose level of 40 mg/dL (2.22 mmol/L) for a client with type 1 diabetes. Why would it be important for the nurse to institute an intervention to elevate the glucose level in this client? Small amounts of glucose may be stored in the brain for a short period of time but are rapidly metabolized. The nurse should administer a food source of protein in order to increase the glucose level for improved cardiac function. Glucose is not stored in the brain and is a major fuel source for brain function. It is not necessary for glucose to be replaced immediately because the client will have enough stored to function for a while.

Glucose is not stored in the brain and is a major fuel source for brain function.

An individual affected by a basal-ganglia associated movement disorder is affected by dyskinesias. Which assessment correlates with dyskinesia? Grimacing and lip pursing Tremors of hands Rapid initiation of controlled movements Stooped posturing

Grimacing and lip pursing

A nurse is caring for a client who is experiencing a decrease in memory. The nurse assesses for which signs or symptoms of major depressive disorder? Index of activities of daily living to include sleep and appetite log Inability to concentrate and difficulty making decisions Experiencing mood swings from euphoria to depression on a daily basis Admits to hearing voices telling the client to hurt his or her caretakers

Inability to concentrate and difficulty making decisions

A nurse assessing an older adult client for signs and symptoms of depression would assess for which manifestations? Select all that apply. Increased energy Feelings of worthlessness Inability to make decisions Fatigue

Inability to make decisions Fatigue Feelings of worthlessness

The nurse is caring for a pediatric client who has a diagnosis of acute otitis media (AOM). Which option for pain management should the nurse educate the family about related to AOM? Administration of aspirin Warm tap water irrigation Application of an ice bag Incision of the tympanic membrane

Incision of the tympanic membrane

A nurse observes clusters of rapid eye movements (REMs) in a sleeping client. Additional characteristics of the sleep cycle that this client is experiencing include: Increased cerebral activity High-voltage delta waves Increased muscle tone Moderate motor activity

Increased cerebral activity

Which result is an expected outcome when unipolar and bipolar disorders are treated with an SRI antidepressant? Blocking the degradation of serotonin Inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin Inhibiting the reuptake of norepinephrine Blocking the degradation of norepinephrine

Inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin

In which client with a transecting spinal cord injury should the nurse anticipate an impaired ability for temperature regulation? Injury at T2 Injury at L1 Injury at T9 Injury at L4

Injury at T2

A parent informs the nurse that their family was on vacation, staying in a hotel, and woke up to the sound of a knock at the door. When they opened the door, their 8-year-old child was standing at the door not knowing where he was. This was not the first occurrence of sleepwalking for this child. Which objective should be the priority concern? How many episodes a week the child is having Finding the cause of the sleepwalking Type of medication allergy the child has Injury during an episode of sleepwalking

Injury during an episode of sleepwalking

A nurse has just returned to her home on the East Coast of the United States after attending a nursing conference on the West Coast. Which symptoms are related to circadian rhythm and may be experienced by the nurse? Select all that apply. Insomnia Dependent edema Ear pain Decreased alertness and performance Daytime sleepiness

Insomnia Daytime sleepiness Decreased alertness and performance

The nurse is discussing a 6-year-old pediatric client's sleep characteristics with the child's mother. The mother states that her child sometimes awakens her with fits of crying and appears to be very frightened. The mother asks the nurse what she should do when this happens. What is the most appropriate direction from the nurse? Instruct the mother to withhold fluids for 3 hours before bedtime. Suggest the mother seek a referral for a child psychologist. Instruct the mother to help the child settle without trying to awaken the child. Instruct the mother to awaken the child and reorient the child.

Instruct the mother to help the child settle without trying to awaken the child.

A client has been diagnosed with osteomyelitis and admitted to the hospital. The client's fever persists throughout most of the day but returns to normal at least twice a day. Which pattern of fever is this client displaying? Remittent Intermittent Erratic Relapsing

Intermittent

A client has sought care because of recent malaise and high fever that currently has lasted 2 days. Upon assessment, the client states that for the last 2 weeks he has been in a cycle of high fever for a couple of days followed by a day or two of normal temperature. Which fever pattern is this client experiencing? Sustained fever Recurrent fever Remittent fever Intermittent fever

Intermittent fever

Reflexes are basically "hard-wired" into the CNS. Anatomically, the basis of a reflex is an afferent neuron that synapses directly with an effector neuron to cause muscle movement. Sometimes the afferent neuron synapses with what intermediary between the afferent and effector neurons? Interneuron Intersegmental effectors Suprasegmental effectors Neurotransmitter

Interneuron

Neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons are known as which of the following? Interneurons Cranial nerves Afferent neurons Efferent neurons

Interneurons

Which neuron connects sensory and motor neurons? Efferent neurons Interneurons Cranial nerves Afferent neurons

Interneurons

The nurse is admitting a client documented to have papilledema. The nurse recognizes that papilledema is most commonly caused by which condition? Type 2 diabetes Systemic lupus erythematosus Viral infection Intracranial pressure

Intracranial pressure

A client reports a sudden intense headache. Which factor would indicate the presence of a possible subarachnoid hemorrhage? Sleep disturbance at night History of smoking Intractable pain Family history of migraine

Intractable pain

A nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with Alzheimer disease who sleeps at irregular intervals, having no consistent sleep-wake cycle. The nurse suspects that the client is experiencing: Delayed sleep phase syndrome Irregular sleep-wake rhythm Advanced sleep phase syndrome Free-running sleep disorder

Irregular sleep-wake rhythm

A client's emergency magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been examined by the physician and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been administered to the client. What was this client's most likely diagnosis? Encephalitis Ischemic stroke Status epilepticus Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Ischemic stroke

The nurse is conducting a community education class on acute otitis media. Which statement by the participants indicates to the nurse that they understand the education? The tympanic membrane appears cloudy. Breast-fed babies have a higher incidence of this condition. It can be caused by a bacterial infection. It is another name for swimmer's ear.

It can be caused by a bacterial infection.

A client reports feeling a tingling sensation in the last two fingers of one hand after hitting the inner surface of the elbow on a desk. What is the cause of this symptom? Hypoesthesia from an inherited response Paresthesia from temporary nerve compression Hypersensitivity reaction to nerve injury Hyperpathia from localized ischemia

Paresthesia from temporary nerve compression

What disease results from the degeneration of the dopamine nigrostriatal system of the basal ganglia? Huntington disease Parkinson disease Myasthenia gravis Guillain-Barré syndrome

Parkinson disease

The nurse is performing an assessment for a client suspected of having symptoms that correlate with carpal tunnel disorder. The client states he feels a tingling sensation that radiates into the palm of the hand when the nurse lightly percusses over the median nerve. How would the nurse document this finding? Positive Tinel sign Positive Allen sign Positive Babinski sign Positive Phalen sign

Positive Tinel sign

At the present time there is only one diagnosis in the DSM-5 that has a causative factor. Which diagnosis has a causative factor? Schizophrenia Posttraumatic stress disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder Anxiety Depression

Posttraumatic stress disorder

Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually does not produce any signs or symptoms until age 2 to 3. What muscles are usually first to be affected in Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

Postural muscles of the hip and shoulder

Which visual deficit is a clinician justified in attributing to the normal aging process? Angle-closure glaucoma Conjunctivitis Presbyopia Strabismus

Presbyopia

With aging, progressive inelasticity and thickening of the lens causes which accommodation disorder? Cataracts Astigmatism Presbyopia Hyperopia

Presbyopia

A client's history documents the presence of the homonymous hemianopia. What assessment finding would the nurse anticipate this client to display? Bilateral loss of peripheral vision Loss of the same side of the visual field in each eye Equal loss of central vision in each eye Loss of different half fields in the two eyes

Loss of the same side of the visual field in each eye

The emergency room doctor suspects a client may have bacterial meningitis. The mostimportant diagnostic test to perform would be: Blood cultures Lumbar puncture Sputum culture CT of the head

Lumbar puncture

An older adult in an assisted care facility with documented presbyopia has lost his or her glasses. The nurse should instruct unlicensed assistive personnel that the client will need assistance with tasks that involve which part of sight? Far vision Color distinction Depth perception Near vision

Near vision

A 60-year-old woman has been recently diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, a disease in which the oligodendrocytes of the client's central nervous system (CNS) are progressively destroyed. Which physiologic process within the neurologic system is most likely to be affected by this disease process? Neurotransmitter synthesis Production of cerebrospinal fluid Oxygen metabolism Nerve conduction

Nerve conduction

During embryonic development, which structure develops into the central nervous system (CNS)? Ectoderm Neural tube Notochord Neural crest cells

Neural tube

What hormone does the pineal gland synthesize and release under the direct control of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)? Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Growth hormone Cortisol Melatonin

Melatonin

Select the statement that best describes Meniere disease. Meniere disease is a disorder of the middle ear due to constriction of the endolymphatic compartment of the inner ear, causing hearing loss. Meniere disease is a disorder of the inner ear due to distention of the endolymphatic compartment of the inner ear; the client will be asymptomatic. Meniere disease is a disorder of the inner ear due to distention of the endolymphatic compartment of the inner ear, causing hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. Meniere disease is a bacterial infection of the outer inner ear due to distention of the endolymphatic compartment.

Meniere disease is a disorder of the inner ear due to distention of the endolymphatic compartment of the inner ear, causing hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus.

A nurse is instructing a client about the medication that will be needed for the treatment of narcolepsy. Which types of medication may be used to treat this disorder? Select all that apply. Phenytoin Carbamazepine Modafinil Methylphenidate Armodafinil

Methylphenidate Modafinil Armodafinil

When testing nociceptive stimuli to elicit a withdrawal reflex in the body, what stimuli are commonly used? Pressure from a sharp object Water heated to 5°C above skin temperature A damp cotton ball at skin temperature Weak electrical current

Pressure from a sharp object

What is the nursing focus when the nurse performs a hearing test on a newborn infant? Preventing developmental delays Increasing emotional health Improving sensory perception Promoting communication skills

Preventing developmental delays

A client has a mild headache and fatigue. He also states he has some aches and pains. Which stage of fever does the nurse determine the client is experiencing? Prodrome Flush Defervescence Chill

Prodrome

The nurse is caring for a client who has been diagnosed with Meniere disease. The nurse expects which medication will be prescribed to manage the symptoms? Pantoprazole Clopidogrel Chlorpropamide Promethazine

Promethazine

Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs are two types of sensory receptors that provide information to the central nervous system (CNS). This information is relayed to the thalamus and sensory cortex and is experienced as: Gustation Proprioception Accommodation Somestesia

Proprioception

The parent of a toddler with Duchenne muscular dystrophy reports that the child has an increase in muscle size but a decrease in strength. The nurse documents this using which medical term? Dysdiadochokinesia Pseudohypertrophy Chorea Fasciculations

Pseudohypertrophy

A client in the intensive care unit has been having rapidly changing core body temperatures that requires close monitoring. The client is intubated and has a pulmonary artery catheter and a Foley catheter. The nurse should obtain and/or record the temperature from which of the following? Esophageal catheter Urinary catheter Oral thermometer Pulmonary artery catheter

Pulmonary artery catheter

Cortical blindness is the bilateral loss of the primary visual cortex. What is retained in cortical blindness? Phytosis Myopia Pupillary reflexes Red spots seen behind the eyelids

Pupillary reflexes

The nurse practitioner is examining a client who delivered a healthy baby 2 weeks prior to the visit. The client is complaining of severe mood swings, anxiety, and just feeling down overall. The nurse practitioner asks the client about frequency and duration of sleep disturbances in an effort to determine interruption in which sleep stage? Stage 2 Stage 1 Stage 3 REM

REM

Which sleep stage is characterized by an increase in brain activity? Stage 3 REM sleep Stage 1 Stage 4

REM sleep

Following his annual influenza vaccination, a client begins to feel achy, like he has developed the flu. An hour later, the client is rushed to the emergency department and diagnosed of Guillain-Barré syndrome based on which assessment findings? Select all that apply. Flaccid paralysis of limbs Lack of any physical pain BP 90/62 Pale, cool, dry skin Rapid deterioration of respiratory status

Rapid deterioration of respiratory status Flaccid paralysis of limbs BP 90/62

In which stage of sleep does dreaming occur most frequently? Non-rapid eye movement sleep Stages 3 and 4 Rapid eye movement sleep Stage I

Rapid eye movement sleep

Which attribute is correct about Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)? Results most often from chronic alcoholism Hereditary disorder Atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes Rare, rapidly progressive form of dementia

Rare, rapidly progressive form of dementia

Nystagmus due to cerebellar dysfunction would most likely interfere with which activity? Fine motor skills Speech Walking Reading

Reading

Nystagmus due to cerebellar dysfunction would most likely interfere with which activity? Fine motor skills Walking Speech Reading

Reading

The nurse is treating a client with a history of chronic alcohol abuse. The client's spouse tells the nurse that the client has no difficulty speaking and responds when spoken to but is having difficulty understanding what is being said. The spouse asks if the nurse believes the client needs a hearing aid. The nurse explains to the spouse that the client probably does not require a hearing aid but may be suffering from: Expressive aphasia Global aphasia Moderate hearing loss Receptive aphasia

Receptive aphasia

Neurotransmitters exert their actions through specific proteins that are known as: Transformers Autoantigens Receptors Antibodies

Receptors

The route considered the most accurate to measure a core body temperature is: Rectal Thermodilutional (pulmonary artery) Esophageal Thermosensoral (bladder)

Rectal

When assessing a newborn (7 days old), which finding indicates the infant may have a bacterial infection? Rectal temperature of 100.4°F (38°C). Frequent liquid stools. Report of headache. Respiratory rate of 40 breaths/min.

Rectal temperature of 100.4°F (38°C).

A client's primary care provider has prescribed a β-adrenergic receptor blocker. Which therapeutic effects do the client and care provider likely seek? Slowing of gastrointestinal motility Increase in mental acuity Reduction in heart rate and blood pressure Decreased production of gastric acid

Reduction in heart rate and blood pressure

The nurse is caring for an older adult client with a suspected diagnosis of presbycusis. Select the most likely manifestation. Feeling of continuous pressure in both ears Feeling a continuous drainage coming from both ears Buzzing or ringing in the ears Sensorineural hearing loss caused by natural aging

Sensorineural hearing loss caused by natural aging

The nurse is performing an eye assessment on a client who presents with a red eye. The nurse determines that the redness is related to bacterial conjunctivitis based on which additional symptom(s)? Mydriasis and headaches Tearing, itching, and burning Cloudy, painful corneas Blurred or iridescent vision

Tearing, itching, and burning

A client is experiencing anorexia, myalgia, arthralgia, headache, and fatigue. The nurse should assess for: Urinary output Respirations Hypothermia Temperature

Temperature

A nurse conducting a community education program on hyperthermia determines that the participants understand the information when they identify that the heat index is which of the following? Measure of core body temperature Temperature sensed by the body in hot, dry climates Temperature sensed when temperature and humidity are combined Measure of humidity

Temperature sensed when temperature and humidity are combined

The nurse learns that different types of headaches respond to different therapies. Which headache is most responsive to nonpharmacologic therapy? Cluster Migraine Sinus Tension

Tension

While batting, a baseball player is struck in the ribs by a pitch. Place the components of the player's pain pathway in the chronological order as they contribute to the player's sensation of pain. Use all the options.

Thalamus Dorsal root ganglion body Dorsal root ganglion periphery Axon Cerebral cortex

The health care provider is assessing a client to differentiate a herniated disk from other causes of acute back pain. The most important test for the provider to perform would be: Pain rating scale Deep tendon reflex test Straight-leg test Apgar test

Straight-leg test

Recent animal and human studies strongly indicate which genetic factors may predispose an individual to a psychiatric disorder? Select all that apply. Temperament toward reactivity Aggressiveness Attentional difficulties Stress reactivity Impulsivity

Stress reactivity Temperament toward reactivity

The nurse taking a report on a client coming into the emergency room plans care for a client with brain dysfunction based on which symptom? Stupor Pupils that react to light Chest pain Wheezing

Stupor

The MRA scan of a client with a suspected stroke reports ruptured berry aneurysm. The nurse plans care for a client with: Encephalitis Lacunar infarct Thrombotic stroke Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

When a client reports that he feels like he is spinning but the room is stable, the nurse should document the finding as: Subjective vertigo Fainting Blacking out Objective vertigo

Subjective vertigo

The sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems are continuously at work in our bodies. This continual action gives a basal activity to all parts of the body. This basal activity is referred to as: Tone Relaxation Strength Tension

Tone

A client who is being seen in the outpatient clinic reports a single episode of unilateral arm and leg weakness and blurred vision that lasted approximately 45 minutes. The client is most likely experiencing: Transient ischemic attack (TIA) Cardiogenic embolic stroke Thrombotic stroke Lacunar infarct

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Children feel pain just as much as adults do. What is the major principle in pain management in the pediatric population? Treat pediatric pain the way the parents want it treated. Always use nonpharmacologic pain management before using pharmacologic pain management. Base treatment of pain on gender and age group. Treat on individual basis and match analgesic agent with cause and level of pain.

Treat on individual basis and match analgesic agent with cause and level of pain.

A client comes to the clinic and informs the nurse that he believes he is suffering from Parkinson disease. What objective data assessed by the nurse would correlate with the client's concern? Select all that apply. Rigidity Tachycardia Tremor Bradykinesia Rapid speech

Tremor Rigidity Bradykinesia

Which pain disorder is a manifestation of a disruption of cranial nerve function? Trigeminal neuralgia Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome Phantom limb pain Postherpetic neuralgia SUBMIT ANSWER

Trigeminal neuralgia

Parents with a profoundly deaf child ask, "How can you test such a young infant for hearing loss?" The health care provider will likely explain which testing procedures? Select all that apply. Tuning fork Playing music and slowly increasing the sound until response is elicited Audioscope Auditory brain stem-evoked responses (ABRs) PET scanning

Tuning fork Audioscope Auditory brain stem-evoked responses (ABRs)

A 2-year-old child who has had otitis media (OM) for 4 months and been treated with several courses of antibiotics now appears to have some hearing loss. The nurse anticipates that the most appropriate treatment for the child would be: Monitoring for complications of OM The child will need a hearing aid. Re-treating with a stronger antibiotic Tympanostomy tube insertion

Tympanostomy tube insertion

An 18-month-old has been diagnosed with acute otitis media (AOM) and the parents are confused as to why the health care provider (HCP) has not prescribed antibiotics. How should the nurse respond to the parents' question about this treatment decision? It is important to delay antibiotic therapy until the infection is more active for the best response. You should return to the HCP and ask for a culture to verify if the infection required antibiotics. Acute otitis media is not caused by bacteria so antibiotics are not helpful in this condition. Waiting 2 or 3 days in uncomplicated AOM and observing for improvement is accepted practice.

Waiting 2 or 3 days in uncomplicated AOM and observing for improvement is accepted practice.

The parents of a 6-month-old child who was born with a blocked tear duct are concerned because their child has been waking up the past few mornings with inflammation in the left eye and yellow, dried secretions preventing eye opening in spite of massaging the tear duct. The nurse would anticipate which of the following? The child has developed dacryocystitis. The parents have not been massaging the tear duct. The tear duct needs to be probed immediately. The tear duct will open spontaneously.

The child has developed dacryocystitis.

The nurse is caring for a client with myasthenia gravis. Which symptoms displayed by the client would indicate to the nurse that the client may be experiencing mysasthenia crisis? The client has a fever, tachycardia, and low blood pressure. The client has a sudden onset of severe weakness. The client begins to have projectile vomiting. The client begins to have tremors.

The client has a sudden onset of severe weakness.

The nurse is performing a neurologic assessment on a client. Which assessment finding would the nurse determine is considered normal? The client is unable to distinguish between two smells such as lemon and alcohol. The client is able to swing arms when walking. The client cannot recognize a coin when placed in the hand but can recognize a cottonball. Hesitates for 10 seconds and then able to blink eyes on command.

The client is able to swing arms when walking.

After surviving an ischemic stroke, a client has demonstrated significant changes in his emotional behavior, with his family noting that he now experiences wide mood swings and exaggerated responses of empathy, anger, and sadness to situations. His care team would most likely attribute these responses to ischemic changes in which brain structure? The client's occipital lobe The components of the client's limbic system The client's temporal lobe in general and Wernicke area in particular The client's parietal lobe

The components of the client's limbic system

A client has suffered a stroke that has affected his speech. The physician has identified the client as having expressive aphasia. Later in the day, the family asks the nurse to explain what this means. The most accurate response would be aphasia that is: manifested as impaired repetition and speech riddled with letter substitutions, despite good comprehension, and fluency. characterized by an inability to comprehend the speech of others or to comprehend written material. characterized by an inability to communicate spontaneously with ease or translate thoughts or ideas into meaningful speech or writing. nearly normal speech except for difficulty with finding singular words.

characterized by an inability to communicate spontaneously with ease or translate thoughts or ideas into meaningful speech or writing.

A client has suffered a stroke that has affected his speech. The physician has identified the client as having expressive aphasia. Later in the day, the family asks the nurse to explain what this means. The most accurate response would be aphasia that is: manifested as impaired repetition and speech riddled with letter substitutions, despite good comprehension, and fluency. nearly normal speech except for difficulty with finding singular words. characterized by an inability to comprehend the speech of others or to comprehend written material. characterized by an inability to communicate spontaneously with ease or translate thoughts or ideas into meaningful speech or writing.

characterized by an inability to communicate spontaneously with ease or translate thoughts or ideas into meaningful speech or writing.

A client has been diagnosed with a cerebral aneurysm and placed under close observation before treatment commences. Which pathophysiologic condition has contributed to this client's diagnosis? Weakness in the muscular wall of an artery Increased levels of cerebrospinal fluid Impaired synthesis of clotting factors Deficits in the autonomic control of blood pressure

Weakness in the muscular wall of an artery

Which form of progressive dementia is often a result of chronic alcoholism? Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Frontotemporal dementia Vascular dementia

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Which form of progressive dementia is often a result of chronic alcoholism? Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Frontotemporal dementia Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Vascular dementia

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A nurse caring for a client who has issues with substance abuse states, "I don't know what is wrong with this person; he is here every month for the same reason!" A peer suggests that to better determine the most overall therapeutic plan of action for this client, the client needs to try to answer which question? What happened to this client What drugs this client usually abuses Who is providing the client with the drugs When the client was last in drug rehab

What drugs this client usually abuses

Stretch-sensitive receptors in the skin (Ruffini end organs, Pacinian corpuscles, and Merkel cells) help signal postural information and are processed through the: anterolateral pathway. third-order neurons. dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway. posterior column of the spinal cord.

dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway.

A 20-year-old male has been experiencing frequent headaches that he describes as throbbing in time with his heart. He also reports worsening grades at college due to difficulty with learning new concepts. Upon cerebral angiography, he is found to have an arteriovenous malformation. The client's symptoms are most likely due to: high pressure and hemorrhage of the venous system. localized ischemia. increased tissue perfusion at the site of the malformation. hydrocephalus.

high pressure and hemorrhage of the venous system.

The nurse is aware that the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system is: suppression of responses during threatened periods. conservation of energy and resource replenishment. maintenance of organ function during periods of minimal activity. maintenance of vital functions and responding when there is a critical threat to the integrity of the individual.

maintenance of vital functions and responding when there is a critical threat to the integrity of the individual.

A client is experiencing a cluster headache. The client would most likely manifest: symptoms aggravated by physical activity. nausea with vomiting. severe pain behind the eye. sensitivity to light.

severe pain behind the eye.

The nurse observes a new nurse performing the test for Kernig sign on a client. The new nurse performs the test by providing resistance to flexion of the knees while the client is lying with the hip flexed at a right angle. The nurse should explain to the new nurse that: the sign elicited was the obturator sign. the sign elicited was the Budzinski sign. resistance should be provided with the knee in a flexed position. the client should be in a sitting position.

resistance should be provided with the knee in a flexed position.

Death caused by muscular dystrophy in early adulthood is usually due to: malnutrition. severe skeletal muscle weakness. severe long bone fractures. respiratory and cardiac muscle involvement.

respiratory and cardiac muscle involvement.

Death caused by muscular dystrophy in early adulthood is usually due to: severe long bone fractures. severe skeletal muscle weakness. malnutrition. respiratory and cardiac muscle involvement.

respiratory and cardiac muscle involvement.

The nurse has just completed an assessment on a client admitted with Guillain-Barré syndrome. The nurse determines that a priority of care will be: administration of antibiotics. feeding the client. emotional support. ventilatory assessment and support.

ventilatory assessment and support.

Age-related cataracts are characterized by: blind spots in visual field. visual distortion. everything looking gray. narrowing visual field. SUBMIT ANSWER

visual distortion.

While walking down the street, a cat jumps out of an alley into the pathway of an adult. They note that the man's heart is "racing." This physiologic response is primarily due to: secretions of sympathetic neurotransmitters produced in the adrenal medulla. postganglionic neurons sending axons to glandular cells, which modulate their function. the cell body of the first motor neuron that lies in the brain stem. parasympathetic effects on the vagus nerve.

secretions of sympathetic neurotransmitters produced in the adrenal medulla.

The spouse of a client admitted to the hospital after a motor vehicle accident reports to the nurse that the client has become very drowsy. The nurse should: assess the client for additional signs/symptoms of increased intracranial pressure. prepare the client for EEG testing. contact the physician. instruct the spouse not to let the client fall asleep until the physician has assessed the client.

assess the client for additional signs/symptoms of increased intracranial pressure.

The nurse is explaining to the parent of a 5-year-old that the child has otitis media with effusion (OME), noted by otoscopic exam, following an upper respiratory infection. Unlike acute otitis media (AOM), OME does not require treatment with antibiotics because it is usually: asymptomatic and requires the administration of antivirals. asymptomatic and often self-limiting. symptomatic and the tympanic membrane is blue. very symptomatic and requires immediate intervention.

asymptomatic and often self-limiting.

The parent of an infant who developed hydrocephalus while in utero is very concerned that the child will have significant intellectual dysfunction. The best response to the parent would be: "The cranial sutures are fused and decrease brain damage." "Unfortunately, there usually is significant brain dysfunction." "Infants never have symptoms from hydrocephalus." "Because the skull sutures are not fused there may be no brain damage."

"Because the skull sutures are not fused there may be no brain damage."

The nurse is teaching a client who has tinnitus about suggested dietary modifications. The most important information for the nurse to include would be: "Cut down on takeout meals because of high amounts of monosodium glutamate." "There are no dietary restrictions that you have to follow." "Increase intake of red wine to two glasses per day twice a week." "You can drink one serving of caffeine a day and one cola."

"Cut down on takeout meals because of high amounts of monosodium glutamate."

The educator of a geriatric unit is orienting new staff and is teaching strategies on communicating with older adults with impaired hearing. Which teaching point is mostappropriate? "Ensure that the hearing aid is in place, turned on, and properly functioning." "Choose simple, short words to minimize confusion." "Avoid complex or abstract ideas when you are talking." "Increase the volume of your speech as much as possible."

"Ensure that the hearing aid is in place, turned on, and properly functioning."

An older adult tells the nurse, "My friend just developed shingles and has a lot of pain. Is there a way for me to protect myself from it?" Which of the following is an appropriate response from the nurse? "Apply a topical anesthetic agent." "Avoid children and people with shingles." "Get a Zostavax vaccination." "Use antiviral drugs as soon as you are exposed."

"Get a Zostavax vaccination."

A health educator is teaching a group of colleagues about the physiology of thermoregulation. Which statement is most accurate? "Arachidonic acid induces cytokines to act on the temperature regulation center." "Endogenous pyrogens induce host cells to produce exogenous pyrogens." "Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) exerts a direct fever-producing effect on the hypothalamus." "PGE2 induces Kupffer cells to initiate a fever response via hepatic sinusoids."

"Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) exerts a direct fever-producing effect on the hypothalamus."

The adult child of a client with end-stage Alzheimer disease asks the nurse at the physician's office if Alzheimer's can be passed on to her. What is the nurse's most accurate response? "Research supports that the disease is always inherited." "Research supports a possible genetic link with an early onset." "Research supports that late onset is genetic." "There is no evidence that the disease is genetic."

"Research supports a possible genetic link with an early onset."

A client suffering from chronic sinusitis arrives at the urgent care center complaining of a sudden onset of dizziness and difficulty walking straight. What diagnosis does the admitting nurse suspects this client has? Encephalitis Otitis media Meningitis Labyrinthitis

Labyrinthitis

A nurse has a client who has an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of 7. The test result indicates that the client has: Obstructive sleep apnea Free-running sleep disorder Acute insomnia Delayed sleep phase disorder

Obstructive sleep apnea

A client has glaucoma. The nurse is taking a health history and knows that the most common form of glaucoma is which type? Infantile Congential Open angle Angle closure

Open angle

Factors that contribute to intervertebral disk herniation include which activities? Select all that apply. Osteoporosis Strenuous exercise Traumatic fall Osteoarthritis Strenuous lifting

Osteoarthritis Strenuous lifting Traumatic fall

Manifestations of brain tumors are focal disturbances in brain function and increased ICP. What causes the focal disturbances manifested by brain tumors? Tumor infiltration and decreased ICP Tumor infiltration and increased blood pressure Brain compression and decreased ICP Brain edema and disturbances in blood flow

Brain edema and disturbances in blood flow

Which area of the brain is responsible for respiration? Brain stem Frontal lobe Midbrain Diencephalon

Brain stem

The family of an older adult reports increasing inability to perform basic activities of daily living. After evaluation, the client is diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. What intervention will be implemented to slow cognitive decline? Lipid-lowering agents Cholinesterase inhibitors Psychotherapy Antioxidant therapy

Cholinesterase inhibitors

A client is said to be in the chill stage of the fever process when the nurse: observes piloerection on the skin. administers an antipyretic medication. observes the client is sweating. determines the client will benefit from a cool sponge bath.

observes piloerection on the skin.

A nurse is assessing the pain level of an adult with the use of a visual analog scale. Select the response that best indicates the client's rating using this tool. "My pain level looks like the smiley face." "My pain level is at 6 out of 10." "My pain level is moderate." "My pain level falls above the 5-cm mark."

"My pain level falls above the 5-cm mark."

The family of an older adult reports increasing inability to perform basic activities of daily living. After evaluation, the client is diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. What intervention will be implemented to slow cognitive decline? Psychotherapy Lipid-lowering agents Antioxidant therapy Cholinesterase inhibitors

Cholinesterase inhibitors

A client asks if pain threshold and pain tolerance are the same. The best response by the health care provider would be: "Pain tolerance is the minimum intensity of pain a client will endure." "Pain threshold is not varied from person to person." "Pain threshold is the point at which a stimulus is perceived as painful." "Pain tolerance is not affected by psychological, familial, cultural, and environmental factors."

"Pain threshold is the point at which a stimulus is perceived as painful."

Which of these clients' statements would be most suggestive of retinal detachment? "All of a sudden I got the most intense pain behind my left eye." "This morning I woke up with the worst headache of my life." "I feel like there's a shadow that's blocking my vision." "I came in today because of this bleeding in the white part of my eye."

"I feel like there's a shadow that's blocking my vision."

An older adult client is scheduled for outpatient cataract surgery. While taking a presurgery history, which statement by the client correlates to the manifestations of cataracts, thereby verifying the client has received information about the condition? "I have blurred vision in both my eyes and my vision is distorted." "I had intense eye pain coupled with photosensitivity." "I feel like I have a buildup of pressure in my eyeball." "One of my eyes has redness and purulent drainage." SUBMIT ANSWER

"I have blurred vision in both my eyes and my vision is distorted."

An older adult client has been diagnosed with macular degeneration. Which statement by the client best demonstrates an accurate understanding of the new diagnosis? "My friend had this problem and a transplant did wonders for her vision." "I think this is something that I might have caught from my husband." "I suppose that this may be one of the things that happens when you get older." "I suppose this goes to show that I should have controlled my blood pressure better."

"I suppose that this may be one of the things that happens when you get older."

The nurse is reviewing teaching completed with a client diagnosed with narcolepsy. The nurse understands that further teaching is needed when the client states: "I will not drive a car when my regular sleep pattern has been disrupted." "I will avoid napping during the day so that I sleep at night." "I will maintain a regular sleep pattern." "I will take modafinil as prescribed for me."

"I will avoid napping during the day so that I sleep at night."

The nurse is teaching a teenaged client strategies to avoid recurrent ear infections. The nurse understands that further teaching is required when the client states: "I will use the eardrops as prescribed for me." "I will dry the inside of my ears thoroughly with cotton-tipped applicators after swimming." "I will take my allergy medication as it has been prescribed." "I'll wear ear plugs each time I swim."

"I will dry the inside of my ears thoroughly with cotton-tipped applicators after swimming."

A nurse is discussing good sleep habits with an older adult. Which statement made by the client tells the nurse that further instruction is necessary? "I will limit the amount of coffee I drink during the day." "I will take my Lasix in the morning." "I will stay up later to make sure that I am very tired. "I will try to go to bed at the same time every night."

"I will stay up later to make sure that I am very tired.

A parent brings a 10-year-old child to the clinic because of sleepwalking at least two to three times per week. The parent is very concerned and asks the nurse what should be done when the child is found to be sleepwalking. What is the nurse's best response? "Administer a sleeping pill to the child so that sleep will be deep enough that he or she will not arise during the night." "Have the child stay up later in the evening so he or she will sleep throughout the night." "Make sure the environment is safe and place bolts on doors and windows." "Immediately wake the child up so that he or she will not come to harm while wandering."

"Make sure the environment is safe and place bolts on doors and windows."

The nurse is working with a client who has been diagnosed with recurring migraine headaches. Which advice by the nurse is most appropriate? "Many people find that maintaining regular eating and sleeping habits is beneficial." "It's likely in your best interest to move to a rural setting and explore getting a less stressful job." "Migraines are poorly understood and are generally considered unavoidable, so always have your medication with you." "Migraine headaches usually respond poorly to medication, so I can help you explore nonpharmacologic options."

"Many people find that maintaining regular eating and sleeping habits is beneficial."

The nurse is working with a client who has been diagnosed with recurring migraine headaches. Which advice by the nurse is most appropriate? "Migraines are poorly understood and are generally considered unavoidable, so always have your medication with you." "Many people find that maintaining regular eating and sleeping habits is beneficial." "Migraine headaches usually respond poorly to medication, so I can help you explore nonpharmacologic options." "It's likely in your best interest to move to a rural setting and explore getting a less stressful job."

"Many people find that maintaining regular eating and sleeping habits is beneficial."

A nurse is obtaining a client's sleep history. The client asks the nurse if taking melatonin is safe. What is the nurse's best response? "Melatonin is a potent and pure sleep aid." "Melatonin is thought to be safe for short-term use." "Melatonin is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration; therefore, it is safe to take it." "Melatonin is not safe unless it is prescribed for you."

"Melatonin is thought to be safe for short-term use."

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by which structure? Falx cerebri Arachnoid mater Dura mater Choroid plexus

Choroid plexus

A nurse is obtaining a sleep history from a 19-year-old college student. The student states, "I sleep through my 8 AM class more often than not. I just can't seem to wake up at that early hour." The nurse suspects that the student is experiencing: Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) Chronic insomnia Obstructive sleep apnea Advanced sleep phase syndrome

Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS)

The nursing student who is studying pathophysiology correctly identifies the condition that characteristically has an increase in the aqueous humor that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. What is this disease called? Glaucoma Retinopathy Cataract Amblyopia

Glaucoma

A nurse is caring for a client who is 2 days postpartum. The client asks the nurse how many hours of the day she should expect her infant to sleep. What is the most appropriate answer? 8-10 hours 10-12 hours 12-14 hours 16-20 hours

16-20 hours

A client is having an upper endoscopy to determine the presence of a gastric ulcer. After the procedure is performed, the nurse instructs the client that he cannot have anything to eat or drink until the return of the gag reflex. Which nerve is the nurse testing for return of function? Trigeminal Hypoglossal Glossopharyngeal Abducens

Glossopharyngeal

Which substance provides the majority of the fuel needs of the neurologic system? Glycogen Glucose Triglycerides Amino acids

Glucose

The nursing instructor is teaching a class on diabetes and discusses complications of the disease. The instructor further states that diabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of blindness. What does the instructor tell the students are major risk factors for developing diabetic retinopathy? Select all that apply. Hypertension Chronic hypoglycemia Hypotension Chronic hyperglycemia Smoking

Chronic hyperglycemia Hypertension Smoking

The nurse is assessing a client's risk for sensorineural hearing loss. Which condition or situation places the client at greatest risk? Impacted earwax Otitis media Nystagmus Chronic noise exposure SUBMIT ANSWER

Chronic noise exposure

Which current multiple sclerosis drug treatments are designed to slow the progress of myelin degeneration? Antibiotics Antidepressants Anticonvulsants Immunomodulators

Immunomodulators

A client has shingles. What is the best time frame for the initiation of oral and intravenous antiviral drugs after the appearance of a rash to reduce the incidence of ocular complication? 6 days 3 days 5 days 4 days

3 days

Which temperature readings indicate to the nurse that the clients have fever? Select all that apply. 3-day-old with rectal reading of 38ºC (100.4ºF) 35-year-old with pulmonary artery reading of 37.9ºC (100.2ºF) 77-year-old with tympanic reading of 36.3ºC (97.3ºF) 19-year-old with oral reading of 38.4ºC (101.1ºF) 2-year-old with axillary reading of 35.8ºC (96.4ºF)

35-year-old with pulmonary artery reading of 37.9ºC (100.2ºF) 19-year-old with oral reading of 38.4ºC (101.1ºF) 3-day-old with rectal reading of 38ºC (100.4ºF)

A nurse caring for a client with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is evaluating the treatment regimen. Which data indicate effective treatment? Client ordered and ate lunch at a new restaurant. Client checked for car keys twice before leaving work. Client arranged a friend's kitchen spices by size and color. Client washed hands four times before breakfast.

Client ordered and ate lunch at a new restaurant.

Which client is at least risk for rapid bleeding? Client with a subdural hematoma Client with a red stroke Client with a epidural hematoma Client with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage

Client with a subdural hematoma

The nurse is caring for a client admitted to the emergency room with suspected meningitis. The nurse prepares to perform which nursing intervention upon physician orders, while diagnostic testing is being completed? Administration of oxygen Adminstration of pain medication Administration of TPN Administration of antibiotics

Administration of antibiotics

A nurse has an 80-year-old female client who states she is tired and ready to sleep at 7:00 PM each night and is ready to rise at 4:00 AM each morning. Which symptom is the client exhibiting? Free-running sleep disorder Delayed sleep phase syndrome Irregular sleep-wake rhythm Advanced sleep phase syndrome

Advanced sleep phase syndrome

What is the most common cause of progressive dementia? Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Vascular dementia Alzheimer disease Huntington disease

Alzheimer disease

Which disease often results in more frequent periods of nighttime awakening and daytime sleeping? Parkinson disease Alzheimer disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Huntington disease

Alzheimer disease

A client has just begun to experience an ischemic stroke. The blood supply from the middle cerebral artery is being blocked by a large blood clot. How long before brain cells begin to die due to lack of ATP? 20 minutes 30 to 40 minutes 4 to 6 minutes 10 seconds

4 to 6 minutes

The nurse witnesses a client go into cardiac arrest. If the nurse delays intervention, when will the death of brain cells begin? 7-8 minutes 1-2 minutes 2-3 minutes 4-6 minutes SUBMIT ANSWER

4-6 minutes

What are common causes of dementia? Select all that apply. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Alzheimer disease Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease Depression

Alzheimer disease Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

What is ocular muscle imbalance resulting in "lazy eye" called? Myopia Amblyopia Presbyopia Hyperopia

Amblyopia

A 60-year-old male is being treated for significant denervation and muscle fiber atrophy. His movements are still smooth and he has no cognitive defects. Which likely diagosis is associated with these clinical manifestations? Spinal muscular atrophy, a lower motor neuron (LMN) disorder Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a mixed UMN/LMN disorder Parkinson disease, a disorder of basal ganglia Multiple sclerosis, an upper motor neuron (UMN) disorder

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a mixed UMN/LMN disorder

A nurse is caring for the following clients. Which client should the nurse evaluate first? An 18-year-old male who appears to be sleepwalking in the hallway A 53-year-old female reporting an inability to fall sleep A 23-year-old female diagnosed with periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) A 47-year-old male undergoing a sleep study

An 18-year-old male who appears to be sleepwalking in the hallway

For which older adult client would pain assessment likely be most challenging for the nurse? A 90-year-old client who takes multiple medications for cardiac and respiratory conditions A 77-year-old client who has sustained burns on the lower part of the body An 82-year-old client who has been diagnosed with diabetes and an anxiety disorder An 87-year-old client with vascular dementia and numerous other health problems, such as heart failure

An 87-year-old client with vascular dementia and numerous other health problems, such as heart failure

A first episode of depression that occurs after what age can be a precursor to dementia? 75 55 45 65

65

A client has been diagnosed with a cataract and wants to know what percentage of individuals get cataracts. The client is 78 years old. What percentage of clients over the age of 75 have cataracts? 70% 50% 45% 65%

70%

Alzheimer-type dementia follows a progressive course. What is the average length of survival after diagnosis? 3-5 years 8 to 10 years 6 months to a year 12 to 15 years

8 to 10 years

A 42-year-old client reports increasing difficulty reading the labels on packages. He states that he has to continually hold it further and further away from his face in order to see the type clearly. Which eye disorder is this client most likely experiencing? Undiagnosed diabetic retinopathy. The normal decline in retinal function that occurs in adulthood. The accumulated effects of ultraviolet light exposure. An age-related change in accommodation.

An age-related change in accommodation.

A nurse is working at the medical booth at a marathon on a hot summer day. Which individual is at greatest risk for hyperthermia? 25-year-old running in the marathon 13-year-old running the marathon 56-year-old with a history of a myocardial infarction walking the marathon 83-year-old spectator with congestive heart failure SUBMIT ANSWER

83-year-old spectator with congestive heart failure

A client has blindness in the right eye. The nurse documenting in the electronic medical record would use which term for blindness in one eye? Hemianopia Tunnel vision Anopia Quadrantanopia

Anopia

At what age is an infant typically able to sleep through the night and have consistent nap times? 9 months 2 months 1 month 12 months

9 months

What is the length of time a client undergoes a complete sleep cycle? 30-60 minutes 60-80 minutes 90-110 minutes 120-160 minutes

90-110 minutes

Which individual is likely to have the best prognosis for recovery from his or her insult to the peripheral nervous system? A 32-year-old male who had his forearm partially crushed by gears during an industrial accident A 26-year-old male who suffered a bone-depth laceration to his shoulder during a knife attack A 20-year-old female who had nerves transected during surgery to remove a tumor from her mandible. A 57-year-old female who developed rhabdomyolysis and ischemic injury after a tourniquet application

A 32-year-old male who had his forearm partially crushed by gears during an industrial accident

Which clients are showing manifestations of infection? Select all that apply. A 2-month-old, temperature 38.3°C (100.4°F), lethargy, poor feeding, and cyanosis A 25-year-old, temperature 40°C (104°F), sweating, shivering, states generalized pain A 50-year-old, temperature 36.2°C (97.3°F), heart rate 65 beats/min, muscle aches A 5-year-old, temperature 36.8°C (98.2°F), talkative, actively engaged in playing A 75-year-old, temperature 37.3°C (99.2°F), declining mental status, weakness and fatigue SUBMIT ANSWER

A 75-year-old, temperature 37.3°C (99.2°F), declining mental status, weakness and fatigue A 25-year-old, temperature 40°C (104°F), sweating, shivering, states generalized pain A 2-month-old, temperature 38.3°C (100.4°F), lethargy, poor feeding, and cyanosis

Which hearing test would be prescribed to help differentiate conductive from sensorineural hearing loss? An audioscopic nerve impulse examination An auditory brain stem-evoked response (ABR) A Weber (tuning fork) test A simple whisper test by the examiner

A Weber (tuning fork) test

Which symptom indicates the next stage of a fever after a prodrome? Predrome A flush Defervescence A chill SUBMIT ANSWER

A chill

Infants are at greater risk of hypothermia than children because of which of the following? Their inability to remove clothing The inability of infants to state that they are cold An increased thickness of subcutaneous fat at birth A high ratio of surface area to body mass

A high ratio of surface area to body mass

The nurse is caring for a group of clients in the hospital. Which client is at most risk for obstructive sleep apnea? A male client with an upper respiratory infection A male client with a neck circumference of 44 having a laparoscopic cholecystectomy A female client who has a bulging cervical spine disc A female client who has ascites from liver cirrhosis

A male client with a neck circumference of 44 having a laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Which client may be experiencing the effects of neuropathic pain? An older adult woman with a stage III pressure injury A girl whose playground accident resulted in an arm fracture A man whose pain is caused by gastric cancer A man with pain secondary to his poorly controlled diabetes

A man with pain secondary to his poorly controlled diabetes

A client has been diagnosed with a fever of unknown cause. The nurse recognizes this as: A fever that has responded well to several medications A fever of new onset A fever that only occurs in adults A prolonged fever that does not have an identified source

A prolonged fever that does not have an identified source

A teenager has been in a car accident and experienced an acceleration-deceleration head injury. Initially, the client was stable but then started to develop neurological signs/symptoms. The nurse caring for this client should be assessing for which type of possible complication? Momentary unconsciousness Status epilepticus TIAs and cerebrovascular infarction Brain contusions and hematomas

Brain contusions and hematomas

Which principle best explains symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), including dysphagia, muscle weakness and spasticity, and dysphonia? ALS is caused by lack of dopamine in the body. ALS is caused by disruption to the cerebellum. ALS is caused by both an upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron disturbance. ALS is caused by muscular necrosis.

ALS is caused by both an upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron disturbance.

When pupillary dilation partially compensates for the reduced size of the retinal image by increasing the light entering the pupil, this is a component of which eye adjustment? Cataract development Contracting the ciliary muscle Accomodation Narrowing the palpebral opening

Accomodation

Myasthenia gravis is characterized by muscle weakness caused by antibody-mediated loss of which physiologic function? Thymus gland cells Periorbital muscles Skeletal muscle fibers Acetylcholine receptors

Acetylcholine receptors

The nurse is caring for a client who reports, "My ears are constantly ringing!" The nurse will evaluate the client further for the use of which medication? Acetaminophen Potassium chloride Vitamin C Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)

Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)

A client diagnosed with moderate hypothermia would likely experience the instillation of warmed fluids into the gastrointestinal tract and extracorporeal blood warming. This type of rewarming is referred to as: Active core Active external Passive external Passive core

Active core

A client reports sudden, acute left eye pain with blurred vision and a headache on the affected side. The client is most likely experiencing: Subacute angle-closure glaucoma Primary open-angle glaucoma Acute angle-closure glaucoma Acute-onset wide-angle glaucoma

Acute angle-closure glaucoma

A client who is hospitalized in the intensive care unit after having a myocardial infarction (MI) informs the nurse that he needs a sleeping pill because of the inability to sleep in that environment. The client states that he has never had trouble sleeping before. Which type of insomnia does the nurse recognize the client is having? Acute insomnia Chronic insomnia Irregular sleep-wake rhythm Free-running sleep disorder

Acute insomnia

The nurse is caring for a pediatric client whose parent reports that the child has been pulling at her ears, has a fever, and has been crying more than usual. The nurse suspects the client may be experiencing which of the following? Acute vestibular neuronitis Otitis externa Acute otitis media Impacted cerumen

Acute otitis media

The nurse understands that an antimicrobial drug is most likely to be prescribed for which condition? Barotrauma Otosclerosis Acute otitis media Otitis media with effusion

Acute otitis media

Manifestations of brain tumors are focal disturbances in brain function and increased ICP. What causes the focal disturbances manifested by brain tumors? Brain edema and disturbances in blood flow Brain compression and decreased ICP Tumor infiltration and increased blood pressure Tumor infiltration and decreased ICP

Brain edema and disturbances in blood flow

Reflex activity involves which neurons? Efferent neurons Interneurons Afferent neurons All of the above

All of the above

Reflex activity involves which neurons? Interneurons Afferent neurons Efferent neurons All of the above

All of the above

Global and focal brain injuries manifest differently. What is almost always a manifestation of a global brain injury? Altered level of consciousness Respiratory instability Loss of eye movement reflexes Change in behavior

Altered level of consciousness

Global and focal brain injuries manifest differently. What is almost always a manifestation of a global brain injury? Change in behavior Respiratory instability Altered level of consciousness Loss of eye movement reflexes

Altered level of consciousness

The students are reviewing the anatomy of the eye and where the eye structures are located. Where is the anterior chamber located? Posterior segment of the globe Choroid Retina Anterior segment of the globe

Anterior segment of the globe

A nurse is teaching a client newly diagnosed with a seizure disorder. Which statement is most important for the nurse to provide regarding antiepileptic medications? Children can build up a tolerance to the medication quickly. All antiepileptic medications should be taken with food. Pregnant women should reduce the dose of medication or discontinue until after delivery. Antiepileptic medications should never be discontinued abruptly.

Antiepileptic medications should never be discontinued abruptly.

Medication use is one reason for increase in sleep disorders. What medication can have a stimulating effect that interferes with sleep? Vasoconstrictors Vasodilators Antihypertensives Beta-blockers

Antihypertensives

A client reports general malaise and has a temperature is 103.8°F (39.9°C). What is the rationale for administering a prescribed aspirin, an antipyretic, to this client? Antipyretics protect vulnerable organs, such as the brain, from extreme temperature elevation. Temperatures in excess of 99.5°F (37.5°C) can result in seizure activity. Lower temperatures inhibit the protein synthesis of bacteria. Most antipyretics have been shown to have little effect on core temperature but alleviate discomforts.

Antipyretics protect vulnerable organs, such as the brain, from extreme temperature elevation.

A client reports general malaise and has a temperature is 103.8°F (39.9°C). What is the rationale for administering a prescribed aspirin, an antipyretic, to this client? Temperatures in excess of 99.5°F (37.5°C) can result in seizure activity. Most antipyretics have been shown to have little effect on core temperature but alleviate discomforts. Antipyretics protect vulnerable organs, such as the brain, from extreme temperature elevation. Lower temperatures inhibit the protein synthesis of bacteria.

Antipyretics protect vulnerable organs, such as the brain, from extreme temperature elevation.

What medication teaching should be done for a woman of childbearing age with a seizure disorder? All women of childbearing age should be advised to take a vitamin C supplement. Antiseizure drugs increase the risk for congenital abnormalities. Some antiseizure drugs can interfere with vitamin K metabolism. Antiseizure drugs do not interact with oral contraceptives.

Antiseizure drugs increase the risk for congenital abnormalities.

What medication teaching should be done for a woman of childbearing age with a seizure disorder? Antiseizure drugs do not interact with oral contraceptives. All women of childbearing age should be advised to take a vitamin C supplement. Antiseizure drugs increase the risk for congenital abnormalities. Some antiseizure drugs can interfere with vitamin K metabolism.The nurse assessing a client with a traumatic brain injury assesses for changes in which neurologic component? Select all that apply.

Antiseizure drugs increase the risk for congenital abnormalities.

The nurse is caring for a client in the intensive care unit who has been unable to sleep well for days. Which symptoms may be associated with sleep deprivation? Select all that apply. Decreased urinary output Irritability Inability to concentrate Anxiety SUBMIT ANSWER

Anxiety Irritability Inability to concentrate

The nurse is caring for a client in the intensive care unit who has been unable to sleep well for days. Which symptoms may be associated with sleep deprivation? Select all that apply. Irritability Anxiety Inability to concentrate Decreased urinary output

Anxiety Irritability Inability to concentrate

Which intervention is an appropriate action by a nurse to take in attempting to decrease a client's temperature through conduction? Apply cooling blanket Lower the room temeprature Remove the client's blankets Give client a warm bath

Apply cooling blanket

A client with a spinal cord injury at T8 would likely retain normal motor and somatosensory function of her: Bladder Perineal musculature Bowels Arms

Arms

A 72-year-old client admitted with congestive heart failure tells the nurse that lately he has been having difficulty hearing in the left ear. Which intervention should the nurse implement? Assess client for signs and symptoms of a stroke Assess the client for signs and symptoms of digoxin toxicity Refer the cleint to an audiologist Assess for build up of cerumen

Assess for build up of cerumen

The nurse is caring for a client with a brain tumor when the client begins to vomit. Which intervention should the nurse do first? Document the finding as it is an expected symptom. Assess for other signs/symptoms of increased intracranial pressure. Assess for signs/symptoms of cerebrovascular accident (stroke). Contact physician for anti-nausea medication orders.

Assess for other signs/symptoms of increased intracranial pressure.

An older adult is brought to the emergency department after experiencing some confusion, slurred speech, and a weak arm. Now the client is back to acting normally. Suspecting a transient ischemic attack (TIA), the health care provider prescribes diagnostic testing looking for which cause of this episode? Diffuse cerebral electrical malfunctions Aneurysm leakage Minor residual deficits Atherosclerotic lesions in cerebral vessels

Atherosclerotic lesions in cerebral vessels

The parasympathetic nervous system is part of which system? Somatic nervous system Central nervous system Thoracolumbar nervous system Autonomic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

Fever in infants and young children is not an uncommon event. Many trips to the pediatrician's office occur because of fever in children ages 1 day to 3 years. Which sign or symptom does not indicate fever in an infant? Avid feeding Poor tissue oxygenation Hypoventilation Cyanosis

Avid feeding

An older adult is likely to experience which sleep-related issues as a result of the normal aging process? Awakened by the slightest noise Appears to "hold" his or her breath while sleeping Being quite "jumpy" while sleeping Shorter periods of "deep" sleep Awaking several times during the night

Awaking several times during the night Shorter periods of "deep" sleep Appears to "hold" his or her breath while sleeping Awakened by the slightest noise

A young child has been diagnosed with amblyopia. The parents ask the nurse when treatment should be considered. At what age should treatment of children with the potential for development of amblyopia be instituted? Between 6 and 10 years Between 10 and 18 years Before 6 years After 18 years

Before 6 years

When conducting a health assessment that focuses on the pain experienced by an older client diagnosed with early dementia, the nurse will pay particular attention to which of the following? Cultural beliefs held by the client regarding the cause of pain The client's comfort level regarding the discussion of pain Behavioral signs of pain demonstrated by the client The client's verbal perception of pain

Behavioral signs of pain demonstrated by the client

A physician is providing care for a 40-year-old client who is experiencing chronic insomnia in recent months while going through a divorce and child custody proceedings. The client is requesting a prescription for "sleeping pills." Which statement forms a valid basis for the care provider's plan for treatment? Sedatives and hypnotic drugs will not provide safe relief of the man's health problem. Behavioral therapies, counseling, and education may be of some use for the client. The man is suffering from primary insomnia. Melatonin supplements will be the safest and most effective long-term pharmacologic treatment.

Behavioral therapies, counseling, and education may be of some use for the client.

A client reveals that, when in bed, changes in head position cause brief periods of vertigo, usually lasting less than 1 minute. Which condition is the client most likely experiencing? Normal position change Manifestations of a cerebellar tumor Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo Stress-induced vertigo

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

The nurse is working at a first aid station in an amusement park. A 45-year-old client arrives reporting severe dizziness after a ride on the roller coaster. The nurse understands that a common cause of this sensation is: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo Acute otitis media Otosclerosis Barotrauma

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

A client is having a sleep study and is connected to an electroencephalogram (EEG), which the nurse is monitoring. The client is currently in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Which type of brain wave is expected in this stage of sleep? Beta Delta Alpha Theta

Beta

A practitioner is preparing to do a lumbar puncture on a client with suspected meningitis. Which area on the spine does the practitioner choose to obtain a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample? Between C7 and C8 Between L3 and L4 Between T1 and T2 Between T12 and L1

Between L3 and L4

A nurse is planning follow-up care for a client with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). What assessments should the nurse prioritize related to the complications of OSA? Select all that apply. Blood pressure Red blood cell count Electrocardiogram Fecal occult blood History of traffic accidents Platelet level

Blood pressure History of traffic accidents Red blood cell count Electrocardiogram

Which cardinal assessment finding would lead the nurse to suspect a client has developed Parkinson disease? Hypotonia Lack of sweating Bradykinesia Paresthesia

Bradykinesia

When the suspected diagnosis is bacterial meningitis, what assessment techniques can assist in determining if meningeal irritation is present? Kernig sign and Chadwick sign Chvostek sign and Guedel sign Brudzinski sign and Kernig sign Brudzinski sign and Chadwick sign

Brudzinski sign and Kernig sign

The nurse on the pediatric unit is implementing distraction strategies for a child who is experiencing pain. Which strategies would be best for the nurse to implement? Select all that apply. Television Music Silence Acetaminophen Games Bubbles

Bubbles Music Television Games

Neurotoxins such as the botulism organism can produce paralysis by what mechanism? By blocking release of acetylcholine Loss of acetylcholine receptors Demyelination of multiple peripheral nerves Causing a recessive gene defect on the X chromosome

By blocking release of acetylcholine

Neurotoxins such as the botulism organism can produce paralysis by what mechanism? Loss of acetylcholine receptors Demyelination of multiple peripheral nerves Causing a recessive gene defect on the X chromosome By blocking release of acetylcholine

By blocking release of acetylcholine

The nurse expects that loss of respiratory effort occurs with a spinal injury at which level? S1-S5 T9-T12 C1-3 C7-T1

C1-3

At what level of the cervical spine would a complete cord injury prevent flexion and extension of the fingers? C8 C5 C7 C6

C8

A nurse educator is explaining basic neuroanatomy to a class of prospective nursing students. Which statement best conveys an aspect of the role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? It provides physical protection for the brain and ensures leukocytes and erythrocytes are evenly distributed in the CNS. CSF distributes plasma proteins throughout the superficial gray matter of the CNS. It ensures the high metabolic and oxygenation needs of the brain are met, as well as absorbing physical shocks. CSF cushions the brain and provides a near-water medium for diffusion of nutrients.

CSF cushions the brain and provides a near-water medium for diffusion of nutrients.

The nurse working in an emergency room is caring for a client who is exhibiting signs and symptoms of a stroke. What does the nurse anticipate that the physician's orders will include? Intravenous antibiotics MRI Pain medication CT scan

CT scan

What will the nurse teach a client with trigeminal neuralgia about the condition? Avoid eating if it triggers the pain. Carbamazepine is a first-line treatment. It is good to spend time alone every day. Surgery will relieve the condition.

Carbamazepine is a first-line treatment.

Peripheral nerve disorders are not uncommon. What is an example of a fairly common mononeuropathy? Phalen maneuver Myasthenia gravis Carpal tunnel syndrome Guillain-Barré syndrome

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A client who has been living with Alzheimer disease and spouse are at the doctor's office and the spouse asks the nurse why the client cannot remember much of anything from the past. The best response by the nurse is that Alzheimer disease affects which part of the brain? Cells located in the hippocampus Large portion of the occipital lobe Cells in the hypothalamus Cells in the temporal region of the brain

Cells located in the hippocampus

Which brain structure makes continuous adjustments that result in smoothness of movement, particularly during delicate maneuvers? Prefrontal lobe Limbic system Cerebellum Temporal lobe

Cerebellum

The nurse is conducting a community education program on concussions. The nurse evaluates that the participants understand the education when they state that which of these offers the brain protection from external forces? Blood-brain barrier Cerebral cortex Cerebrospinal fluid Reticular formation

Cerebrospinal fluid

Which intracranial volume is most capable of compensating for increasing intracranial pressure? Cerebrospinal fluid Surface sulci fluid Intravascular blood Brain cell tissue

Cerebrospinal fluid

Neurons communicate through the use of synapses. These synapses may link neurons into functional circuits. What is the most common type of synapse? Excitatory synapse Chemical synapse Inhibitory synapse Electrical synapse

Chemical synapse

A client with a rising temperature is pale and has begun to shiver. The nurse reports that the client is in which phase of fever development? Prodrome Defervescence Flush Chill

Chill

A client's emergency room report includes the presence of a contrecoup injury. The nurse plans care for a client with which of the following? Infection resulting from exposed brain tissue Open spinal cord injury with complete severing of neurons Closed head injury in the area of impact Closed head injury opposite the area of impact

Closed head injury opposite the area of impact

A severe type of headache that occurs more frequently in men than women and is described as having unrelenting, unilateral pain located most frequently in the orbit is called: Cluster headache Migraine headache Chronic daily headache Tension headache

Cluster headache

The nurse assessing a client with a traumatic brain injury assesses for changes in which neurologic component? Select all that apply. Metabolic function Sensory function Level of consciousness Cognition Motor function

Cognition Level of consciousness Motor function Sensory function

A client reports "the worst headache" of her life with associated blurred vision. Subsequent diagnostic testing has resulted in a diagnosis of an intra-axial brain tumor. What other clinical manifestations would be consistent with this diagnosis? Select all that apply.

Cognitive and personality changes Seizure activity Nausea and vomiting

The client asks the health care provider, "What is the purpose of applying cold to a sprained ankle?" Which response by the health care provider is best? Cold provides alternating vasoconstriction and dilatation when applied locally. Cold dilates the blood vessels and can be left on for as long as needed. Cold causes extravasation of blood into the damaged area. Cold provides pain relief and suppresses the release of products from tissue damage.

Cold provides pain relief and suppresses the release of products from tissue damage

Select the function of the occipital lobe. Discrimination of sounds entering opposite ears Color, motion, and depth perception Determination of objects through the sense of touch Anticipation and prediction of consequences of behavior

Color, motion, and depth perception

A nurse on a neurology unit is assessing a client with a brain injury. The client is unresponsive to speech, with dilated pupils that do not react to light. The client is breathing regularly with a respiratory rate is 45 breaths per minute. In response to a noxious stimulus, the client's arms and legs extend rigidly. What is the client's level of impairment? Vegetative state Delirium Coma Brain death

Coma

A nurse is caring for an older adult with mild dementia who is hospitalized due to pneumonia. The client, who has been alert and oriented, suddenly becomes very confused and agitated. Which intervention should the nurse take? Document the confusion and agitation as signs/symptoms of dementia Place the client in vest restraint to prevent injury Turn on the lights and television to increase stimulation Contact the health care provider due to the client's onset of delirium

Contact the health care provider due to the client's onset of delirium

The loss of heat from the body through the circulation of air currents is known as: Radiation Conduction Convection Evaporation SUBMIT ANSWER

Convection

Which statement best describes the pathophysiology of Parkinson disease? Increase in the number of dopamine receptors by an alternate basal ganglion Failure of the cerebral cortex, which does not allow the use of acetylcholine Rise in acetylcholine levels, causing an inhibition of voluntary movement Degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system

Degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system

The cerebellum, separated from the cerebral hemispheres by the tentorium cerebelli, lies in the posterior fossa of the cranium. What is one of the functions of the cerebellum? Conveys the senses of pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception to the superficial and deep regions of the face Coordinates smooth and accurate movements of the body Contains the pontine nuclei Contains the main motor pathways between the forebrain and the pons

Coordinates smooth and accurate movements of the body

The thick area of myelinated axons that connects the two sides of the cerebral cortex is known as which component? Caudate nucleus Globus pallidus Corpus callosum Striatum SUBMIT ANSWER

Corpus callosum

A client has been diagnosed with bilateral cataracts associated with having difficulty seeing clearly. Reviewing the medication history, which drug may be responsible for the development of this condition? Ibuprofen Furosemide Corticosteroids Vitamin D

Corticosteroids

Which medication is used to treat acute attacks of multiple sclerosis (MS)? Corticosteroids Antibiotics Anticonvulsants Immunomodulators

Corticosteroids

Which cranial nerve is designated as the vestibulocochlear nerve? Cranial nerve III Cranial nerve IV Cranial nerve VI Cranial nerve VIII

Cranial nerve VIII

Select the laboratory blood test that would be a used to suggest a diagnosis of muscular dystrophy (MD). Serum glucose Rheumatoid factor Creatine kinase Amylase levels

Creatine kinase

The nurse is caring for a client with a rapid degenerative form of dementia. The client has abnormalities of visual-spatial coordination and impaired memory and judgement. The nurse understands that which disorder may be the cause of these symptoms? Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Huntington disease Alzheimer disease Frontotemporal dementia

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Which risk factor presents the greatest risk for injury in an older adult who is experiencing a dysfunction in temperature regulator function? Acute renal failure Misdiagnosis of pathology Acute dementia Delayed initiation of appropriate treatment

Delayed initiation of appropriate treatment

Which medications may cause sleep disturbance? Select all that apply. Corticosteroids Vitamins Bronchodilators Aspirin Decongestants

Decongestants Bronchodilators Corticosteroids

The nurse is educating a client diagnosed with Meniere disease on lifestyle modifications to reduce the frequency and/or intensity of exacerbations. Which should the nurse include? Decrease dietary intake of fats Avoid crowds to reduce infection Avoid acetaminophen Decrease dietary intake of sodium SUBMIT ANSWER

Decrease dietary intake of sodium

A nurse assessing an older adult for signs and symptoms of infection in the absence of a fever should assess for which of the following? Select all that apply. Depression Decreased mental status Weight gain Change in fuctional capacity Fatigue

Decreased mental status Change in fuctional capacity Fatigue

A nurse assessing an older adult for signs and symptoms of infection in the absence of a fever should assess for which of the following? Select all that apply. Fatigue Weight gain Change in fuctional capacity Decreased mental status Depression

Decreased mental status Change in fuctional capacity Fatigue

The demyelination and degeneration of nerve fibers characteristic of multiple sclerosis (MS) is the result of which pathophysiologic event? Corticospinal injuries Oligodendrocytic infection Decreased oligodendrocytes Atherosclerotic destruction

Decreased oligodendrocytes

Regarding the pathophysiology of Parkinson disease, which statement is true? Failure of the cerebral cortex interferes with the use of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine levels rise and inhibit voluntary movement. Degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine neurons occurs. The dopamine receptors increase from an alteration in neuronal basal ganglia.

Degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine neurons occurs.

Depression has various subclassifications distinguished by symptom patterns. Which is that key clinical manifestation of depression with psychotic features? Delusions or hallucinations Excessive mobility Overeating Hypersomnia

Delusions or hallucinations

An older adult client with Parkinson disease has been diagnosed with neurocognitive disorder. Which assessment finding would the nurse correlate with this new diagnosis? Increased anxiety Dementia and slowness of movement and thought Weight changes Sadness and unexplained crying

Dementia and slowness of movement and thought

The nurse is evaluating a client for possible signs of depression. What are clinical manifestations of major depressive disorder? Select all that apply. Depressed mood Anhedonia Decreased concentration Increased libido

Depressed mood Anhedonia Decreased concentration

A 90-year-old client who is experiencing an increased difficulty with memory since the death of a spouse last year tells the nurse that it must be dementia. The nurse anticipates that the physician will initially rule out which cause before considering dementia? Alzheimer disease Cerebral tumors Organic brain disease Depression

Depression

The diagnosis of dementia is based on assessment of the presenting problem. The American Academy of Neurology practice parameters recommend screening for which disorder when assessing a client for dementia? Hyperthyroidism Depression High pressure hydrocephalus Vitamin D deficiency

Depression

The psychiatrist recommends electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for an older adult client. The nurse understands that this therapy is effective for which disorder? Acute confusional states Delerium Depression Dementia

Depression

What are the most common mental health problems in the United States? Select all that apply. Depression Anxiety Substance abuse Schizophrenia

Depression Anxiety Substance abuse

The nurse is caring for a client who has been diagnosed with presbycusis. The nurse understands that with this disorder, the client experiences which of the following? Fluid in the inner ear without infection Severe pain in the mastoid area Difficulty hearing high-pitched frequencies Chronic ear drainage

Difficulty hearing high-pitched frequencies

The onset of sleep terrors is usually between the ages of 2 and 4 years. What are the manifestations of sleep terrors? Select all that apply. Dilated pupils Tachycardia Screams on awakening Refuses to go to sleep in own bed Rapid breathing

Dilated pupils Rapid breathing Tachycardia

An older adult's blood cultures have come back positive, despite the fact that the client's oral temperature remains within normal range. Which phenomena underlies the alterations in fever response that occur in older adults? Disturbance in the functioning of the thermoregulatory center Increased heat loss by evaporation Presence of comorbidities that are associated with lowered core temperature Persistent closure of arteriovenous shunts

Disturbance in the functioning of the thermoregulatory center

A client has been admitted to the stroke unit following a right-side infarct and is suffering from complete homonymous hemianopia. Where would the nurse expect the client's visual field to be absent? In both eyes, on the left half In both eyes, on the right quarter In the right eye, of the right half In both eyes, affecting central vision

In both eyes, on the left half

A client's recent diagnosis of Parkinson disease has prompted the care provider to promptly begin pharmacologic therapy. The drugs prescribed will likely influence the client's levels of which substance? Serotonin Dopamine Adenosine Acetylcholine

Dopamine

A client with Parkinson disease presents with bradykinesia and an altered gait. These symptoms arise in response to the progressive deterioration of which structure in the brain? Dopamine nigrostriatal system Cerebellum Serotonergic system Limbic system

Dopamine nigrostriatal system

Which of the meninges provides the major protection for the brain and spinal cord? Arachnoid membrane Dura mater Tentorium cerebelli Pia mater

Dura mater

A child is being seen in the emergency department (ED) after ingesting crayons with lead in them. He is disoriented and having seizures. The provider suspects he has which of the following? Encephalitis Bacterial meningitis Meningioma Viral meningitis

Encephalitis

A nurse is discussing sleep hygiene with a client who reports having chronic insomnia. Which are appropriate recommendations? Select all that apply. Drink a glass of wine before bedtime. Establish a regular wakeup time. Avoid caffeinated beverages. Maintain a quiet sleep environment that is neither too cold nor too hot.

Establish a regular wakeup time. Maintain a quiet sleep environment that is neither too cold nor too hot. Avoid caffeinated beverages

The student nurse has to evaluate the function of cranial nerve XII. Which techniques would indicate that the student nurse needs further practice in correctly assessing cranial nerve XII function? Select all that apply. Evaluate the client's ability to say "fa-la-la" 3 to 4 times quickly. Observe for symmetry when the client opens her mouth and says "ahhh." Note any deviation when the client sticks out the tongue. Evaluate the client's ability to hear sound equally in both right and left ears.

Evaluate the client's ability to say "fa-la-la" 3 to 4 times quickly. Observe for symmetry when the client opens her mouth and says "ahhh." Evaluate the client's ability to hear sound equally in both right and left ears.

Excessive activity of the excitatory neurotransmitters and their receptor-mediated effects is the cause of which type of brain injury? Hypoxic Ischemic Increased intercranial volume and pressure Excitotoxic

Excitotoxic

Which assessment findings would support a diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea? Select all that apply. Experiencing sexual dysfunctions Reports difficulty concentrating Morning headaches Hypotension Feels a need to sleep during the day

Experiencing sexual dysfunctions Feels a need to sleep during the day Reports difficulty concentrating Morning headaches

The nursing handoff report includes that a client has presbycusis. Which intervention should the nurse include in the plan of care? Provide large-print material Speak in high-pitched voice Face the client when speaking

Face the client when speaking

The underlying causative problem in Parkinsonism is: Failure of dopamine release Autoimmune disorder Viral infection Genetic defect

Failure of dopamine release

Which nursing intervention is the highest priority intervention for a nurse caring for a 26-year-old client diagnosed with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo? Weber test Skin assessment Administer ordered antibiotic Fall precautions

Fall precautions

What is the major cause of sensorineural hearing loss in children? Otosclerosis Paget disease Foreign bodies Genetic causes

Genetic causes

The stress diathesis model of psychiatric disorders evolved from a recognition that which of the following contributes to the development of psychiatric disorders? Neither genetics or environment Environment only Genetics and environment Genetics only

Genetics and environment

The nurse is caring for a client with myasthenia gravis on the acute care unit. Which order from the physician for the treatment of pneumonia should the nurse question for administration in this client?

Gentamicin

A high school student sustained a concussion during a football game. The school nurse will educate the family about postconcussion syndrome and ask them to watch for and report which manifestations of its presence? Headaches and poor concentation Recurrent nosebleeds and hypersomnia Unilateral weakness and decreased coordination Neck pain and decreased neck range of motion

Headaches and poor concentation

A client has sustained damage to cranial nerve VIII. The nurse recognizes that the client may experience difficulty with: Motor Hearing Smell Taste

Hearing

Excitatory or inhibitory responses of organs to sympathetic neurotransmitters are mediated by interaction with receptors designated as alpha and beta receptor sites. Beta receptors are most prevalent in which sites? Select all that apply. Central nervous system (CNS) Blood vessels of splanchnic circulation Heart Bronchioles Blood vessels in the kidney

Heart Bronchioles

A nurse is planning care for a client coming into the emergency department via ambulance on a hot summer day with the following symptoms: temperature of 105°F (40.5°C), absence of sweating, and loss of consciousness. The nurse anticipates that the client has which condition? Blunted febrile response Hyperthermia Heat exhaustion Heatstroke

Heatstroke

A nurse is planning care for a client coming into the emergency department via ambulance on a hot summer day with the following symptoms: temperature of 105°F (40.5°C), absence of sweating, and loss of consciousness. The nurse anticipates that the client has which condition? Heatstroke Blunted febrile response Hyperthermia Heat exhaustion

Heatstroke

The nurse is preparing a client with a possible stroke for radiology. Which diagnostic procedure would be beneficial for this client? Lumbar puncture Anterior and posterior X-ray Helical computed tomography angiography Positron emission tomography

Helical computed tomography angiography

A client had a sleep study performed and was diagnosed with sleep apnea. What part of the brain is the nurse aware is most likely affected, causing this disorder? Occipital lobe Hindbrain Parietal lobe Frontal lobe

Hindbrain

Neurotransmitters are small molecules that exert their actions through specific proteins, called receptors, embedded in the postsynaptic membrane. Where are neurotransmitters synthesized? In the postsynaptic junction In the presynaptic junction In the axon terminal In the dendrite terminal

In the axon terminal

A nurse is assessing a client with symptoms of botulism. The nurse will question the client regarding ingestion of which food? Home-grown and canned vegetables Unrefrigerated meat Dairy products Fresh fish

Home-grown and canned vegetables

A client with memory loss is concerned about the possibility that it may be inherited. Which disorder is an inherited dementia? Huntington disease Frontotemporal dementia Vascular dementia Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Huntington disease

The nurse is suctioning a client with a C3 spinal cord injury when the client's heart rate drops from 86 bpm to 42 bpm. What intervention does the nurse understand should be provided prior to suctioning to prevent this vasovagal response from occurring? Administer atropine 1.0 mg prior to suctioning. Lower the head of the bed to a flat position prior to suctioning. Hyperoxygenate prior to suctioning. Administer a saline bolus of 500 mL prior to suctioning.

Hyperoxygenate prior to suctioning.

What is the most common cause of drug fever? Impaired peripheral heat dissipation by atropine Increased heat production from PTU Hypersensitivity reaction to medication Serotonin syndrome

Hypersensitivity reaction to medication

A client arrives in the clinic after having a tongue piercing performed and is unable to control the movement of the tongue. The nurse is aware that which nerve may have been damaged from the piercing? Abducens Trigeminal Vagus Hypoglossal

Hypoglossal

Maintenance of blood gas concentrations, water balance, and food consumption are controlled by which part of the brain? Cerebral hemispheres Basal ganglia Cerebellum Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

A nurse instructing unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) on temperature regulation includes as part of her teaching that core body and skin temperatures are sensed by which part of the brain? Cerebral cortex Hypothalmus Medulla Cerebellum

Hypothalmus

A nurse practitioner is evaluating a client who has been increasingly forgetful and agitated and has been indiscriminately spending money over the past 6 months; the client is concerned that reason may be Alzheimer disease. The nurse explains that it may not be Alzheimer disease, that there are many potentially reversible causes of dementia such as which of the following? Select all that apply. Vitamin B12 deficiency Anticholinergic drugs Hypothyroidism Huntington disease Frontotemporal dementia

Hypothyroidism Anticholinergic drugs Vitamin B12 deficiency

With which activity would a client experiencing astereognosis need help? Maintaining bladder continence Recognizing faces Identifying an object by touch Chewing and swallowing food

Identifying an object by touch

With which activity would a client experiencing astereognosis need help? Recognizing faces Chewing and swallowing food Identifying an object by touch Maintaining bladder continence

Identifying an object by touch

The nurse knows that chronic pain lacks which of the characteristic pain-related reactions? Increased heart rate Disturbed sleep patterns Depression Loss of appetite

Increased heart rate

In describing the ideal analgesic, what factors would be included? Select all that apply. Inexpensive Decrease the level of consciousness Have minimal adverse effects Effective Addictive

Inexpensive Have minimal adverse effects Effective

The nurse is conducting a community education class on amblyopia. The nurse determines that the participants understand the concepts when they identify which time period as the time when amblyopia is generally diagnosed? After an eye injury Adolescence Young adulthood Infancy

Infancy

A febrile, 3-week-old infant is currently undergoing a diagnostic workup to determine the cause of the fever. Which statement best conveys the rationale for this careful examination? Infants are susceptible to serious infections because of their decreased immune function. Fever in infants is often evidence of a congenital disorder rather than an infection. Commonly used antipyretics often have no effect on the core temperature of infants. The immature hypothalamus is unable to perform normal thermoregulation.

Infants are susceptible to serious infections because of their decreased immune function.

The nurse is taking the history of a client scheduled for surgery with general anesthesia. What is the best response by the nurse to the client's statement that an uncle died after receiving general anesthesia? Request that a chaplain visit. Give emotional reassurance. Document the statement. Inform the anesthesiologist.

Inform the anesthesiologist.

Which statement is true regarding schizophrenia? There is no evidence to support a family history. Diagnosis is usually confirmed after middle age. It presents with disorganized, positive, and negative symptoms. Negative symptoms respond well to antipsychotic drug therapy.

It presents with disorganized, positive, and negative symptoms

During an eye assessment the nurse notes inflammation of the client's cornea. The nurse should document this as which condition? Uveitis Conjunctivitis Arcus senilis Keratitis

Keratitis

The nurse is conducting a health promotion class on the prevention of blindness and vision impairment. The nurse determines that participants understand the information when they identify which vision disorder as most likely to have an infectious etiology? Cataracts Keratitis Macular degeneration Glaucoma

Keratitis

The health care provider is performing a spinal tap on a client with suspected infection. The provider would perform the procedure at: C3 or C4 L3 or L4 T3 or T4 S3 or S4

L3 or L4

The nurse is conducting hearing evaluation of a group of preschool children. The nurse understands that failure to recognize hearing loss in children can result in impairment of which of the following? Select all that apply. Physical development Emotional development Language development Cognitive development

Language development Cognitive development Emotional development

The nurse reading a client's lumbar puncture results notifies the physician of findings consistent with meningitis when which sign/symptom is noted? Large number of polymorphonulcear neutrophils Clear cerebrospinal fluid Increased glucose Decreased protein count

Large number of polymorphonulcear neutrophils

The nurse has a client who appears to be sleepwalking. Which intervention would be mostappropriate for the nurse? Apply a continuous positive air pressure (CPAP) mask to the client. Apply a vest restraint to maintain the client's safety. Awaken the client and reorient the client to his surroundings. Lead the client back to bed.

Lead the client back to bed.

Impaired function of which eye structure is responsible for blurred vision and loss of fine tuning of focus? Retina Lens Trabecular network Lacrimal gland

Lens

Feelings of dread, high anxiety, or exquisite pleasure can be elicited by stimulation of areas in which structure? Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Limbic system Cerebellum

Limbic system

The region of the brain involved in emotional experience and control of emotional behavior is the: Cerebral hemisphere Occipital lobe Parietal lobe Limbic system

Limbic system

Anticonvulsive medications are used in the treatment of bipolar depression. What other drug is used to treat bipolar disorder? Diazepam Cyclobenzaprine Lithium Temazepam

Lithium

A client has been diagnosed with hemianopia. The client asks the nurse what this is describing concerning the eye? Blindness in one eye Loss of the temporal or peripheral visual fields on both sides Loss of a quarter of the visual field in one eye Loss of half of the visual field in one eye

Loss of half of the visual field in one eye

A client who is considered legally blind is diagnosed with a free-running sleep disorder (FRSD) after frequent reports of difficulty sleeping. Which scenario would the nurse advise for this client? Wearing a eye mask during daylight hours Staying awake as long as possible in the evening Listening to music while sleeping Maintaining a regular sleep-wake schedule

Maintaining a regular sleep-wake schedule

A client who experienced a myocardial infarction 2 weeks ago reports awakening early, loss of appetite, difficulty sitting still or concentrating, and loss of interest in personal hobbies. What mental health disorder do these manifestations represent? Panic disorder Bipolar disorder Major depression Schizophrenia Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Major depression

A client has been experiencing insomnia, loss of appetite, feelings of guilt, feelings of worthlessness, and loss of interest in normal activities. What type of depression does the nurse theorize this client is experiencing? Atypical depression Major depressive disorder Postpartum depression Depression with catatonic features

Major depressive disorder

A health care provider has diagnosed a client with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome based on the client's discrete memory impairment and confabulation. Which assessment finding by the nurse would correspond with the confabulation finding? Making up information the client can't remember to fill in gaps in the conversation Back-and-forth constant rubbing of thumb and forefinger Slowed movement Visualizing bugs crawling on the walls

Making up information the client can't remember to fill in gaps in the conversation

Most febrile illnesses are due to common infections and are relatively easy to diagnose. In certain instances, however, it is difficult to establish the cause of a fever. In these instances, the elevation in temperature is referred to as a fever of unknown origin (FUO). What is a common cause of FUO? Pulmonary emboli Femoral artery emboli Malignancies Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Malignancies

What is the task of the prefrontal area of the brain? Control speech Control hearing Comprehend language Manage information

Manage information

Amblyopia, or lazy eye, occurs at a time when visual deprivation or abnormal binocular interactions occur in visual infancy. Whether amblyopia is reversible depends on which factor? The child has to be able to wear contact lenses. The child has to be older than 5 years. The child has to have bilateral congenital cataracts. Maturity of the visual system at time of onset.

Maturity of the visual system at time of onset.

The client states having periods of being "unaware of surroundings" and "falling asleep during the day." The client is scheduled for an electroencephalogram (EEG) to determine if there is seizure activity or a sleep disturbance. What will the nurse teach the client about the purpose of the EEG? Using low voltage to stimulate the brain into activity to simulate a seizure Measuring the combined activity among neurons to a given stimulus Measuring the activity of a single neuron Measuring periods of apnea and hypopnea

Measuring the combined activity among neurons to a given stimulus

The nurse is assessing a client who has been diagnosed with esotropia. The nurse would expect the assessment findings to include: Medial deviation Lateral deviation Downward deviation Upward deviatioo

Medial deviation

A newly diagnosed paraplegic client maintains control of bladder emptying. The health care provider explains to the client/family stating which portion of the nervous system allows the motor component of the neural reflex to assist with bladder emptying? Parasympathetic division of the ANS. Sympathetic division of the ANS. Hypogastric nervous system. Somatic nervous system.

Parasympathetic division of the ANS.

A client who is being treated in the critical care unit is experiencing a slowing of blood flow to the central retinal artery, ultimately resulting in edema of the client's optic papilla. Which assessment would most likely address the etiology of this health problem? Culture and sensitivity testing of the client's eye exudate Monitoring of the client's intracranial pressure Palpation for cervical lymphedema Monitoring of the client's mean arterial pressure

Monitoring of the client's intracranial pressure

A nurse is caring for a client who weighs 325 pounds. The client's spouse reports that the client snores loudly and stops breathing frequently when sleeping. For which possibly related symptom will the nurse assess? Vivid dreams Excessive thirst Nocturia Morning headaches

Morning headaches

While on an ocean cruise, a person develops malaise and nausea/vomiting. The nurse notes the client's blood pressure is 88/52 mm Hg; pulse is 110 bpm; and skin is moist with perspiration. Which diagnosis is associated with these clinical manifestations? Dizziness Light-headedness Motion sickness Syncope

Motion sickness

Restoration of the integrity of myelin sheaths would likely result in a slowing or stopping of the progression of: Paralysis caused by Clostridium botulinum Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

The nurse is caring for an older adult client with hemiplegia following a stroke. While planning the client's care, the nurse knows the client is at risk for developing which condition? Pseudohypertrophy Muscular dystrophy Muscle atrophy Involuntary movements

Muscle atrophy

The somatosensory system consists of three types of sensory neurons. The special somatic type of afferent sensory neurons has receptors that sense: Temperature Visceral fullness Muscle position Painful touch

Muscle position

Manifestations of peripheral neuropathy include which of the following? Select all that apply. Muscle weakness Increased body temperature Increased muscle mass Muscle wasting Sensory changes

Muscle weakness Muscle wasting Sensory changes

Muscular dystrophy is characterized by what pathophysiologic changes? Acute immune-related polyneuropathy Compression mononeuropathy caused by compression of nerves Muscular necrosis, with replacement with fat and connective tissue Antibody-controlled loss of acetylcholine receptors

Muscular necrosis, with replacement with fat and connective tissue

Antibiotics such as gentamicin can produce a disturbance in the body that is similar to botulism by preventing the release of acetylcholine from nerve endings. In persons with preexisting neuromuscular transmission disturbances, these drugs can be dangerous. What disease falls into this category? Duchenne muscular dystrophy Multiple sclerosis Myasthenia gravis Becker muscular dystrophy

Myasthenia gravis

Which of the following diseases is associated with fewer acetylcholine receptors, resulting in a lower-amplitude endplate potential, muscle weakness, and fatigability? Guillain-Barré syndrome Myasthenia gravis Muscular dystrophy Parkinson disease

Myasthenia gravis

Which is the primary component of white matter? Myelinated fibers Dendrites Cell bodies Demyelinated lesions

Myelinated fibers

A young teenager is brought to the clinic for an eye exam. The client has been reporting difficulty in school because of the inability to see the blackboard as clearly as when younger. The client tells the nurse that vision is blurry. What should the nurse suspect is wrong with this child? Hyperopia Immature cataracts Presbyopia Myopia

Myopia

The police transported to the ER a client who was attempting to walk but kept falling down and reporting a horrible spinning feeling, diaphoresis, and vomiting. Drug and alcohol tests were negative. The client states that it feels like his ears are going to explode, especially with head movement. The nurse notes that the client is also having difficulty hearing. Which condition does the nurse suspect? Otitis media Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo Ménière disease Vestibular neuronitis

Ménière disease

Which treatment should take place immediately in a client experiencing autonomic dysreflexia? Position the client in upright position, and correct the initiating stimulus. Apply binders and support hose to shunt the blood to the main organs. Increase the client's blood pressure to allow for adequate perfusion. Place the client in a supine position, and increase intravenous fluids.

Position the client in upright position, and correct the initiating stimulus.

A client has a fever that was induced by damage to the hypothalamus due to intercranial bleeding. The nurse plans care for which type of fever? Exogenous Neurogenic Intrinsic Systemic

Neurogenic

A neurologic nurse is explaining the structure and function of motor units to a client who has a spinal cord injury. The nurse should describe which components of a motor unit? Select all that apply. Meninges Skeletal muscle Lower motor neuron Cerebrospinal fluid Neuromuscular junction

Neuromuscular junction Skeletal muscle Lower motor neuron

Thought and memory pass across synapses in the brain. What are the neural circuits transmitted by new or reactivated pathways called? Neuronal networks Information storage Memory searches Information processing

Neuronal networks

A client on an acute medicine unit with a diagnosis of small bowel obstruction is reporting intense, diffuse abdominal pain. Which physiologic phenomenon is most likely contributing to the client's pain? Nociceptive afferents are conducting along the cranial and spinal nerve pathways of the ANS. First-order neurons are inappropriately signaling pain to the dorsal root ganglion. An overlap of nerve fiber distribution between the dermatomes is causing the pain. The client is experiencing neuropathic pain. SUBMIT ANSWER

Nociceptive afferents are conducting along the cranial and spinal nerve pathways of the ANS.

What will conduct injurious stimuli to alert the body to potential damage? Odorant Thermoreceptors Nociceptors Proprioceptors

Nociceptors

What will conduct injurious stimuli to alert the body to potential damage? Thermoreceptors Odorant Nociceptors Proprioceptors

Nociceptors

The spouse of a blind client calls the nurse practitioner to ask what is causing the client such a difficult time sleeping and what can be done. What might the client be suffering from, and which would be the most accurate response? Non-24 hour sleep-wake syndrome; regulate wake and sleep times. Chronic insomnia; use bright light therapy prior to sleep. Free-running sleep disorder; get a prescription for a sleep aid. Obstructive sleep apnea; administer melatonin daily.

Non-24 hour sleep-wake syndrome; regulate wake and sleep times.

Which intervention is usually the first line of therapy when treating moderate pain in the older adult population? Opioids such as codeine Nonopioids such as acetaminophen Muscle relaxants like cyclobenzaprine Antihistamines like diphenhydramine SUBMIT ANSWER

Nonopioids such as acetaminophen

Which hormone will elicit a more rapid response than the others? Adrenocorticotropic hormone Prolactin Norepinephrine Insulin

Norepinephrine

Which major neurotransmitters are most important for psychiatric disorders? Select all that apply. Succinylcholine Dopamine Serotonin Gamma-aminobutyric acid Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine Gamma-aminobutyric acid Serotonin Dopamine

A client who has idiopathic right-sided heart failure is admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit after experiencing frequent episodes of fatigue and depression over the past month. The physician orders a sleep study to rule out obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). What does the physician explain is the reason for the test? OSA causes a decrease level of PCO2. OSA causes a decrease in the systolic blood pressure. OSA can cause a decrease in the lung pressures. OSA can increase pulmonary pressures.

OSA can increase pulmonary pressures.

Psychiatric diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is based on which items? Select all that apply. Objective symptoms Subjective symptoms Panel of mental health experts Panel of medical professionals

Objective symptoms Panel of mental health experts

A client reports feeling like the room is spinning around him when standing still. Which diagnosis is this client likely experiencing? Objective vertigo Nystagmus Subjective vertigo Syncopal episodes

Objective vertigo

Mental health is intrinsic to how well our brain and body function, how we handle stress, relate to others, and our ability to work and enjoy life. Mental illness is ubiquitous among Americans. How many Americans suffer from the consequences of a psychiatric order in any given year? One in two Americans One in four Americans One in three Americans One in five Americans

One in four Americans

Which chemical does blood-brain and CSF-brain barrier control with easy entrance? Glutamate Potassium Protein Oxygen

Oxygen

Conductive hearing loss can occur for a variety of reasons, including foreign bodies in the ear canal, damage to the ear drum, or disease. What disease is associated with conductive hearing loss? Parkinson disease Huntington disease Alzheimer disease Paget disease

Paget disease

When a peripheral nerve is irritated enough, it becomes hypersensitive to the noxious stimuli, which results in increased painfulness or hyperalgesia. Health care professionals recognize both primary and secondary forms of hyperalgesia. What is primary hyperalgesia? Pain sensitivity that occurs directly in damaged tissues Pain sensitivity that lasts longer than 1 week Pain sensitivity that occurs in the viscera Pain that occurs in the tissue surrounding an injury

Pain sensitivity that occurs directly in damaged tissues

A client comes to the emergency department complaining of dizziness, rapid breathing, sweating, palpitations, and a feeling of dying. The client has normal laboratory values and has had a cardiac workup. The symptoms persist for 30 minutes and then subside. Which condition is the client exhibiting? Social phobia Generalized anxiety disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder Panic disorder

Panic disorder

A client in the emergency department tells the nurse that he feels short of breath, dizzy, and has tingling sensations in both hands when he finds himself in a stressful situation. What condition is the client likely experiencing? Generalized anxiety disorder Panic disorder Social anxiety disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Panic disorder

Disorders of the pyramidal tracts, such as a stroke, are characterized by which physical finding? Hypotonia Muscle rigidity Involuntary movements Paralysis

Paralysis

A client who has experienced a spinal cord injury still has use of the arms but has impaired motor and sensory function of the trunk, legs, and pelvic organs. Which term best describes how this injury is classified? Brown-Séquard syndrome Tetraplegia Paraplegia Quadriplegia

Paraplegia

The basis for assessing the function of any peripheral nerve lies in which principle? Peripheral nerves contain only efferent processes from the cell columns. Peripheral nerves contain only afferent processes from the cell columns. Peripheral nerves contain processes of more than one of the four afferent and three efferent cell columns. Peripheral nerves contain no processes from the seven cell columns.

Peripheral nerves contain processes of more than one of the four afferent and three efferent cell columns.

The nurse plans care for a client with Alzheimer's disease. Which treatment has shown great success in decreasing agitated behavior in this population of clients? Administering cholinesterase inhibitors Giving antipsychotics around the clock Frequent nap time Personalized music playlists

Personalized music playlists

Dementia is a syndrome of acquired, persistent decline over the life span. Which aspect of aging is not affected in a person with dementia? Visuospatial ability Ability to interact with others Physical changes of aging Problem-solving ability

Physical changes of aging

A client's recent computed tomography (CT) scan has revealed the presence of hydrocephalus. Which treatment measure is most likely to resolve this health problem? Administration of hypertonic intravenous solution Placement of a shunt Lumbar puncture Aggressive diuresis

Placement of a shunt

The nurse is conducting the Rinne test. What is included in this test? Delivering pure tones of controlled intensity to one ear at a time Placing a vibrating tuning fork on the client's forehead Placing a vibrating tuning fork on the client's mastoid bone and in front of the ear in an alternating fashion Irrigating the ear with ice water

Placing a vibrating tuning fork on the client's mastoid bone and in front of the ear in an alternating fashion

Spinal nerves that form complex nerve networks are called which of the following? Reticular formations Choroid plexus Plexuses Rami

Plexuses

Guillain-Barré syndrome is characterized by which form of neuron damage? Mononeuropathy Transneuropathy Aneuropathy Polyneuropathy

Polyneuropathy

Multiple sclerosis is characterized by what type of neuron damage? Transneuropathy Aneuropathy Polyneuropathy Mononeuropathy

Polyneuropathy

Although there are over 40 neurotransmitters, those that are the most familiar and important for psychiatric disorders are all of the following except: Norepinephrine Renin Dopamine Acetylcholine

Renin

A client has started having uncontrolled seizures that are not responding to usual medications. Nurses working with the client must pay special attention to which priority aspects of this client's care? Assessment of: ECG for arrhythmias Urine output and continence Respiratory status and oxygen saturation Ability to grasp hands and squeeze on command

Respiratory status and oxygen saturation

A client has started having uncontrolled seizures that are not responding to usual medications. Nurses working with the client must pay special attention to which priority aspects of this client's care? Assessment of: Respiratory status and oxygen saturation Urine output and continence ECG for arrhythmias Ability to grasp hands and squeeze on command

Respiratory status and oxygen saturation

A client with a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis underwent a mastectomy. The surgery was a success, but the client has gone into a myasthenic crisis on postoperative day 1. Which prioritymeasure should the care team initiate immediately? Monitoring the client for painful dyskinesias Seizure precautions with padded side rails and bed at lowest height Positioning the client to minimize hypertonia and muscle rigidity Respiratory support and protection of the client's airway

Respiratory support and protection of the client's airway

A client is devastated to receive a diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The symptomatology of this disease is a result of its effects on upper and lower motor neurons. The health care provider caring for this client will focus on which priority intervention for this client? Ability to turn from side to side, thereby preventing skin breakdown Assessment of lower extremities to prevent deep vein thrombosis Respiratory ventilation assessment and prevention of aspiration pneumonia Ability to empty bladder completely, thereby preventing autonomic dysreflexia SUBMIT ANSWER

Respiratory ventilation assessment and prevention of aspiration pneumonia

Many people have experienced some kind of traumatic event in their lives. While response to trauma varies with individuals, what is a generalized response in those who have experienced severe trauma in childhood? Response later in adulthood that manifests itself in medical and mental issues No response once the trauma is over Immediate, strong response which declines as time passes Little response, since children quickly forget

Response later in adulthood that manifests itself in medical and mental issues

An older adult client comes to the clinic complaining of seeing flashing lights and small spots. The client tells the nurse that this has been going on for over 24 hours but now it is as if there is a dark curtain whenever the client opens the eyes. The client asks the nurse if this means that blindness is imminent. What diagnosis should the nurse suspect? Conjunctivitis Retinal detachment Glaucoma Cataracts

Retinal detachment

Antipyretic drugs, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen, are often used to alleviate the discomforts of fever and protect vulnerable organs, such as the brain, from extreme elevations in body temperature. The use of aspirin is limited in children, however, because it can sometimes cause which disease? Reye syndrome Angelman syndrome Guillain-Barré syndrome Münchausen syndrome

Reye syndrome

A client expresses concern about feeling fullness in the ear. Which additional manifestation leads the health care provider to suspect Ménière disease? Otalgia and recurrent otitis media Nausea and vomiting Rotary vertigo and tinnitus Progressive hearing loss and frequent falls

Rotary vertigo and tinnitus

Which tactile receptors will signal when an athlete experiences a joint injury? Merkel discs Hair follicle receptors Meissner corpuscles Ruffini end-organs

Ruffini end-organs

A client diagnosed with ulcerative keratitis of the cornea asks the nurse what could have caused this type of keratitis. What are common causes of ulcerative keratitis? Select all that apply. Adenoviruses 8 and 19 Extended-wear contact lenses S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, C. trachomatis Exposure trauma

S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, C. trachomatis Exposure trauma Extended-wear contact lenses

While teaching a class of nursing students about spinal cord injury, the instructor mentions that male SCI clients will be able to have a sexual response if their injury is at which level on the spinal column? T12 S1 L2 S4

S4

A 21-year-old male college student has just been brought to the emergency department by police. He is agitated and talking about how someone is going to find him and appears to experiencing hallucinations, though there is no evidence of substance use. His mother accompanies him and states that he has a history of similar episodes. The care team should screen this client for which disease? Schizophrenia Panic disorder Mania Bipolar disorder

Schizophrenia

Although no definite genetic links for specific psychiatric disorders have been identified, which disorder is thought to be heritable? Dysthymia Panic attacks Schizophrenia Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Schizophrenia

Although no definite genetic links for specific psychiatric disorders have been identified, which disorder is thought to be heritable? Schizophrenia Obsessive-compulsive disorder Dysthymia Panic attacks

Schizophrenia

Acoustic neuroma tumors affect cranial nerve VIII and are made up of which type of cells?? Inner ear Schwann cells Labyrinth Organ of Corti

Schwann cells

Which types of cells are supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system? Ependymal cells Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Schwann cells

Schwann cells

An older adullt client is diagnosed with depression. Which medication category may be prescribed for this client? GABA receptors Antipsychotics Anticonvulsants Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

Which complication of spinal cord injury is the most preventable in a paraplegic client? Autonomic dysreflexia Muscle atrophy Deep vein thrombosis Skin breakdown

Skin breakdown

A nurse is caring for a client who reports a terrifying experience of being unable to move, speak, or take a deep breath upon awakening. What has the client likely experienced? Cataplexy Hypnagogic hallucinations Sleep paralysis Narcolepsy

Sleep paralysis

A parent brings a 6-year-old child in for a wellness checkup and tells the nurse that the child sometimes wakes up screaming at night. When the parent goes to check on the child, the parent observes the child "sitting up in bed, screaming, sweating, and breathing rapidly." The nurse knows that these symptoms may indicate: Sleep terrors Sleep walking Nightmares Hypersomnia

Sleep terrors

The parents of a 3-year-old girl are speaking with the pediatrician during a regular checkup. The parents explain how most nights, the little girl will sit straight up in bed, scream and cry uncontrollably. They go in and do not feel that she is really awake, but they can comfort her and get her to go back to sleep very easily. What are they describing to the physician? Posttraumatic stress disorder A bad dream, typical for her developmental stage Sleep terrors Confusional arousal

Sleep terrors

Which parasomnia occurs primarily in children in the non-REM stage and may result in emotional experiences that are frightening? Sleepwalking Sleep terrors Confusional arousals Nightmares

Sleep terrors

Which presenting symptoms are commonly typical of vascular dementia? Slow psychomotor function Difficulty with language Loss of short-term memory Social withdrawal Depression

Slow psychomotor function Depression

A family brings their father to his primary care physician for a checkup. Since their last visit, they note their dad has developed a tremor in his hands and feet. He also rolls his fingers like he has a marble in his hand. The primary physician suspects the onset of Parkinson disease when he notes which abnormality in the client's gait? Difficulty putting weight on soles of feet and tends to walk on tiptoes Takes large, exaggerated strides and swings arms/hands wildly Slow to start walking and has difficulty when asked to "stop" suddenly Hyperactive leg motions like he just can't stand still

Slow to start walking and has difficulty when asked to "stop" suddenly

A client asks the nurse if the brain is always receiving oxygen. The best response would be: The brain receives 20% of the body's resting cardiac output and consumes 10% of its oxygen. The brain receives 15% of the body's resting cardiac output and consumes 20% of its carbon dioxide. The brain only needs oxygen during activity and does not consume extra oxygen. The brain receives 15% of the body's resting cardiac output and consumes 20% of its oxygen

The brain receives 15% of the body's resting cardiac output and consumes 20% of its oxygen

Through what specific component do neurotransmitters exert their action? Carbon dioxide Water Oxygen Specific proteins

Specific proteins

A nurse enters a client's room to administer medications and finds the client resting in bed with eyes closed. The nurse checks the client's name bracelet and calls the client by name. The client arouses easily and states, "I must have dozed off." Which stage of sleep does the nurse recognize this client was in? Stage 1 Stage 3 Stage 2 Stage 4

Stage 1

A nurse enters a client's room to administer medications and finds the client resting in bed with eyes closed. The nurse checks the client's name bracelet and calls the client by name. The client arouses easily and states, "I must have dozed off." Which stage of sleep does the nurse recognize this client was in? Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 1 Stage 2

Stage 1

The nurse quietly enters a client's room and checks the client's intravenous infusion using a flashlight. In spite of the nurse being quiet and not turning on the lights, the client awakens easily. The client was most likely in which of sleep cycle? Stage 1 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 2

Stage 1

A client who is being treated for chronic low back pain is using a TENS unit for relief of pain. The nurse is aware that the use of this device is considered what type of pain relief? A physical agent Stimulus-induced analgesia Biofeedback Distraction

Stimulus-induced analgesia

A client who is being treated for chronic low back pain is using a TENS unit for relief of pain. The nurse is aware that the use of this device is considered what type of pain relief? Distraction Stimulus-induced analgesia A physical agent Biofeedback

Stimulus-induced analgesia

Which characteristic differentiates a migraine with aura from a migraine without aura? Gastrointestinal involvement in the hours leading up to the headache Lack of response to nonpharmacologic treatments A decrease in mood and affect prior to the headache Visual symptoms such as flickering lights precede the headache

Visual symptoms such as flickering lights precede the headache

Which client is most likely to be susceptible to developing a neurogenic fever? Takes a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) for the treatment of depression Has stage 2 Alzheimer disease Sustained a head injury in a bicycle crash Became delirious after the administration of a benzodiazepine

Sustained a head injury in a bicycle crash

The nurse is discussing measures that a client may take to prevent barotrauma related to airplane travel. Which measure will the nurse recommend during changes in air pressure? Mouth breathing Forcefully coughing Swallowing Cupping the ears with one's hands

Swallowing

A young child is flying on a plane for the first time. As the plane begins its decent for landing, his ears begin to hurt. The flight attendant sees that he is in pain and tells him to swallow until the pain goes away. Which structure is the child using to equalize the pressure and relieve the pain? Movement of the temporomandibular joint forces air out of the inner ear. Swallowing distracts the passenger until mechanisms in the inner ear can relax and change the air pressure. Swallowing pulls air through the eustachian tubes, allowing the air pressure to equalize in the inner ear. The auditory canal is being stretched by the distortion of the neck, which allows air pressure from the inner ear to equalize with the external pressure.

Swallowing pulls air through the eustachian tubes, allowing the air pressure to equalize in the inner ear.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a disorder that has its peak onset in middle age. Diagnosis of RLS is based on a history of what? Compelling urge to rest legs Motor relaxation Symptoms that become worse in the afternoon Symptoms that become worse in the evening

Symptoms that become worse in the evening

Neurons communicate with each other through which structure? Neural crest cells Dendrites Synapses Cell bodies

Synapses

A client with pneumonia is admitted with these vital signs: temperature 99.7ºF (37.6°F), pulse 80 beats/min, respirations 18/minute, and BP 120/80 mm Hg. Which set of vital signs does the nurse anticipate when the client begins to shiver and requests another blanket several hours later? T 97.2ºF (36.2°C), P 70/min, R 12/min, BP 114/60 mmHg T 99.7ºF (37.6°C), P 86/min, R 18/min, BP 130/82 mm Hg T 100.9ºF (38.3°C), P 90/min, R 20/min, BP 126/80 mm Hg T 98.4ºF (36.9°C), P 82/min, R 16/min, BP 106/70 mm Hg

T 100.9ºF (38.3°C), P 90/min, R 20/min, BP 126/80 mm Hg

Following an automobile accident that resulted in a traumatic amputation of the right lower leg, the client complains of feeling tingling, heaviness, and shooting pain in the amputated limb. The health care providers treat phantom limb pain by using which interventions? Select all that apply. Use of mirrors to visualize the limb is no longer there Relaxation techniques Warm, moist compresses TENS of the large myelinated afferents innervating the area Hypnosis

TENS of the large myelinated afferents innervating the area Hypnosis Relaxation techniques

A nurse at a long-term care facility provides care for a client who has had recent transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). What significance should the nurse attach to the client's TIAs? TIAs are relatively benign phenomena that necessitate monitoring, but not treatment. The small bleeds that define TIAs can be a warning sign of an impending stroke. TIAs result in an accumulation of small deficits that may eventually equal the effects of a CV. TIAs, by definition, resolve rapidly, but they constitute an increased risk for stroke. SUBMIT ANSWER

TIAs, by definition, resolve rapidly, but they constitute an increased risk for stroke

The nurse is caring for a client who has been taking prednisone for the treatment of asthma. The nurse is monitoring the client for increased levels of stress. When glucocorticoid levels are increased, what symptoms should the nurse monitor for? Bradycardia Fatigue Lethargy Tachycardia

Tachycardia

Ion channels in nervous system cells generate action potentials in the cells. What are the ion channels guarded by? Satellite cells Schwann cells Voltage-dependent gates Ligand gates

Voltage-dependent gate

The nurse is explaining to a client's family how vasogenic brain edema occurs. The mostappropriate information for the nurse to provide would be: There is an increase in the production of cerebrospinal fluid volume. The blood-brain barrier is disrupted, allowing fluid to escape into the extracellular fluid. There is a decrease in the amount of fluid volume in the brain. Normal physiologic circumstances result in decreased adsorption of CSF.

The blood-brain barrier is disrupted, allowing fluid to escape into the extracellular fluid.

A client has recently been diagnosed with chronic back pain that requires the daily use of hydromorphone, an opioid analgesic. For the first few weeks, the client achieved relief with 4 mg every 6 hours. However, the client now requires 6 mg doses to achieve the same effect. How should the nurse best interpret this phenomenon? The client is developing opioid tolerance, which is expected The opioid should likely be replaced with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) The client's medication should be replaced with nonpharmacologic interventions The client is exhibiting the early signs of opioid addiction

The client is developing opioid tolerance, which is expected

A client has recently been diagnosed with chronic back pain that requires the daily use of hydromorphone, an opioid analgesic. For the first few weeks, the client achieved relief with 4 mg every 6 hours. However, the client now requires 6 mg doses to achieve the same effect. How should the nurse best interpret this phenomenon? The client's medication should be replaced with nonpharmacologic interventions The client is developing opioid tolerance, which is expected The client is exhibiting the early signs of opioid addiction The opioid should likely be replaced with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)

The client is developing opioid tolerance, which is expected

A client who has been exercising for a few weeks begins to sweat as soon as he exercises. What will the nurse determine from this assessment? The client is reacting normally. The client has a fever. The client is not able to tolerate activity. The client should rest before continuing.

The client is reacting normally.

A nurse caring for an older adult who has been diagnosed with a urinary tract infection checks the client's temperature on admission and finds that it is 96.6°F (35.9°C). Which statement describes how the nurse should interpret the finding? The client is exhibiting a normal febrile response to a urinary tract infection. The client's temperature is normal so the client does not have an infection. The client may be exhibiting a blunted or absent febrile response. The client's absent febrile response indicates absence of an infection.

The client may be exhibiting a blunted or absent febrile response.

A nurse caring for an older adult who has been diagnosed with a urinary tract infection checks the client's temperature on admission and finds that it is 96.6°F (35.9°C). Which statement describes how the nurse should interpret the finding? The client's temperature is normal so the client does not have an infection. The client's absent febrile response indicates absence of an infection. The client may be exhibiting a blunted or absent febrile response. The client is exhibiting a normal febrile response to a urinary tract infection.

The client may be exhibiting a blunted or absent febrile response.

The nurse is providing discharge instructions on the antiseizure medication valproic acid to a woman of childbearing age. Which teachings should the nurse include in the client's education packet? Select all that apply. The medication should be stopped in the third trimester of pregnancy. The medication may predispose her to osteoporosis. The medication may interact with oral contraceptives. The client should also take a folic acid supplement daily. The medication should be taken consistently.

The client should also take a folic acid supplement daily. The medication may predispose her to osteoporosis. The medication should be taken consistently. The medication may interact with oral contraceptives.

An adult client has been admitted to a rehabilitation center after hospital treatment for an ischemic stroke. Which aspect of the client's history would be considered to have contributed to his stroke? The client is an Asian male. The client's blood pressure has historically been in the range of 150/90 to 160/100 mm Hg. The man takes iron supplements for the treatment of chronic anemia. The client takes corticosteroids for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

The client's blood pressure has historically been in the range of 150/90 to 160/100 mm Hg.

During physiology class, the instructor asks students to explain the pathology behind development of multiple sclerosis. Which student gave the most accurate description? Atherosclerotic destruction of circulation to the brain, resulting in lactic acid buildup that affects nerve transmission The demyelination and subsequent degeneration of nerve fibers and decreased oligodendrocytes, which interfere with nerve conduction Muscle necrosis with resultant increase in fat/connective tissue replacing the muscle fibers Autoimmune disease where antibody loss of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction causes decreased motor response

The demyelination and subsequent degeneration of nerve fibers and decreased oligodendrocytes, which interfere with nerve conduction

During physiology class, the instructor asks students to explain the pathology behind development of multiple sclerosis. Which student gave the most accurate description? Muscle necrosis with resultant increase in fat/connective tissue replacing the muscle fibers Atherosclerotic destruction of circulation to the brain, resulting in lactic acid buildup that affects nerve transmission Autoimmune disease where antibody loss of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction causes decreased motor response The demyelination and subsequent degeneration of nerve fibers and decreased oligodendrocytes, which interfere with nerve conduction

The demyelination and subsequent degeneration of nerve fibers and decreased oligodendrocytes, which interfere with nerve conduction

A nurse is providing education to a client newly diagnosed with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Which statement reflects accurate information about the course of the disease? Most clients do not sustain residual dysfunction from the disorder. It is an acute disorder that usually resolves after treatment with antibiotics. The disorder may present with rapid life-threatening symptoms or may present as a slow insidious process. The client can expect prolonged isolation due to contagious viral nature of disorder.

The disorder may present with rapid life-threatening symptoms or may present as a slow insidious process.

The nurse is preparing a pediatric client for insertion of a tympanostomy tube. The nurse will give which instruction to the parents postprocedure? The child should not be exposed to loud noises. The child should not ride in an airplane for at least 6 weeks. The ears must be kept out of water. No special precautions are needed.

The ears must be kept out of water.

A male newborn infant has been diagnosed with spina bifida occulta. Which pathophysiologic process has most likely contributed to the infant's health problem? The infant's spinal cord and meninges protrude through his skin. The neural groove failed to fuse and completely close across the top of the neural plate. The infant's soma and viscera are underdeveloped. The child's central and peripheral nervous systems have insufficiently differentiated during embryonic development.

The neural groove failed to fuse and completely close across the top of the neural plate

Binocular vision depends on the coordination of how many pairs of extraocular nerves that provide for the conjugate eye movements? One Two Three Four

Three

A client suffering a thrombotic stroke is brought into the emergency department by ambulance and the health care team is preparing to administer a synthetic tissue plasminogen activator for which purpose? Hemolysis Thrombolysis Thrombogenesis Hemostasis

Thrombolysis

A student is feeling inside her backpack to find her mobile phone. There are a number of other items in the backpack. Which component of somatosensory conduction is most likely to provide the detailed sensory information that will help her distinguish her phone from other items? The opposite anterolateral pathway that travels to the reticular activating system The primary dorsal root ganglion neuron, dorsal column neuron, and the thalamic neuron A bilateral, multisynaptic, slow-conducting tract A slow-conducting pathway that projects into the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus

The primary dorsal root ganglion neuron, dorsal column neuron, and the thalamic neuron

Coordinated muscular movement requires proper functioning of four areas of the nervous system. Which system controls posture and balance? The motor system The cerebellar system The vestibular system The sensory system

The vestibular system

The health care provider is assessing a client for carpal tunnel syndrome. The health care provider performs light percussion over the median nerve at the wrist. This assessment is known as: Tinel sign Phalen maneuver Chvostek sign Trousseau sign

Tinel sign

While caring for a client with Alzheimer dementia, the family asks about the medication. Which advantage of the cholinesterase inhibitors should the nurse mention? They have been shown to slow the progression of the disease. They help to control twitching in the client with neurocognitive disorder due to Parkinson disease. They are prescribed as a monthly injection and help aid with sleep. They reverse the cognitive impairments resulting from dementia

They have been shown to slow the progression of the disease.

The nurse is presenting information about various causes of dementia to a group of clients in a senior facility. What will the nurse include as the major cause of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome? Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is generally inherited. This form of dementia is commonly the result of brain injury. This form of progressive dementia commonly results from chronic alcoholism. The cause of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is unknown.

This form of progressive dementia commonly results from chronic alcoholism.

the nurse is presenting information about various causes of dementia to a group of clients in a senior facility. What will the nurse include as the major cause of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome? This form of dementia is commonly the result of brain injury. This form of progressive dementia commonly results from chronic alcoholism. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is generally inherited. The cause of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is unknown.

This form of progressive dementia commonly results from chronic alcoholism.

The nurse observes nystagmus in a client sitting quietly without head movement. The nurse interprets this finding in which way? This is a common finding in older adult clients. This is a pathological finding. This is a normal variation in all people. This is an emergency finding that requires immediate intervention.

This is a pathological finding.

A client with a long history of cigarette smoking and poorly controlled hypertension is experiencing psychomotor deficits due to hemorrhagic brain damage. Which diagnosis is likely for the onset of progressive dementia? Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Alzheimer disease Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) Vascular demeascular dementiantia

Vascular dementia

Autonomic dysreflexia (autonomic hyperreflexia) is characterized by which of the following? Severe spinal shock Tachycardia and pale skin Vasospasms and hypertension Lack of sweat above injury level SUBMIT ANSWER

Vasospasms and hypertension

A recovery room nurse monitoring a client for adverse effects of cold cardiplegia assesses for: Increased intercranial pressure Ventricular dysrhythmia Postoperative anxiety Postoperative migraine

Ventricular dysrhythmia

A recovery room nurse monitoring a client for adverse effects of cold cardiplegia assesses for: Postoperative migraine Postoperative anxiety Increased intercranial pressure Ventricular dysrhythmia

Ventricular dysrhythmia

The nurse is preparing a client for a surgical procedure to create an endolymphatic shunt. The nurse understands that this procedure aims to relieve which symptom? Vertigo Strabismus Otalgia Diplopia SUBMIT ANSWER

Vertigo

While assessing a client with suspected Ménière disease, the nurse would expect which clinical manifestation? Vertigo Diarrhea Tachycardia Fever SUBMIT ANSWER

Vertigo

A client is having difficulty with balance. The nurse understands that the area of the ear that impacts balance is: Vestibular apparatus Tympanic membrane Malleus Cochlea

Vestibular apparatus

A 10-year-old child has severe inflammation of the eyes, excessive tearing, fever, clear discharge, and is very listless. The parent tells the clinic nurse that the child started swimming lessons at the community pool last week. Which diagnosis would the nurse would suspect? Chlamydial conjunctivitis Bacterial conjunctivitis Allergic conjunctivitis Viral conjunctivitis

Viral conjunctivitis

A young client is brought to the clinic with symptoms of a runny nose, small amount of drainage from both eyes, fever, and malaise. The mother states to the nurse, "I knew she was going to be sick. That swimming pool she played in 2 days ago was filthy." What disease should the nurse suspect this child is experiencing? Viral conjunctivitis Keratitis Myopia Abrasion of the cornea

Viral conjunctivitis

A client is admitted to the acute care facility with severe pain in the abdomen related to inflammatory bowel disease. What type of pain will the nurse be administering medication to relieve? Cutaneous pain Referred pain Visceral pain Somatic pain

Visceral pain

A client with a history of migraine headaches tells the physician that he or she usually experiences an aura before the onset of the headache. The client is most likely experiencing: Dysphasia Dizziness Lethargy Visual disturbances

Visual disturbances

Which processe is most likely to occur as a result of a spinal reflex? Pain sensation from a potentially damaging knee movement Peristalsis of the small and large bowel Control of oculomotor function in changing light levels Withdrawal of a hand from a hot stove element SUBMIT ANSWER

Withdrawal of a hand from a hot stove element

Which type of reflex is stimulated by a nociceptive stimulus? Carotid sinus baroreflex Myotatic reflex Withdrawal reflex Stretch reflex

Withdrawal reflex

The client tells a nurse that "many voices in his head are telling him what he should do." The nurse thinks he may be experiencing: a hallucination. catatonic features. a delusion. bipolar disorder.

a hallucination

A client with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder has chosen to discontinue her medication. She is now not eating or sleeping, very irritable, has racing thoughts, and is easily distracted. The nurse should understand that the client is now experiencing: a manic episode. negative symptoms of her disease. psychosis. positive symptoms of her disease.

a manic episode.

A 20-year-old with no previous medical history developed an episode of palpitations, shortness of breath, and syncope and felt like the situation was not real while awaiting a turn to present a project in class. The client was brought to the emergency department via ambulance approximately one hour after the onset of the episode, and at the time of arrival the symptoms had subsided. The intake nurse noted that the admission electrocardiogram, chest x-ray, and blood work were all with in normal limits. The nurse suspects that the client is suffering from: a panic attack. a depressive disorder. a bipolar disorder. schizophrenia.

a panic attack.

Neurons are characterized by the ability to communicate with other neurons and body cells through pulsed electrical impulses, or: action potentials. nodes of Ranvier. astrocytes. axon hillocks.

action potentials.

A client is brought to the emergency department and is diagnosed with an ischemic stroke confirmed by CT scan. The most important treatment for this client would be to: administer IV tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). prepare the client for emergency surgery. administer analgesics for the relief of pain. monitor vital signs closely for improvement.

administer IV tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).

The nurse is teaching a client about the treatment of open-angle glaucoma. The mostappropriate information for the nurse to give the client would be: oral diuretics should be administered immediately. laser peripheral iridotomy is performed immediately. to monitor vision for signs of closed-angle vision. administration of topical beta-adrenergic antagonists to lower the pressure.

administration of topical beta-adrenergic antagonists to lower the pressure.

The nurse is teaching a client about the treatment of open-angle glaucoma. The mostappropriate information for the nurse to give the client would be: to monitor vision for signs of closed-angle vision. oral diuretics should be administered immediately. administration of topical beta-adrenergic antagonists to lower the pressure. laser peripheral iridotomy is performed immediately.

administration of topical beta-adrenergic antagonists to lower the pressure.

College students were given various amounts of alcohol within a specified time frame and then asked to drive an obstacle course. The rationale for poor performance in driving as the amount of alcohol intake increased includes, "The blood-brain barrier: allows alcohol, a very lipid-soluble molecule, to rapidly enter the brain." excludes water-based compounds from crossing the brain, with the exception of alcohol." interacts negatively with the potassium-sodium pump, allowing alcohol to freely flow into the capillaries of the brain." allows more bilirubin to cross the barrier, producing brain damage."

allows alcohol, a very lipid-soluble molecule, to rapidly enter the brain.

Although both vertigo and dizziness can result from peripheral or central vestibular disorders, vertigo is distinctly different because it causes: light-headedness. an illusion of motion. permanent hearing loss. loss of consciousness.

an illusion of motion.

A client suffering global cerebral ischemia a week after a suicide attempt by hanging is in the intensive care unit receiving treatment. The parent asks the nurse why it is necessary to keep the client paralyzed with medications and on the ventilator. The most appropriate response would be that these therapies: decrease the client's ability to attempt suicide again. increase oxygen demands and metabolic needs. decrease metabolic needs and increase oxygenation. decrease intracranial fluid volumes and pressures.

decrease metabolic needs and increase oxygenation.

The nurse is caring for a client who has been diagnosed with narcolepsy. The client reports that his muscles become extremely weak when he becomes excited. The nurse understands that the client is describing which of the following? hypnopompic hallucinations cataplexy sleep paralysis hypnagogic hallucinations

cataplexy

The parents of an infant born with hydrocephalus are concerned about the size of the baby's head. The doctors are telling them that the infant needs the surgical placement of a shunt. The nurse caring for the infant in the neonatal intensive care unit explains that placement of a shunt will:

decrease the likelihood of further neurological deficits.

A client, who travels frequently for work, reports intense ear pain during ascent from and descent into airports. The health care provider will recommend which category of medications to help alleviate this symptom?

decongestant nasal spary such as phenylephrine

The chart of a client admitted because of seizures notes that the seizure activity began simultaneously in both cerebral hemispheres. The nurse should interpret this to mean that the client experienced: generalized seizure. focal seizure without impairment of consciousness. focal seizure with impairment of consciousness. unknown type of seizure.

generalized seizure.

The ophthalmologist is performing a client's annual eye exam and notes an increase in intraocular pressure. The condition most likely is the result of: amage to the retina leading to vision changes. imbalance between aqueous production and outflow. a breakdown of cells in the macula lutea. the development of degenerative cataracts.

imbalance between aqueous production and outflow.

A surgical client is at greatest risk for hypothermia during a surgical procedure related to: the decreased temperature of the surgical suite caused by electrical appliances. the instillation of warmed intravenous fluids that lower the core temperature. impaired thermoregulatory mechanisms brought on by anesthesia. negligence of the anesthesiologist in regulating the body temperature.

impaired thermoregulatory mechanisms brought on by anesthesia.

A client has been brought to the emergency department following an overdose of insulin that resulted in unconsciousness. When explaining the rationale for this to the family, the nurse will emphasize that neurons: store glycogen within the brain cavity. must rely on glucose from the blood to meet their energy needs. require many amino acids in order to produce enough energy to function properly. can cause the liver to convert triglycerides into energy if needed quickly.

must rely on glucose from the blood to meet their energy needs.

The nurse is performing her morning assessment on a 69-year-old client on a medical-surgical unit. Upon assessing her pupils the nurse notices that they are equal and responsive to light but not to accommodation. The nurse is aware that with aging the lens becomes thicker and its capsule less elastic so she believes this to be the case. When accommodation is diminished in an older person as a result of aging this is referred to as: hyperopia. myopia. farsightedness. presbyopia.

presbyopia

In the hospital setting, one of the best ways to lower the fever in a client with hyperthermia would be to facilitate conduction of heat from the body by: providing frequent sponge baths with cool water. placing the client on a cooling mattress that circulates a coolant solution through the mattress. placing IV solutions into the freezer for 30 minutes prior to hanging them. taking all covers/clothing off and pouring alcohol on the client's skin.

placing the client on a cooling mattress that circulates a coolant solution through the mattress.

A client seeks medical care when he wrecks his car because of poor eyesight. At the time of admission, his blood glucose level was 390 mg/dL. The client is diagnosed with diabetes (type 2). The ophthalmologist must perform an urgent intravitreal injection. The nurse explains this to the client by stating the doctor will: put a needle with syringe into your eyeball and inject some medication to decrease active bleeding. use a laser to try to seal off any bleeding vessels in your eyeball. remove some of the vitreous from your eye by withdrawing it with a needle/syringe and then strip some of the membranes off your inner eye. just put a couple of drops in each of your eyes.

put a needle with syringe into your eyeball and inject some medication to decrease active bleeding.

A nurse is caring for a client experiencing muscle fasiculations. Fasiculations appear as: spontaneous contractions of muscle fibers presenting as twitching. increased muscular resistance with range of motion. rhythmic movements. weakness and loss of movement.

spontaneous contractions of muscle fibers presenting as twitching.

The health care provider will likely prescribe which medication to a client who is experiening severe nausea and vomiting with a migraine? caffeine injection oral ondansetron, an antiemetic dihydroergotamine, an ergotamine derivative sumatriptan intranasal spray

sumatriptan intranasal spray

A client who experiences constant cloudiness of vision, sees floaters, and has an opaque lens is diagnosed with a cataract. The most appropriate treatment would be: wearing bifocal lenses to strengthen vision. daily application of pilocarpine eye drops. surgical lens replacement to correct vision. patching the affected eye until vision returns.

surgical lens replacement to correct vision