1302 history exam 4 set

Briefly summarize the origins of the Internet.

-Fairchild researched and created silicon transistors. Today chips don't run just computer systems and phones, they run cars, planes, satellites, medical devices, weapons, robots, etc. Government-subsidized chip foundries and Fairchild led to the creation of big companies seen today, such as Apple, Google, Hewlett-Packard, Cisco, eBay, Adobe, Yahoo, Facebook, Netflix, LinkedIn, etc.

The National Security Strategy

-The document committed the United States to spreading freedom and its benefits by fighting terrorists and "tyrants" everywhere - and to maintaining an unchallengeable military power to protect its interests worldwide. -Announced a new policy of "preemptive" war — if the United States believed that a nation posed a possible future threat to its security, it had the right to attack that nation before the threat materialized.

By the fall of 1991, the most popular Soviet politician was:

Boris Yeltsin

In 1987 President Carter negotiated treaties between the USA, Israel, and Egypt known as the

Camp David Accords

A Conformist

Culture, continued A Religious Nation

What was Ronald Reagan's political orientation until the late 1940s?

Democratic

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic presidential candidate in the election of 1896. Despite having swallowed up the People's Party, the Democrats lost to Republican William McKinley.

Medicaid

Enacted in 1966; extended federal medical assistance to welfare recipients and other indigent people of all ages

NASA

Established in July 1958 by President Eisenhower, who insisted that the USA possessed nuclear superiority and tried to diminish public panic over the Soviets' victory in the race to launch the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth. As part of Eisenhower's attempts to diminish public panic over potentially losing the space race and/or nuclear arms race, he also approved a gigantic budget increase for space research and development.

George S. McGovern was an anti-war senator from South Dakota.

False

What pushed many blue-collar ethnic voters into the Republican Party

Fear of crime committed by blacks

What pushed many blue-collar ethnic voters into the Republican Party?

Fear of crime committed by blacks.

American Federation of Labor

Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886 to coordinate the activities of craft unions throughout the USA. Its goal was to organize skilled workers such as machinists and locomotive engineers -- those with the most bargaining power -- and use strikes to gain immediate objectives such as higher pay and better working conditions. In 1886, it had only 138,000 members compared with 730,000 for the Knights of Labor. But as events brought down the Knights, Gompers's brand of unionism came to prevail.

In early 2002, Bush accused Iraq, Iran, and North Korea of what and called them what?

Harboring terrorists and developing "weapons of mass destruction" and called them the "axis of evil".

Why did President Lyndon Johnson decided to "Americanize" the war in Vietnam in 1964?

He did not want to appear weak or soft.

Which of the following best assesses the second term of President Ronald Reagan

He disappointed those who hoped he would complete a conservative agenda

Which of the following best assesses the second term of President Ronald Reagan?

He disappointed those who hoped he would complete a conservative agenda.

Why had President Ronald Reagan ignored the drug-running and money-laundering activities of Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega?

He had let the CIA use his territory to funnel aid to the Nicaraguan Contras.

How did presidential candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower bolster his anticommunist credentials among right-wing Republicans in the 1952 election?

He selected the 38-year-old Senator Richard M. Nixon of California as his running mate.

How did Americans feel about their new president, Harry S Truman, after Franklin Roosevelt's death on April 2, 1945?

He was a mystery to most Americans who knew little or nothing about him.

What happened with Ngo Dinh Diem after the coup of 1963

He was murdered in the coup

What was Kennedy's policy towards defending the republic of South Vietnam? How was it a continuation of the previous policies of Presidents Truman and Eisenhower?

He was willing to send money, weapons, and "advisers" in the name of containment which was supported by the domino theory.

William Green

Head of AFL, who had turned militant by 1931 and encouraged a protest effort on March 7, 1932: several thousand unemployed autoworkers massed at the gates of Henry Ford's River Rouge Factory in Dearborn, Michigan, to demand work; Ford responded by sending out his private security forces, who started shooting at the workers when they started throwing rocks, resulting in 4 dead protestors and many more wounded

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Medicaid

Health insurance for welfare recipients

__________ was nominated for president at the 1968 Democratic National Convention.

Hubert Humphrey

Where did Time editor Whittaker Chambers hide the evidence of Alger Hiss's espionage activities?

In a hollowed pumpkin on his Maryland farm.

When John Kennedy took office, where did he believe future anti-communist struggles would take place?

In emerging areas of the third world

Hotline between the White House and Kremlin

In response to cuban missile crisis how did the leaders communicate

"Contract with America"

In the 1994 congressional elections, Congressman Newt Gingrich had Republican candidates sign a document in which they pledged their support for such things as a balanced budget amendment, term limits for members of Congress, and a middle-class tax cut.

Atlantic Charter (1941)

Issued by Roosevelt and Churchill, pledging USA and Great Britain to freedom of the seas, free trade, and the right of national self-determination; this cemented the Anglo-American alliance

What effect did the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 have on national party politics?

It deepened the racial divide between the major parties.

Explain the political and social effects of Hurricane Katrina, both short- and long-term.

It devastated the image of the Bush's administration and made more Americans aware of the extent of poverty. The devastation would send the government into even more massive amounts of debt. This would ultimately lead to the results of the 2008 election; many switched from Republicans to Democrats.

What was the march on Washington in 1963?

It was a march by 200,000+ people on Washington, DC to demand the passage of a civil rights bill, integration of public schools and an end to job discrimination. It was important in the Civil Rights Movement and ended with Martin Luther King's I Have A Dream speech.

Special Forces (Green Berets)

Kennedy increased defense spending in order to boost conventional military forces and created this elite branch of the army

Mao Zedong

Leader of the Communists in China, who fought the official Nationalist government under Chiang Kai-shek. Established the People's Republic of China in October 1949, as the Nationalists fled to the island of Taiwan. Fearing a U.S.-supported invasion to recapture China for the Nationalists, he signed a treaty with the Soviet Union in which each nation pledged to support the other in case of attack. The USA refused to recognize the People's Republic of China, blocked its admission to the UN, and supported the Nationalist government in Taiwan.

Hideki Tojo

Leader of the Japanese militarists who, following the USA's trade embargo announced by Roosevelt in July 1941, seized control of Japanese government in October 1941 and persuaded other leaders, including Emperor Hirohito, that swift destruction of American naval bases in the Pacific (e.g. Pearl Harbor) would leave Japan free to expand its empire

Kim Il-sung

Leader of the People's Republic of North Korea, established by the Soviets in the fall of 1948. By sending 90,000 North Korean troops into South Korea in June 1950, wanting to bolster his position by unifying Korea, he turned a civil war into the international Korean War in which the USA deployed almost 1.8 million troops.

Jerry Falwell

Leader of the Religious Right Fundamentalist Christians, a group that supported Reagan; rallying cry was "family values", anti-abortion, favored prayer in schools

Norman Thomas

Leader of the Socialist Party in the Great Depression Era, which attracted 10,000 new black members by fighting against racism, attacking the system of sharecropping that left many African Americans in near servitude, and opposing the efforts of Alabama plantation owners to evict their black tenants

Santee Uprising

Led by Chief Little Crow, provoked by inadequate rations on the reservation, the Dakota Sioux in Minnesota fought back in 1862, killing over 1000 settlers

According to the Warren Commission, who killed President Kennedy?

Lee Harvey Oswald

Yalta Conference

Meeting of FDR, Churchill and Stalin in February 1945 at the Black Sea resort of Yalta, where they planned the postwar reconstruction of Europe

General Oliver North

Member of the National Security Council under President Ronald Reagan; Chief member of funneling arms to Iran and then transferring the money to the Contras in Nicaragua

By 2015, the largest number of legal immigrants to the United States came from:

Mexico

What triggered Operation Rolling Thunder in February 1965?

NLF fighters had attacked the American air base at Pleiku.

During his campaign for president in 1960, John F. Kennedy called for the

New Frontier

What was a major cause for the disproportionate incarceration of black and Latino men from the 1980s onward?

New drug laws made their incarceration more likely.

Chief Joseph

Nez Perce leader, who surrendered after a 5-day fight with the army in 1877

Who masterminded the plan to use the proceeds of the "arms for hostages" deal to fund the Nicaraguan rebels in what became known as the Iran-Contra scandal?

Oliver North

Congress of Racial Equality

Organization founded in 1942. It organized picketing and sit-ins against Jim Crow restaurants and theaters.

_______________ was a human displayed in a zoo as an animal, thus displaying the ________________ temperament of the country at the time.

Ota Benga; racist

Social Security Act

Passed in August 1935, this legislation required that pensions for the elderly be funded not by direct government subsidies, but instead by tax contributions from workers and their employers. It also created unemployment insurance, paid for by employers' contributions, that provided modest benefits for workers who lost their jobs.

Wagner Act / National Labor Relations Act

Passed in July 1935 to provide federal support for labor organization, authorizing the federal government to intervene in labor disputes and supervise the organization of labor unions. This legislation created the National Labor Relations Board to sponsor and oversee elections for union representation.

James B. Weaver

People's Party presidential candidate in the election of 1892. He garnered only 8.5% of the popular vote; Grover Cleveland won with 46.1% of the popular vote. The People's Party merged with the Democrats in the election of 1896 and was thus absorbed.

Which of the following national issues did Bill Clinton tackle most successfully?

Reducing the federal deficit.

Grover Cleveland

Reform governor of New York, who had a reputation for honesty, economy, and administrative efficiency. Was the Democratic presidential candidate in 1884, and defeated Republican candidate James G. Blaine to become the first Democratic president since 1856. He had the support of Republican Mugwumps protesting the corrupt candidacy of Half Breed James G. Blaine.

Robert Kennedy

Assassinated in a Los Angeles hotel after having won the 1968 California primary

The "black power" movement generally sought to shift African Americans away from which of the following agendas?

Assimilation

Assessing the Eisenhower Presidency

Avoidance of volatile issues Eight years of relative peace and prosperity

Berlin Wall

Barrier set up in 1961 to separate East and West Berlin

Why did President Bill Clinton order airstrikes on Al Qaeda headquarters in Afghanistan in 1998?

Because of the detonation of two truck bombs in front of U.S. embassies in Nairobi and Dar-es-Salaam.

Rural Electrification Administration

Beginning in 1935, this agency made low-cost loans available to local cooperatives for power plants and transmission lines to supply electricity to rural communities; within 10 years, 9/10 farms had electricity as a result of this initiative

In "The Feminine Mystique", ___________ wrote about women's unhappiness in society.

Betty Friedan

Suburban developments grew in postwar America because of

the assembly-line technologies of tract home construction.

Which of the following was not a founding goal of NOW?

to de-criminalize the use of birth control

Why did the U.S. Army drop over 1,000,000 pounds of defoliants on the forests of Vietnam?

to rob Vietcong and North Vietnamese fighters of their cover

Protests in cities around the world—including New York, Paris, and Mexico City—were all organized by

university students.

To many voters in 1980, Ronald Reagan, in contrast to Jimmy Carter, seemed:

upbeat

The mafia's greatest strength was its ____________________________

vow of silence

Factors that led to the mafia's rise: ___________________, _________________, and __________

vow of silence (code of...); payoffs; labor unions

Who was Jimmy Carter's running mate in the 1976 presidential election

walter mondale

The result of the 1960 election:

was a narrow victory for Kennedy.

The Tet Offensive of early 1968

was a turning point in the Vietnam War resulted in a military defeat for the communists led to a political victory for the communists

Many Iranians detested Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi because he

was surrounded by corruption and restricted political freedom.

The Bay of Pigs invasion:

was thoroughly bungled by the CIA

The Tonkin Gulf resolution:

was used by Johnson as a substitute for a declaration of war

Comstock Lode

Silver mine in Washoe basin, Nevada. The richest vein of silver ore on the continent. By 1859, prospectors from California's played-out goldfields flocked here, but exploiting the silver required capital and expensive technology beyond their means, so an active San Francisco stock market sprung up to finance operations. Speculators got rich through forming mining companies and selling shares of stock

What agreement was reached to end the Cuban missile crisis?

Soviet Union would remove missile bases in cuba, the US would not invade cuba, kennedy secretly agreed to remove missiles in turkey

The U.S. boycott of the 1980 Olympic Games was a response to the

Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan.

Although he had signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) II treaty with the Soviet Union, President Carter asked the Senate to withhold its approval of the agreement in response to the

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Haymarket Riot

Sprung from the May Day Rally, 1886. Strikers attacked scabs outside the McCormick works, and police opened fire, killing or wounding 6 men. Angry radicals rushed out a circular urging workers to arm themselves and appear at a rally in Haymarket Square. On the evening of May 4, the turnout at Haymarket Square was disappointing, but when police captain John"Blackjack" Bonfield demanded that the crowd disperse, someone suddenly threw a bomb into the police ranks, at which the police opened fire on the crowd. 8 demonstrators were tried and found guilty in a biased trial The incident undermined support for labor and contributed to the Knights' downfall.

In 1948, the Dixiecrats nominated Strom Thurmond for president, thereby splitting the Democratic party.

True

In May 2012, President Obama jumped headfirst into the simmering cultural wars by changing his longstanding position and announcing his support for the rights of gay couples to marry.

True

Jackie Robinson became the first black major league baseball player in 1947.

True

Johnson's Great Society programs helped reduce the number of people living in poverty.

True

Joseph R. McCarthy had even implied that war hero General George C. Marshall a traitor.

True

Lyndon Johnson's domestic program was called the Great Society.

True

Nikita Khrushchev was Soviet premier while Kennedy was president.

True

The _________ stated that US troops are not to remain longer than 90 days in a hostile area without Congressional approval or a declaration of war.

War Powers Act

Hernandez v. Texas

When a Texas jury convicted Pete Hernandez of murder, lawyers from the American GI Forum and LULAC appealed on the grounds that persons of Mexican origin had been routinely excluded from jury service. In 1954, the Supreme Court decided the first Mexican American civil rights case of the post-WW2 era, ruling unanimously that Mexican Americans constituted a distinct group and that their systematic exclusion from juries violated the constitutional guarantee of equal protection under the law.

The Cuban missile crisis led to all of the following EXCEPT:

a U.S.-Soviet agreement to scrap nuclear weapons.

The Pentagon Papers were

a collection of government documents outlining US decision making in Vietnam.

Which group was founded specifically to address the grievances of women that were not adequately addressed by the Civil Rights Act of 1964? a)National Organization for Women b)New Right c)New Left d)Ohio Women's suffrage Association

a) National Organization for Women

What organization, founded by Tom Hayden and Al Haber, wanted to return the US to a democracy run by the people? a)Students for a Democratic Society b)The Free Speech Movement c)The New Left d)The Hardhats

a) Students for a Democratic Society

What enable North Vietnam to send and supply troops into South Vietnam? a)The Ho Chi Minh Trail b)The fall of Dien Bien Phu c)The strategic hamlet program d)Operation Rolling Thunder

a) The Ho Chi Minh Trail

Which of the following did President Nixon say would bring about "peace with honor" in Vietnam? a)The Vietnamization of the war b)The Americanization of the war c)The domino theory d)The Geneva Accords

a) The Vietnamization of the war

Between 1981 and 1989 the defense budget rose from about $157 billion to

a. $304 billion

By 1953, the United States covered what share of the French war costs in Vietnam?

a. 40 percent

Eager to rid the country of the influence of Saddam Hussein's Ba'ath Party,

a. the CIA disbanded the 500,000-strong Iraqi army.

The baby boom

a. was part of a larger transnational trend that saw a dramatic increase in fertility rates in the United States and many Western European nations.

The counterculture advocated

abandoning political action using hallucinogenic drugs the back-to-land movement

Owing to its lack of industrial development and infrastructure, Vietnam was

able to withstand bombing attacks.

The 1964 Civil Rights Act was ineffective at addressing the problem of

access to voting rights.

The Tonkin Gulf resolution:

allowed Johnson to escalate the war.

Martin Luther King, Jr. would most likely have condoned which type of protest?

allowing oneself to be arrested instead of following unjust laws

The conservatives reaction to the counterculture _______________. a)Was largely ineffective b)Helped propel Richard Nixon into the White House c)Set the nation on a more liberal course d)Posed a danger to traditional values

b) Helped propel Richard Nixon into the White House

What was the level of inflation in the United States in 1979?

b. 11 percent

The hippie movement ultimately:

began to wane as the counterculture had become counterproductive.

Conservatives placed the blame for the increasing permissiveness in society on _____________. a)Women and minorities b)Democrats c)Campus rebels and the counterculture d)The Beatles

c) Campus rebels and the counterculture

Which of the following is true about Medicare?

c. Medicare reduced poverty among the elderly and narrowed the health care gap.

What triggered Operation Rolling Thunder in February 1965?

c. NLF fighters had attacked the American air base at Pleiku.

Contract with America referred to

c. a document conceived by Newt Gingrich.

As a result of his unscrupulous demagoguery, Joseph McCarthy was eventually

c. censured by the Senate.

What share of American households owned a television set by 1953?

c. two-thirds

One of the keys to Bush's victory in the 1988 presidential campaign was his

c. use of slashing, negative political ads against Michael Dukakis.

By the 1960s, Americans spent nearly as much time on average watching TV as

c. working.

Kennedy's successor as president, Lyndon Johnson:

cared about the disadvantaged in society.

The modern feminist movement became more organized and focused after the __________. a)The passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 b)Publication of "The Feminine Mystique" c)The publication of the first issue of "Ms." magazine d)The founding of the National Organization of Women

d) The founding of the National Organization of Women

What triggered Operation Rolling Thunder in February 1965?

d. NLF fighters had attacked the American air base at Pleiku.

Which of the following statements best assesses the impact of the Vietnam War on the position of the United States in the world?

d. Opposition to the war worldwide elevated anti-Americanism to new levels.

Upon his election, President Ronald Reagan pledged to

d. promote a conservative social ethic regarding sex and religion.

Eisenhower responded to the Suez crisis by

d. refusing to open American oil supplies to the British.

Nixon's resignation

d. temporarily unified the country.

At the time John F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963, communist forces in South Vietnam

d. were winning the war.

What was Ronald Reagan's political orientation until the late 1940s

democratic

On the domestic front, Carter's most notable shortcoming was:

failing to deal adequately with an energy crisis.

President Johnson's first priority on the domestic front was to:

get Kennedy's legislative program through Congress

The legislation passed by Congress at Johnson's urging in 1965 included all of the following EXCEPT:

government guarantee of full employment

The New Economy of the 1990s was characterized by

low inflation low unemployment federal budget surpluses

The Harding-Coolige Agenda consisted of: ____________ tarrifs, cut federal _________________, and cut federal ________________

low; spending; taxes

What nearly cost Clinton his presidency was:

lying about his relationship with a White House intern.

Reagan first became a star in Republican politics when he:

made a television speech for Goldwater in 1964.

Rulings by the Supreme Court in the late 1980s

made it harder to sue for job discrimination on grounds of race, sex, or age.

March on Washington

massive civil rights demonstration in August 1963 in support of Kennedy-backed legislation to secure legal protections for American blacks. One of the most visually impressive manifestations of the Civil Rights Movement, it was the occasion of Martin Luther King's famous "I Have a Dream" speech.

President Kennedy's cabinet was dominated by:

men with new ideas and fresh thinking

During the 1964 campaign, Republican nominee Barry Goldwater:

offered a sharply conservative alternative to Johnson's policies.

President Jimmy Carter's desire to return control of the Panama Canal to Panama grew out of his

opposition to colonialism.

Which position was the basis Minnesota Sen. Eugene McCarthy's challenge to Johnson for the Democratic nomination in 1968

opposition to the Vietnam War

Which position was the basis for Minnesota Senator Eugene McCarthy's challenge to Johnson for the Democratic nomination in 1968?

opposition to the Vietnam War

John F. Kennedy was careful to conceal from the public during the 1960 campaign his:

personal health

The 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago:

resulted in massive rioting in the streets

What kept unions weak and labor costs low in the American South throughout the 1960s and 70s?

right-to-work laws

Brown v. Board of Education

ruled separate but equal is unconstitutional in education

Nixon's trip to the Soviet Union resulted in:

some limits on future missile construction.

In response to the federal deficit, President George H. W. Bush was forced to deviate from standard conservative policy on

tax increases.

Which movement in American literature challenged the standards and values of traditional American culture after World War II?

the Beat Generation

Who was greeted at Kennedy International Airport in New York by a mob of thousands of screaming teenage girls in February 1964?

the Beatles

The African American group that advocated the use of violence and espoused a Marxist ideology was called ________.

the Black Panthers

The Job Corps in the Great Society of President Lyndon B. Johnson was modeled on

the Civilian Conservation Corps of the New Deal.

President Truman's domestic program to initiate domestic reforms is known as

the Fair Deal

Truman's program for the economic recovery of Europe was called

the Marshall Plan.

Johnson's vision of the Great Society as being about more than economics was reflected in the creation of

the National Endowment for the Arts.

Many Americans began to doubt that the war in Vietnam could be won following ________.

the Tet Offensive

NAFTA was a trade agreement involving

the USA Canada Mexico

Violence erupted in 1962 when James Meredith attempted to integrate:

the University of Mississippi

Violence erupted in 1962 when James Meredith attempted to integrate:

the University of Mississippi.

All of the following are true of the Kennedy assassination EXCEPT:

the Warren Commission concluded there may have been multiple gunmen

Summarize what made the 1960 election between Richard Nixon and John Kennedy one of the more compelling in modern history. Identify Kennedy's New Frontier and his most significant legislative achievements.

- 1st ever presidential debate, most ppl thought Kennedy won on TV but that Nixon won on radio; JFK better looking than Nixon - JFK defeated Nixon in razor-tight race by popular vote -JFK: Democrat, Catholic, youngest president, sort of supported civil rights, endorsed MLK, pushed against discrimination - Nixon: lack of charisma, lack of Eisenhower support -New Frontier increased federal aid to education, medical insurance for the elderly, and anti-poverty initiatives

Identify the Dixiecrats (States' Rights Party) and integrate their story with our earlier analysis of the Democrats in the 1920s and 30's.

-The Dixiecrats were a short-lived segregationist political party in the United States of mainly Southern Democrats. The Party opposed racial integration and wanted to retain Jim Crow laws and white supremacy in the face of possible federal intervention. -Their party was united under legislating racial rights, but they were also divided among left and right ideas. Some Dixiecrats supported the new deal and some didn't.

Bush Doctrine

-United States would launch a war on terrorism -Unlike previous wars, this war had a vaguely defined enemy - terrorist groups around the world that might threaten the United States or its allies - and no timetable for victory. -The U.S. government would not distinguish between terrorists and the governments that harbored them, and this new doctrine demanded that other nations in the world either ally with the United States or prepare for war.

Bessemer Process

A way to make steel more cheaply from pig iron. Implementing this process, Andrew Carnegie built the largest, most up-to-date steel plant in the world in Braddock, Pennsylvannia (near Pittsburgh). Within 2 decades, Carnegie's blast furnaces poured out 10,000 tons of steel per week, cutting the cost of making rails by half.

Desert Land Act of 1877

Allowed for very cheap purchase of land classified as arid; the only condition was that the buyers were required to irrigate some of the land within 3 years

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

Allowed the British to obtain arms from the USA without paying cash but with the promise to reimburse the USA when the war ended

Half Breeds

Branch of the Republican Party led by Conkling's archrival, Senator James G. Blaine of Maine. Not as openly corrupt as the Grant wing of the Party, the members of this wing were nevertheless tainted with charges of corruption.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

Formed in September 1954, when the United States joined with Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Pakistan, and the Philippines in a commitment to the defense of Cambodia, Laos, and South Vietnam. Shortly thereafter, the USA began sending weapons and military advisors to South Vietnam and put the CIA to work infiltrating and destabilizing North Vietnam. Fearing a Communist victory in the elections mandated by the Geneva Accords, the USA supported South Vietnamese prime minister Ngo Dinh Diem's refusal to hold the vote.

Iran-Iraq War

Fought over religious differences, this war lasted many years, from 1980 to 1988.

American Tobacco Company

Founded by the Duke family of North Carolina, this company dominated the tobacco industry, capitalizing on the invention of a machine for rolling cigarettes

Standard Oil Company

Founded in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller -- who at the age of 25 controlled the largest oil refinery in Cleveland but abandoned partnership or single proprietorship to embrace the corporation as the business structure best suited to maximize profit and minimize personal liability -- when he incorporated his oil business to form a behemoth so huge that it served as a precursor not only of today's ExxonMobil but also of Amoco, Chevron, Sunoco, and Conoco.

Carlisle Indian School

Founded in 1879 in Pennsylvania, this school became the model for later Indian schools. To encourage assimilation, this school pioneered the "outing system", which sent students to live with white families during summer vacations.

American Liberty League

Founded in 1934, this organization publicly accused the New Deal of betraying basic constitutional guarantees of freedom and individualism membership never exceeded 125,000, but they launched a well-financed publicity campaign

National Union for Social Justice (Union Party)

Founded in 1935 by Charles Coughlin, a Catholic priest in Detroit, who blamed nationwide suffering on Communists, bankers, predatory capitalists, and Jews; challenging Roosevelt in the 1936 election, this party called for expanded money supply backed by silver

John Peter Altgeld

Governor of Illinois during Pullman Strike in 1894. He refused to call out troops due to the peaceful nature of the boycott, but Attorney General Richard B. Olney, determined to end the strike, maneuvered around him, convincing Grover Cleveland of the need to send in federal troops.

In the war against Iraq and Saddam Hussein, the United States was most closely supported by:

Great Britain

President Johnson labeled his overall program of domestic reform the:

Great Society

President Lyndon B. Johnson's program of economic and social reform was called the

Great Society

The 1980s women's peace camp movement began at

Greenham Common.

"The Beats" were centered mainly in the post-World War II era in

Greenwich Village

How did President Gerald Ford anger conservatives early in his presidency?

He appointed former New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller as vice president.

How did Egyptian president Anwar Sadat respond to US military support for Israel in 1973

He called on the Soviet Union to provide military aid to Egypt

What had been Jimmy Carter's position on race-relations when he was first elected governor of Georgia?

He entered office as a segregationist sympathizer but then pledged to end discrimination

How did Ronald Reagan's Surgeon General C. Everett Koop defy the president's call for less regulation?

He issued a series of reports highlighting the dangers of smoking.

Which of the following descriptions of Nikita Khrushchev best exemplifies how he differed from his predecessor Joseph Stalin?

He sought a peaceful coexistence with the United States and other nations

Which of the following descriptions of Nikita Khrushchev best exemplifies how he differed from his predecessor Joseph Stalin?

He sought a peaceful coexistence with the United States and other nations.

Why did Defense Department advisor Daniel Ellsberg leak copies of the Pentagon Papers to the New York Times in June 1971?

He wanted to broaden opposition to the war.

Why did the Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein order his army to invade neighboring Iran in September 1980?

He wanted to seize Iran's oil, water, and territory

Why did the Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein order his army to invade neighboring Iran in September 1980?

He wanted to seize Iran's oil, water, and territory.

Spanish Civil War

Broke out in July 1936 when fascist rebels led by General Francisco Franco attacked the democratically-elected Republican government Both Germany and Italy reinforced Franco with soldiers, weapons, and aircraft, while the Soviet Union provided much less aid to the Republican Loyalists, who were defeated in 1939, allowing Franco to build a fascist bulwark in southern and western Europe.

The strongest and most visible opposition to Diem's government was led by:

Buddhists

The strongest and most visible opposition to Diem's government was led by:

Buddhists.

William F. Cody

Buffalo Bill, who had panned for gold ridden for the Pony Express, scouted for the army, and earned his nickname hunting buffalo for the railroad; he formed a touring Wild West company in 1883, Buffalo Bill's Wild West

Why did Californians vote for Proposition 13 in 1978?

Californians were sick of rising property taxes.

In April 1970, Nixon extended the war when he sent troops into:

Cambodia

At the same time that the first Congress under President Ronald Reagan cut federal income taxes by about 25 percent, lawmakers also voted to

Correcta. increase military spending.

As President Richard M. Nixon reduced troop levels in Vietnam in 1969, he also

Correcta. increased the pace of bombing in South Vietnam and Cambodia.

Which of the following became a major source of income in Latin America in the 1980s?

Correcta. money transfers from emigrants to the United States

Which position was the basis for Minnesota Senator Eugene McCarthy's challenge to Johnson for the Democratic nomination in 1968?

Correcta. opposition to the Vietnam War

What helped galvanize the opposition to the war during the Johnson administration?

Correcta. the draft

The heightened popular distrust for the government and intensified opposition to the war during the Johnson administration was largely the result of

Correcta. the inequities of the draft.

Why did the communist Vietnamese government publicize the suffering of Kim Phuc?

Correcta. to demonstrate the barbarity of the defeated South Vietnamese

Which of the following decades saw the highest number of immigrants arriving in the United States?

Correctb. 1990s

How did the Nixon administration respond to the election of Salvador Allende in Chile in 1970?

Correctb. It cut off economic aid to Chile.

How did Americans react to President Jimmy Carter's admonition to adjust to a future of limits?

Correctb. It made them feel worse about their troubles.

Who was in charge of President Nixon's cover-up of the Watergate scandal?

Correctb. John Dean

What was a major cause for the disproportionate incarceration of black and Latino men from the 1980s onward?

Correctb. New drug laws made their incarceration more likely.

Which nation received tacit approval from the United States in the 1980s to develop its own nuclear weapon?

Correctb. Pakistan

Why did the United States back France in its efforts to reestablish control of Indochina?

Correctb. The United States wanted France as a strong ally against communism.

How did police respond to the protesters outside the Democratic National Convention in Chicago on August 28, 1968?

Correctb. The police clubbed and tear-gassed the demonstrators outside the Hilton Hotel in downtown Chicago.

How did American manufacturers try to boost profit margins from the 1970s and afterward?

Correctb. They shifted production to cheaper foreign locations.

In its enforcement of the 1980 Refugee Act, refugees from which nations generally received preferential treatment under the Reagan administration?

Correctb. communist nations

The Simpson-Rodino immigration law enacted in 1986

Correctb. guaranteed amnesty to all undocumented immigrants.

The AIDS virus had most likely originated

Correctb. in isolated parts of Africa.

How did President Richard Nixon and his national security advisor Henry Kissinger conduct their foreign affairs?

Correctb. in secret

In 1975, what economic value fell for the first time in 25 years?

Correctb. wages

How did NLF and North Vietnamese forces kill 1,000 U.S. troops in 1966 alone?

Correctb. with improvised booby-traps

Which of the following TV series was not part of the 1980s celebration of wealth and consumption?

Correctc. "Roots"

How did Ronald Reagan's Surgeon General C. Everett Koop defy the president's call for less regulation?

Correctc. He issued a series of reports highlighting the dangers of smoking.

Why did the United States government trust Ngo Dinh Diem?

Correctc. His Roman Catholic faith and his American experience, officials thought, would make him a reliable ally.

How did the Yom Kippur War of 1973 begin?

Correctc. Israel attacked Egypt in an attempt to recapture the Sinai.

How did news of the My Lai massacre in Vietnam affect the antiwar movement in the United States?

Correctc. Opposition to the war intensified.

What revived antiwar protests in February 1971?

Correctc. The invasion of Laos.

Which of the following best assesses the rule of South Vietnam's leader Ngo Dinh Diem?

Correctc. a virtual dictatorship

Who or what did conservatives blame for the rising crime rates in the 1970s?

Correctc. permissive judges appointed by Democrats

Richard M. Nixon campaign most aggressively in 1968 for votes from

Correctc. southern whites.

Why did President Richard Nixon's chief domestic policy adviser John Ehrlichman assemble a team of "plumbers"?

Correctc. to plug leaks like the one Daniel Ellsberg had opened

Why was Martin Luther King Jr. in Memphis in April 1968?

Correctc. to support the black garbage workers strike

At the time John F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963, communist forces in South Vietnam

Correctc. were winning the war.

Why did Congress cut off aid to the Nicaraguan Contras in 1982?

Correctd. Congress learned that the Contras had killed thousands of civilians.

How did President Jimmy Carter anger powerful members of Congress?

Correctd. He abruptly cancelled 14 dam and irrigation projects for cost reasons.

How did President Gerald Ford anger conservatives early in his presidency?

Correctd. He appointed former New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller as vice president.

What was Henry Kissinger's official position during his first communication with North Vietnam on behalf of the Johnson administration?

Correctd. He was a private citizen and Harvard professor.

Which of the following statements best assesses the significance of the 1968 election?

Correctd. It began more than two decades of almost continuous Republican presidential rule.

What impact did the Chinese Cultural Revolution have on the Johnson administration?

Correctd. It fortified his resolve to prevail in Vietnam.

When did Henry Kissinger declare a breakthrough in negotiations with North Vietnam's Le Duc Tho, asserting that "peace is at hand?"

Correctd. October 1972

Why did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan in December 1979?

Correctd. Soviet forces wanted to shore up the teetering procommunist government in Kabul.

What role did television play in the course of the Vietnam War?

Correctd. TV often showed images that contradicted government progress reports.

How did the United States measure progress in its war against the NLF and North Vietnamese?

Correctd. The body count of dead opponents.

How did conservatives in the United States view the Helsinki Accords of 1975?

Correctd. They attacked the agreement as a cave-in.

How did the American public respond to the footage of protesters being beaten by Chicago police during the national Democratic convention in August 1968?

Correctd. They sided with the police by a margin of 2 to 1.

How many troops did the NLF and North Vietnamese troops lose in the Tet Offensive?

Correctd. approximately 40,000

How did Congress try to address the issue of teenage pregnancies in the 1980s?

Correctd. chastity clinics that stressed abstinence

Upon his election, President Ronald Reagan pledged to

Correctd. promote a conservative social ethic regarding sex and religion.

What kept unions weak and labor costs low in the American South throughout the 1960s and 70s?

Correctd. right-to-work laws

Why did the U.S. Army drop over 1,000,000 pounds of defoliants on the forests of Vietnam?

Correctd. to rob Vietcong and North Vietnamese fighters of their cover

The __________ was made up mostly of white, middle-class college youths who had grown increasingly discontent with mainstream American society.

Counterculture

Why did President Richard Nixon fire Archibald Cox?

Cox had asked Judge Sirica to order Nixon to provide him with the tapes.

Tripartite Pact

Created a defensive alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan in 1940

Civil Works Administration

Created by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration; created jobs for the unemployed on public works projects; the Civilian Conservation Corps, established in March 1933, was the most popular work relief program, as it offered unemployed young men a chance to earn wages while working to conserve natural resources

Securities & Exchange Commission

Created in 1934 to regulate the stock market and oversee financial markets by licensing investment dealers, monitoring all stock transactions, and requiring corporate officers to make full disclosures about their companies; Roosevelt hoped this would prevent the fraud, corruption, insider trading and other abuses that had tainted Wall Street and contributed to the crash of 1929.

Works Progress Administration

Created in 1935 with a congressional appropriation of nearly $5 billion, more than all government revenues in 1934, to give unemployed Americans government-funded jobs on public works projects, e.g. roads, bridges, parks, and public buildings.

What was the economic opportunity act of 1964?

Created job opportunities and job training for primarily young inner-city youths. Created financial aid programs and the Food Stamp Act.

Agricultural Marketing Act (1929)

Created the Farm Board, which used its budget of $500 million to purchase agricultural surpluses in the hope of raising prices

Ida M. Tarbell

Editor and journalist whose "History of the Standard Oil Company" ran for 3 years (1902-1905) in serial form in McClure's Magazine and caused the public to view John D. Rockefeller in a dim light. She had grown up in the Pennsylvania oil region, where her father had owned one of the small refineries gobbled up by Standard Oil. By the time she had finished publishing her devastatingly thorough history, which chronicled the methods Rockefeller had used to take over the oil industry, Rockefeller slept with a loaded revolver by his bed in fear of would-be assassins.

In the election of 1972, President Nixon won a landslide victory over the Democratic nominee

Edmund Muskie Hubert Humphrey George Wallace

Sherman Antitrust Act

Legislation passed in 1890 in response to concern over the growing power of the trusts. This law outlawed pools and trusts, ruling that businesses could no longer enter into agreements to restrict competition. It did nothing to restrict huge holding companies such as Standard Oil, however, and proved to be a weak sword against the trusts. In the following decade, the government successfully struck down only 6 trusts but used the law 4 times against labor by outlawing unions as a "conspiracy in restraint of trade".

National Security Act of 1947

Legislation which created the Central Intelligence Agency not only to gather information but also to perform any functions and duties related to intelligence affecting national security that the National Security Council might authorize

What brought out an angry mob in Little Rock, Arkansas, in September 1957?

Nine young African American students were attempting to enter Little Rock High school.

Kitchen Debate

Nixon's famous debate with Nikita Kruschev when he visited the Soviet Union in 1959

Ghost Dance Religion

Non-violent form of resistance among Indians on the reservations. Religion founded in 1889 by Paiute shaman Wovoka, who claimed that he had received a vision in which the Great Spirit spoke through him to all Indians, prophesying that if they would unite in the ritual, whites would be destroyed in an apocalypse, Indian warriors slain in battle would return to life, and buffalo would once again roam the land unimpeded.

Overlord

Offensive scheduled to begin in May 1944 with the combined manpower of 4 million Americans massed in England, along with 14 divisions from Britain, 3 from Canada, and 1 each from Poland and France. Roosevelt and Churchill had promised Stalin that they would at last launch a massive second-front assault in northern France.

Timber Stone Act of 1878

Offered cheap land to the general public to be used for the good of the general public, assuming that money would be made from timber-quarrying

Indian agent

Official responsible for distributing annuities and rations on the reservations

March on Washington

Held to generate support for African American integration and to dramatize the power of the growing civil rights movement with over 200,000 participants

As the top negotiator in Vietnam, ____________ helped to end the war.

Henry Kissinger

President Richard Nixon's most important foreign policy advisor was

Henry Kissinger

The figure who most influenced Nixon's foreign policy was:

Henry Kissinger.

Benjamin Harrison

Republican candidate who, largely due to his support for keeping tariffs high, won the election of 1888, defeating Grover Cleveland by a narrow margin. He was seen as a cold and distant leader, and came to be called "the human iceberg". Due to anger over the high tariff increase he implemented while in office and anger over lavish Republican spending on pork barrel legislation during his administration, he lost the election of 1892, returning the White House to Grover Cleveland, who advocated tariff reform.

Gerald Nye

Republican from North Dakota who in 1933 chaired a Senate committee that investigated why the United States had gone to war in 1917. The committee concluded that greedy weapons makers, bankers and financiers had dragged the nation into WW1 to line their own pockets, and persuaded many Americans that war profiteers might once again try to push the nation into a world war.

Rutherford B. Hayes

Republican president whose disputed election in 1876 signaled the end of Reconstruction in the South. In the face of a Republican Party divided into factions, he tried to steer a middle course between spoilsmen and reformers, but he ended up alienating all factions of his party and did not seek reelection in 1880.

Alf Landon

Republican presidential candidate in the General Election of 1936

William McKinley

Republican presidential candidate in the election of 1896. Defeated the Democrats even though they had merged with the People's Party. After he was shot in September 1901 by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist, Theodore Roosevelt took over as president.

Joseph R. McCarthy was a

Republican senator from Wisconsin who led an anti-Communist crusade.

James A. Garfield

Republican who won the presidential election in 1880. Was shot by Charles Guiteau, a disappointed office seeker motivated by political partisanship, on July 2, 1881. Died in September 1881, and Chester A. Arthur, a Stalwart, became president.

In the 1964 election:

Republicans continued to carry the Deep South.

Dean Acheson

Secretary of State under Harry Truman. In 1947, he predicted that if Greece and Turkey fell, communism would soon consume 75% of the world. This prediction formed the basis of Truman's Domino Theory.

De Facto Segregation

Segregation by custom; racist jokes

Stalwarts

Senator Roscoe Conkling of New York, a master spoilsman who ridiculed civil service as "snivel service", and his followers, who represented the Grant faction of the Republican party in the 1870s-1880s when political corruption was rife. This branch of the Republican Party was openly corrupt and favored keeping the spoils system in place.

What was the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee? What was their connection with the sit-ins?

Snick was trying to intensify the dismantling of segregation. They expanded the idea of sit-ins and created wade-ins at pools and kneel-ins at churches.

Redeemers

Southern Democrats who took back state governments with the end of military rule in 1877; instead of restoring the economy of the old planter class, they embraced the alleged promise of industrial development in the South.

Sputnik

Soviet Union send the first satellite in to space which freaks the US out. In response we create science and math programs such as AP to educate students more so we can develop better technologies. Significant because it shows the communist force was able to develop technologies that a capitalist nation couldn't.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Touched off by the West Virginia Brakemen's strike, this was a nationwide uprising that spread rapidly to Pittsburgh and Chicago, St. Louis and San Francisco. Within a few days, nearly 100,000 railroad workers walked off the job; the spark of rebellion soon led an estimated 500,000 laborers to join the train workers. Rail traffic ground to a halt; the national lay paralyzed. Violence erupted as the strike spread: In Pittsburgh, strikers clashed with militia brought in from Philadelphia, who shot 40 workers. In the chaos as workers in Pittsburgh fought back, the railroad sustained property damage totaling $2 million. After 8 days, federal troops were sent in to act as strikebreakers; in three weeks, the strike was over.

Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact

Treaty signed in August 1939 as a result of the concessions offered to Stalin by Hitler to prevent the Soviet Union from joining Britain and France in opposing a German attack on Poland

Bill Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives.

True

Harry Truman was a strong believer in the need for civil rights for blacks

True

In 1947, George F. Kennan advocated a policy of containment toward the Soviet Union.

True

One legislative victory for President Clinton came when Congress approved the North American Free Trade Agreement.

True

T or F Americans who strongly opposed the war and believed that the US should withdraw from it were known as doves.

True

T or F At Woodstock, a crowd of over 400,000 revealed in nearly nonstop live music for three days and nights.

True

T or F Founded by Tom Hayden and Al Haber in 1959, Students for a Democratic Society called for a return on "participatory democracy" and a greater individual freedom.

True

T or F Founded in 1964 at the University of California at Berkeley, the Free Speech Movement came together in response to claims of censorship.

True

T or F In the 1970s, La raza Unida fielded Native American candidates in state and federal elections, elections for school boards and city councils, as well as several races as mayor.

True

T or F In the early 1970s, Congress passed the Indian Education Act and the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act which gave tribes much greater control over their own affairs.

True

T or F Members of the counterculture of the 1960s were known as hippies.

True

T or F Timothy Leary was a Harvard professor and early experimenter of a mind altering drug known as LSD.

True

Fair Deal

Truman's 21-point program of social and economic reforms designed to maintain the government's power to regulate the economy while it adjusted to peacetime production. As part of this program, Truman sought government programs to provide basic essentials such as housing and health care to those in need, programs that had been on the drawing board during the New Deal.

Rhineland

Industry-rich area on Germany's western border. Was declared a military-free zone in the Treaty of Versailles, which sought to create a buffer zone between France and Germany. Nazi troops marched into this area in March 1936, however, in blatant violation of the Treaty of Versailles.

Horizontal integration

Instead of attempting to control all aspects of the oil business to avoid having to pay outsiders, Rockefeller used this business structure to control the refining process, coordinating policy among refineries via trustees who held stock in various refinery companies "in trust" for Standard Oil's stockholders. This business structure worked to give Rockefeller a virtual monopoly on the oil-refining business.

"Operation Iraqi Freedom"

The United States went to war versus Iraq in March 2003, without UN approval, and with Great Britain as its single significant ally.

What did President Richard Nixon's visits to China and his 1972 summit in Moscow indicate about American foreign policy

The Vietnam War no longer paralyzed U.S. foreign policy

What did President Richard Nixon's visits to China and his 1972 summit in Moscow indicate about American foreign policy?

The Vietnam War no longer paralyzed U.S. foreign policy.

What triggered the sharp economic downturn of 1992?

The savings and loans crisis.

West Virginia Brakemen's Strike (1877)

The small strike that touched off the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. Angry brakemen in West Virginia, whose wages had already fallen from $70 to $30 in the space of one month, walked out on strike in response to the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad's announcement that there would be a further 10% wage reduction and a simultaneous 10% dividend to the company's stockholders.

Interstate Commerce Act

Legislation passed in 1887 in response to anger over the Wabash Supreme Court decision, which declared state laws regulating railroads unconstitutional because railroads crossed state lines and thus, as interstate commerce, fell under federal jurisdiction. The first federal law regulating the railroads, this law established the nation's first federal regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission, to oversee the railroad industry. In its early years, this agency was not strong enough to serve as an effective watchdog, but it set an important precedent.

Nearly all of the 34 dead at the Watts riots of August 1965 were

a. black.

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

act banning segregation in all interstate level facilities

Martin Luther King Jr. led the March in Selma in order to

a. demand the right to vote.

What prompted the international outcry for clemency for Ethel Rosenberg in 1951?

b. She had received the death sentence.

What did President Richard Nixon's visits to China and his 1972 summit in Moscow indicate about American foreign policy?

b. The Vietnam War no longer paralyzed U.S. foreign policy.

Shortly after Carter refused to send the Shah back to Iran

b. radical students seized the US embassy in Tehran, taking hundreds of Americans hostage.

Eisenhower responded to the Suez crisis by

b. refusing to open American oil supplies to the British.

In the new millennium

b. terrorism became the functional equivalent of what communism had been during the Cold War.

Eager to rid the country of the influence of Saddam Hussein's Ba'ath Party,

b. the CIA disbanded the 500,000-strong Iraqi army.

In the years following the war, women were expected to move from their wartime identity as heroic "Rosie the riveters"

back to traditional roles.

Limited Test Ban Treaty

banned nuclear testing in the atmosphere

Abu Ghraib was the site of

b. a prison near Baghdad where Iraqi prisoners were tortured and humiliated.

Paula Jones was known as

b. a woman who accused Clinton of sexual harassment.

In 1998, Osama Bin Laden declared that it was the duty of every Muslim to kill Americans anywhere in the world. His anger against the United States had been kindled by

b. all of the above

The end of the Korean War was caused by

b. all of the above.

The IBM Personal Computer

b. helped spread information technology around the globe.

Carter's greatest foreign policy achievement was

b. his brokering of the Camp David Accords

How did Mikhail Gorbachev try to save the Soviet Union between 1986 and 1988?

b. introduce market mechanisms in the economy

Which of the following became a major source of income in Latin America in the 1980s?

b. money transfers from emigrants to the United States

Jonas Salk was famous for his

b. perfection of the polio vaccine.

In the election of 2000, both Al Gore and George W. Bush

b. portrayed themselves as moderates.

In his first State of the Union address in January 1964, President Johnson declared "unconditional war on

b. poverty.”

The Bush Doctrine refers to a foreign policy dominated by the idea of

c. preemptive self-defense.

On December 25, 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev

c. proclaimed the end of the Soviet Union and peacefully handed power to Yeltsin.

Globalization refers to

c. the knitting together of the world's economies through new information technology and the end of the artificial political barriers of the Cold War.

Freedom Riders

organized mixed-race groups who rode interstate buses deep into the South to draw attention to and protest racial segregation, beginning in 1961. This effort by northern young people to challenge racism proved a political and public relations success for the Civil Rights Movement.

Kennedy proposed a constitutional amendment that would ________.

outlaw poll taxes

The Civil Rights Act of 1964:

outlawed segregation in public facilities

The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis was precipitated by the decision of the Soviet Union to

place nuclear missiles in Cuba

Fear of terrorism

d. led Congress and the Bush administration to dramatically expand government powers of surveillance and arrest.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

d. outlawed segregation in restaurants, accommodations, and transportation.

The Bush Doctrine refers to a foreign policy dominated by the idea of

d. preemptive self-defense.

Which nation did Islamists dub the "the great Satan"?

d. the United States

Thurgood Marshall is remembered as

d. the first African American Supreme Court Justice in U.S. history.

Which of the following was a Cold War icon?

d. the white suburban housewife

One of the keys to Bush's victory in the 1988 presidential campaign was his

d. use of slashing, negative political ads against Michael Dukakis.

The OPEC oil embargo was caused primarily by

d. US support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War.

Wounded Knee Massacre

"Accidental" outbreak of violence on the Standing Rock Reservation in December, 1890. Sitting Bull attempted to join the Ghost Dance but was killed by Indian police as they tried to arrest him at his cabin; his people, fleeing the scene, joined with a larger group of Miniconjou Sioux, who were apprehended by the Seventh Cavalry, Custer's old regiment, near Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota. As the Indians laid down their arms, a shot rang out, and the soldiers opened fire, killing more than 200 Sioux with their Hotchkiss rapid-fire guns.

The American Indian Movement advocated

"Red Power"

How did Baptist minister Jerry Falwell describe the gay pride parade?

"an affront to God"

How did Baptist minister Jerry Falwell describe the gay pride parade

"an affront to god"

Describe Joseph McCarthy's role in American politics and evaluate recent attempts to revive his reputation.

- Senator who notoriously manipulated HUAC - committee started to push right wing KKK members and Nazis out of Government. -ACCUSED PEOPLE OF BEING COMMUNIST to destroy their career -Attacked non spies and spies for being on Left -Targeted Jews and homosexuals -No knowledge of Verona project(counter espionage intelligence) - Manipulated and exposed paranoid tendencies of anxious society - Went too far by investigating CIA and director Dulles and George Marshall (US Army Chief of Staff in WWII) - Public turned on him after investigation by Edward Murrow and after they saw him on TV -Recent attempts to revive his reputation as later revealed Soviets did have spies in US.

Summarize the importance of the Emmett Till case. What does it tell us about the importance of jury duty, media coverage, and sectional relations between North and South?

- The Court ruled jury duty as fundamental to equal protection under the law. Ethnic groups lacking that fundamental right were unlikely to experience anything approximating justice. -The Emmett Till case gave the TV-watching part of the American public an up-close reminder that, despite being a relative beacon of hope in a hostile world, the United States had some skeletons of its own in the closet. -The perpetrators admitted to kidnapping, torturing, and killing the boy but knew they were in no danger of being indicted since the jury was all white. Brought controversy when killers were acquitted. -Moreover, it testified to the lingering regional resentment from the Civil War and Reconstruction between the North and the South.

Explain how voting rights legislation affected the Houston Astrodome bond issue.

-Blacks could vote and wanted to go to astrodome, ALLOWED BLACKS TO ATTEND EVENTS THERE -Judy Garland and Supremes double billing

Evaluate the ways that the techniques and concerns of the Black Civil Rights Movement carried over, or were shared, by other groups Hispanics, American Indians, LGBT, Elderly:

-Hispanics fought in large numbers, Black and Hispanic civil rights reinforced each other used vote to gain control over local councils and school boards -sued in courts -non violent protest (e.g. Chavez and Huerta boycotted grapes) -March from Delano to Sacramento CA by Chavez -worked with cooperative white politicians like RFK -American Indians: sit-ins, fish-ins -Gay and Lesbian: riots (Stonewall), used right to create and support families -Gray Panthers: elderly, The 1965 Older Americans Act and other legislation also banned age discrimination in hiring, which has proven difficult to enforce, and provided subsidies for disease prevention and nutritional charities like Meals On Wheels.

Summarize how [Ralph] Nader's Raiders changed peoples' everyday lives.

-Nader's Raiders were a group of lobbyist consumer advocates; pushed against GM(General Motor) about lack of seatbelt and instability of Chevy Corvair -Nader sued GM(General Motor) for entrapment and bought full-time lobbyists with settlement --> outlawed firing employees before pensions kick in, ingredients on food products, credit scores available, optional seatbelt offered

Summarize the ways that World War II helped trigger the modern (mid-20th c.) Civil Rights Movement.

-Not only did minority troops fight in combat (nothing new), but Americans also looked hard-core racism in the eye when fighting Japan and Germany and didn't like what they saw. Japan's racially justified brutalization of other Asians and the horrific Jewish Holocaust made some, not all, Americans rethink their own racism. -Minorities began to fight back against segregationist policies.

Describe how the Kennedy administration struggled to control the escalating civil war in South Vietnam.

-Politically and militarily, one problem was figuring out whose side everyone was on, especially when many people were just caught in the crossfire and didn't necessarily favor either side. -Kennedy's administration tried to segregate the VC(Viet Cong) and VC(Viet Cong) sympathizers from others by relocating villagers in the Strategic Hamlet Program. But people didn't want to move away. -(Viet Cong was North Vietnam Army and Liberation Front.)

Obama's Inaugural Address:

-Promised a foreign policy based on diplomacy (rather than force). -Pledged to protect the environment. -Spoke of the need to fight income inequality, and to ensure access to health care for all Americans. -Obama's administration also passed legislation to create additional oversight on the troubled banking industry.

Describe how China's communist revolution influenced American politics.

-Public sided with General MacArthur in fight over whether US should have conquered China during Korean War; Truman blamed for "losing China". -East Asian linguists fired by State Department (no one in gov't who spoke Korean or Vietnamese). -Truman instituted loyalty oaths and revived House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in response. -New enemy within was on the left, Red Scare occurred. -Spectacle of political backstabbing and paranoia, fanned communist flames.

Identify policies the textbook mentions as helping cities cope with race-based police brutality.

-Some cities improved things by putting more black and minority police on the streets in inner-city neighborhoods. -One constructive step forward is police wearing body cameras.

Identify Colin Powell and three main points of the Powell Doctrine.

-The most influential Vietnam veteran (secretary of state) in terms of shaping future policy. His Doctrine built on the lessons of Vietnam by suggesting these future guidelines: -1. Never engage in any war the public doesn't back. -2. Use overwhelming air power up front, destroying the enemy's air force, then proceed on the ground. -3. Always have both a clear plan of attack and a viable exit strategy.

Evaluate the idea that public/government spending can only be a drag on the economy. How well does that notion stand up against American history during the Cold War?

-The public notion that government spending is bad for the economy is extremely Contradictory. -Military spending during the Cold War was an example of how government-funded research and cooperation with private investors spurred the economy. - Cold War arms race spurred post war boom - military-industrial complex shaped modern economy - e.g. silicon transistors, integrated circuits, computers

Analyze how the 1964 presidential election changed the Vietnam situation for the U.S. Identify the Gulf of Tonkin incident and how LBJ's retaliation after Pleiku helped muster Soviet support for North Vietnam.

-When President Lyndon Johnson (LBJ) ran against Barry Goldwater in 1964, Goldwater wanted to use at least tactical nuclear bombs to end the war. LBJ feared that might mean WWIII with the Soviets, but also wanted to look moderately tough during the election. -Gulf of Tonkin: N Vietnamese torpedo fired on USS Maddox in Gulf of Tonkin; only caused one bullet hole -2nd and 3rd attacks from Gulf of Tonkin didn't happen, exaggerated to push public toward intervention -LBJ retaliated: US sent troops to demilitarized zone (N saw as act of aggression), Gulf of Tonkin Resolution getting funding -N attacked US helicopter base in Pleiku; Johnson bombed N Vietnam in retaliation during Soviet Premier visit convincing USSR to have military alliance with N. Vietnam, Chinese backed Minh in turn

Identify the Constitutional argument plaintiffs used in Obergefell v. Hodges (2015). Describe how opponents of same-sex marriage have shifted tactics in recent years.

-ambiguity of 14th amendment's due process clause: should outlaw banning same-sex marriage bc some ppl find it confining -14th amendment's equal protection under the law; opens up question of polygamous marriage -Gave right to same-sex marriage -Court sometimes takes public opinion into account

Briefly describe some of the engineering challenges confronting the American space program in the 1960s. Based on what you've read in previous chapters, why were the U.S. and USSR so intent on exploring the moon.

-traditional mainframe computers were too large to take into space. Circuits were a new thing at the time. -landing systems were difficult to engineer -The U.S. and USSR both wanted to prove their technological superiority over the other.

National Housing Act

.Passed in 1937, at the prompting of New York senator Robert Wagner. Made residences available to poor people at affordable rents.

What was the level of inflation in the United States in 1979?

11 percent

How many Cubans arrived in the United States with the boat lift from the fishing port of Mariel in October 1980

130,000

Levittown

17,000-home development in the suburbs on Long Island, New York, completed in 1949. Builder William J. Levitt had modified the factory assembly-line process, planning nearly identical units so that individual construction workers could move from house to house and perform the same single operation on each one, meaning that people could buy these houses for just under $8,000 each. Similar developments quickly went up throughout the country as whites migrated to the suburbs.

The "Baby Boom" covered the years from

1946-1964

Truman Doctrine

1947; Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology.

Berlin Airlift

1948-1949; Joint effort by the US and Britain to fly food and supplies into West Berlin after the Soviets blocked off all ground routes into the city. It put the Soviets into a very difficult position, which forced them to either attack first or back off.

Mao Zedong announced the communist People's Republic of China in

1949

The Communists gained control of China in

1949.

Brown vs. Board

1954 court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 tensions between the U.S. and Soviet Union over the expansion of Russian nuclear weapons into the Western Hemisphere

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 congressional action that authorized the president to "take all necessary measures" to protect American forces in Southeast Asia

Barry Goldwater

1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history

The Civil Rights Act that outlawed literacy tests and other obstructions to voting rights was passed in which year?

1965

Voting Rights Act

1965 legislation that provided federal protection to African Americans attempting to exercise their right to participate in elections

Richard Nixon

1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign

Gerald Ford

1974-1977, Republican, first non elected president and VP, he pardoned Nixon

Camp David Accords

1979 agreement reached between the leaders of Israel and Egypt after protracted negotiations brokered by President Carter; Israel surrendered land seized in earlier wars and Egypt recognized Israel as a nation. Despite high hoped, it did not lead to a permanent peace in region.

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989, "Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in the upper house with conservative Democrats or "boll weevils"

Family Leave Act

1993 legislation that allows an employee to take unpaid leave due to illness or to care for a sick family member or to care for a new son or daughter including by birth, adoption or foster care.

The Contract with America was the platform for the Republican takeover of Congress in

1994

Bonus Army

20,000 WW1 veterans who gathered in Washington, D.C., during June and July 1932 to lobby for immediate payment of the bonus they had been promised in 1924: $1 for every day they had been in uniform and a bit extra for time served overseas. Instead of cash payments, Congress had given them promissory notes for conversion into cash in 1945 ("tombstone bonus"). They had support in Congress, but were defeated in the Senate. Hoover opposed going into debt to give the veterans their bonus.

The 1940 election was won by FDR for an un-presidented _______________________

3rd term

Scottsboro Boys

9 young black men in Alabama, who were arrested on trumped-up rape charges in 1931 and spent years in jail but were saved from the electric chair by the Communist Party, which sent a team of lawyers to appeal on their behalf

Both traditional foes of the United States (like Russia and China), and traditional allies (like Germany and France) refused to support what?

A "preemptive" war against Iraq.

Freedom Summer

A 1964 voter registration program throughout the South, primarily in Mississippi

After the meeting in Chicago, 61 Native American tribe representatives presented __________, a document seeking greater self-determination for Native Americans.

A Declaration of Indian Purpose

United Fruit Company

A U.S. corporation whose annual profits were twice the size of the Guatemalan government's budget. Under the popularly elected reformist president Jacobo Arbenz, the Guatamalan government was not Communist or Soviet controlled, but it accepted support from the local Communist party. In 1953, Arbenz moved to help landless, poverty-stricken peasants by nationalizing land owned but not cultivated by said U.S. corporation, which refused Arbenz's offer to compensate it at the value of the land the company had declared for tax purposes. Then, in response to the nationalization program, the CIA organized and supported an opposition army that overthrew the elected government and installed a military dictatorship in 1954. Said U.S. Corporation kept its land... and Guatemala succumbed to a series of destructive civil wars that lasted through the 1990s.

Chisholm Trail

A cattle track from Texas to railheads in Kansas. Between 1865 and 1885, cowboys drove huge herds, as many as 3000 head of cattle, that grazed on public lands as they followed such cattle tracks. From Kansas, the cattle traveled by boxcar to Chicago, where they sold for as much as $45 a head; more than a million and a half Texas longhorns went to market before the range began to close in the 1880s with the invention of barbed wire.

Readjusters

A coalition of blacks and whites who, determined the lower the state debt and spend more money on public education, captured state offices in Virginia from 1879 to 1883.

Great Society

A collective term for Johnson's greatly expanded programs of welfare for the nation's citizens

What was the Nation of Islam?

A group that championed black nationalism and thought of whites as "devils".

Triangle Fire, 1911, NYC

A little over a year after the shirtwaist makers' strike ended, fire alarms sounded at the Triangle Shirtwaist factory; the ramshackle building, full of lint and combustible cloth, burned to rubble in half an hour. Flames blocked one exit, and the other door had been locked to prevent workers from pilfering. The flimsy, rusted fire escape collapsed under the weight of fleeing workers, killing dozens. Trapped, 54 workers jumped from the 9th-floor windows, only to smash to their deaths on the sidewalk. Of 500 workers, 146 died and scores of others were injured. The owners of the Triangle firm went to trial for negligence, but they avoided conviction when authorities determined that the fire had been started by a careless smoker.

The Trust

A new form of corporate structure pioneered by John D. Rockefeller in 1882 to gain legal standing for Standard Oil's secret deals. Instead of attempting to control all aspects of the oil business (as in Carnegie's vertical integration), Rockefeller used horizontal integration to control the refining process. Several trustees held stock in various refinery companies "in trust" for Standard Oil's stockholders; this elaborate stock swap allowed the trustees to coordinate policy among the refineries, giving Rockefeller a virtual monopoly on the oil-refining business. The Standard Oil Trust, valued at more than $70 million, paved the way for trusts in sugar, whiskey, matches, and many other products.

black power

A philosophy of racial empowerment and distinctiveness as opposed to assimilation into white culture

What was involved in the Cuban missile crisis of October 1962?

A pissing contest between the U.S. and the Soviet Union with U.S. missiles being placed in Turkey and Russian missiles and bombs in Cuba.

Affirmative action

A policy that favors groups that have historically faced discrimination

"Compassionate conservatism"

A political philosophy that promotes solving social issues through cooperation with private agencies rather than through direct government programs. It also stresses personal responsibility and accountability as keys to success.

Penny sales

A practice adopted by militant farmers in response to foreclosures: When banks foreclosed and put farms up for auction, neighbors warned others not to bid, bought the foreclosed property for a few pennies, and returned it to the bankrupt owners

"the Plumbers"

A secret group created by Nixon that worked to stop government leaks to the press.

Ho Chi Minh

A self-proclaimed Communist, this Vietnamese nationalist founded a coalition called the Vietminh to fight both the occupying Japanese forces and the French colonial rulers during WW2. In 1945, the Vietminh declared Vietnam's independence from France, and when France fought to maintain its colony, the area plunged into war. Fearing the spread of communism with its possible domino effect, the Truman administration quietly provided aid to the French throughout the 10-year war which followed.

Neutrality Acts 1935-1937

A series of acts passed by Congress in order to avoid the circumstances that, they believed, had led the nation into WW1. The legislation prohibited making loans and selling arms to nations at war and authorized the president to warn Americans about traveling on ships belonging to belligerent countries.

Operation Wetback

A series of raids launched by the government in 1954, in which more than 1 million Mexicans without documentation were deported.

What was the great society? What did President Johnson seek to do in that range of programs?

A set of domestic programs with goals of total elimination of poverty and racial injustice.

What was the importance of the campaign known as "Black Power"?

A small movement but forced MLK to also advocate for Northern and Western blacks.

Community Action

A sponsored idea of Johnson's Office of Economic Opportunity, these were efforts to involve members of poor communities themselves in the planning and administration of programs designed to help them

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Bataan Death March

After the Philippines surrendered to the Japanese in May 1942, the Japanese victors marched the weak and malnourished survivors to a concentration camp. Thousands of captured American and Filipino soldiers died during the march, and 16,000 more perished in the concentration camp.

U.S. Military Involvement in Vietnam

After the partition Johnson Saw The Viet Cong

War Production Board

Agency established to set production priorities and to push for maximum output in WW2

The US military used planes to spray___________, a leaf-killing toxic chemical, which devastated the landscape of Vietnam.

Agent Orange

What prompted the riots at the University of Mississippi in the fall of 1962?

Air Force veteran James Meredith wanted to become the first black student.

What did congress authorize through the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution approved in August of 1964?

Allowed President to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the US.

Yet we still seem to be forging and modifying our ______________definition of "freedom"

American

The military group called the __________ organized many uprisings to draw attention to the needs of Native Americans.

American Indian Movement

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

American couple implicated by the 1950 confession of Klaus Fuchs, a British physicist who had worked on the atomic bomb project and confessed that he had been spying on behalf of the Soviets. This couple pleaded innocent but were convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage and electrocuted in 1953.

Define "American exceptionalism," and discuss its significance for the position of the United States relative to the rest of the world.

American exceptionalism is the idea that America is different from the rest of the world and exceptional compared to other nations. This means that America is more religiously concerned than other countries and of individual advancement rather than broad social welfare. But this also means income inequality and high rates of gun violence compared to other countries.

The launching of Sputnik I by the soviet Union in 1957 led to

American panic the creation of NASA the passage of the NDEA

Fort Snelling

American troops marched 1,700 Sioux here in the wake of the Santee Uprising; 400 Indians were put on trial for murder, and 38 Dakota were hanged in the largest mass execution in American history

Which of the following was a consequence of the Cuban missile crisis?

Americans and Soviets set up a "hotline" between the White House and the Kremlin in case of future emergencies.

Which of the following significant civil rights reforms did President George H. W. Bush sign into law in 1990?

Americans with Disabilities Act

Why did Medgar Evers receive death threats?

An African American, he tried to register to vote in Mississippi.

Tet Offensive

An enormous, multi-pronged attack from the Vietnamese communist forces upon the American strongholds throughout South Vietnam

Which nuclear weapons policy had the support of the majority of Americans during the early 1980s?

An immediate nuclear freeze

OPEC

An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. It's long name is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Gulf Oil Spill

An oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico owned by British Petroleum (BP) exploded, spewing millions of gallons of oil into the sea.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

An organization founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to nonviolently go against segregation

Carnegie Steel

Andrew Carnegie's company, the biggest steel business in the world during the Gilded Age, earning $40 million per year by 1900

Dr. Francis Townsend

Angry that many of his retired patients lived in misery, this doctor, based in Long Beach, California, proposed in 1934 the creation of the Old Age Revolving Pension, which would pay every America over age 60 a pension of $200 a month on the condition that they agreed to spend it within 30 days, thereby stimulating the economy. When his idea was rebuffed by the major political parties, he joined forces with the Union Party in time for the 1936 election.

The 1920's version of the KKK, was not only racist, but also _______________ and ____________________

Anti-Semitic; Anti-Catholic

GI Bill of Rights

Approved by Congress in June 1944, this promised to give veterans government funds for education, housing, and health care, and to provide loans to help them start businesses and buy homes

When was the city of Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City

April 1975

A. Philip Randolph

As head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, he promised that 100,000 African American marchers would descend on Washington if the president did not eliminate discrimination in defense industries. This prompted Roosevelt to issue Executive Order 8802 in mid-1941, which authorized the Committee on Fair Employment Practices to investigate and prevent racial discrimination in employment.

In what city did Mayor Connor order police to unleash their dogs and clubs on civil rights demonstrators?

Birmingham, Alabama

Nation of Islam

Black Muslims who advocate separation from whites because they believe whites cause black problems

George M. Pullman

Builder of Pullman railroad cars, who in the wake of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 moved his plant and workers away from the "snares of the great city". In 1880, he purchased 4,300 acres nine miles south of Chicago on the shores of Lake Calumet and built a model town in which to house his workers, charging high rents and controlling his employees with the threat of eviction. Even after slashing his workers' wages by 28% in 1893, his rent remained unnegotiable, and he took it automatically from his workers' pay checks.

Standard Oil

By the 1890s, this company ruled more than 90% of the oil business, employed 100,000 people, and was the biggest, richest, most feared, and most admired business organization in the world

Freedom Summer

CORE and SCLC hold a project to register black voting in Mississippi

Using peaceful tactics like boycotts and fasts, ___________ helped farm workers win more rights, higher wages, and other benefits.

Cesar Chavez

During the 1970s, Mexican Americans began to refer to themselves as ___________ to show pride in their Latin heritage.

Chicanos

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was created by the:

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Identify and describe the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Civil Rights Act of 1964: -March on Washington contributed to legislation outlawing racism in public establishments -beefed up 14th Amendment considerably to outlaw formal racism anywhere -also reaffirmed equal pay act for women (S. Democrats put in hoping that N. democrats would vote against whole bill) Voting Rights Act of 1965: -outlawed all the various excuses states used to keep Blacks and Hispanics from voting including literacy tests and poll taxes

The term benign neglect can be used to describe the Nixon administration's policies in which area?

Civil rights

A combination of public and private policies that favored economic speculation, wild spending, and get-rich-quick schemes over more traditional paths to economic growth and advancement put America's economy on the verge of___________by 2008.

Collapse

House Un-American Activities Committee

Congressional committee which pushed executive branch officials to go after suspicious employees more avidly and also conducted their own investigations of individuals' past and present political associations. When those under scrutiny refused to name names, investigators charged that silence was tantamount to confession, and these "unfriendly witnesses" lost their jobs and suffered public ostracism.

"New Right"

Conservative political movements in industrialized democracies that have arisen since the 1960's and stress "traditional values," often with a racist undertone.

Malcolm X

Controversial Muslim leader and speakers

Between 1981 and 1989 the defense budget rose from about $157 billion to

Correcta. $304 billion

Why did the sustained bombing of the Ho Chi Minh Trail achieve minimal results?

Correctc. North Vietnamese trucks traveled under camouflage and by night.

President's Committee on Civil Rights

Created by Harry Truman in 1946 to propose civil rights legislation. In February 1948, when Truman asked Congress to enact the committee's recommendations, Congress refused to act -- but 11 states outlawed discrimination in employment, and 18 banned discrimination in public accommodations. While running for reelection in 1948, Truman issued an executive order to desegregate the armed services, but it lay unimplemented until the Korean War.

Farmers' Holiday Association

Created by several thousand farmers in 1932, in response to Congress's refusal to guarantee farm prices equal to the cost of production, so named because its members planned to take a holiday from shipping crops to market; its members tried to disrupt non-members in their attempts to ship crops to market

Farm Security Administration

Created by the Agriculture Department in 1937 to provide housing and loans to help tenant farmers become independent

US Steel

Created in 1901 and capitalized at $1.4 billion, this was the largest corporation in the world. After acquiring Carnegie Steel, J.P. Morgan had pulled together Carnegie's chief competitors to form this huge new corporation, known today as USX.

In which of the following cities was President Kennedy assassinated?

Dallas

Rape of Nanking

Deadly rampage of murder, rape, and plunder perpetrated by Japanese invaders who had captured Nanking in December 1937 and celebrated by killing 200,000 Chinese civilians

Fidel Castro

Declared himself communist leader of Cuba

The New Deal didn't end the ____________________________

Depression

NATO

Designed in 1949 to counter a Soviet threat to Western Europe. The USA joined Canada and Western European nations in this, its first peacetime military alliance, thus pledging to go to war if one of its allies were attacked. The Senate had approved the general principle of regional alliances in June 1948.

After the fall of ______________, the French began to leave Vietnam.

Dien Bien Phu

in 1954 the Viet Minh defeated French troops in the battle of

Dien Bien Phu

The _____________ was based on the idea that countries on the brink of communism were waiting to fall to communism one after the other.

Domino Theory

Why did the Soviets build the Berlin Wall in August of 1961?

Each week more than 4,000 people fled East Berlin for the West.

Who was chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court when the case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas was decided in 1954?

Earl Warren

Alliance for Progress

Economical and technical assistance to Latin America

In which of the following cases did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that government and local school boards could not demand prayers in public schools?

Engle v. Vitale (1962)

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency; an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment

The ___________ would have guaranteed that both men and women would enjoy the same rights and protections under the law.

Equal Rights Amendment

Hydrogen bomb

Equivalent to 500 atomic bombs. In September 1949, the USA lost its nuclear monopoly when officials confirmed that the Soviets had detonated an atomic bomb. In an effort to keep the USA ahead, in January 1950, Truman approved the development of this super bomb, which was ready by 1954 but matched by the Soviets in November 1955.

National Recovery Administration

Established in June 1933, by the National Industrial Recovery Act, to encourage industrialists in every part of the economy to agree on codes defining fair working conditions, setting prices, and minimizing competition

New Deal programs that lasted: _________, _________, _________, and ______________________

FIDC; TVA; FLSA; Social Security

NATO members included both East and West Germany.

False

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Federal agency created by President Hoover in 1932 to help industry by lending government funds to endangered banks and corporations. Based on the theory of trickle-down economics, the hope was that money pumped into the economy at the top would benefit the poor people at the bottom -- but apparently, the poor saw little benefit

Bureau of Indian Affairs

Federal agency created in 1824 to oversee the "management" of Indians across the nation

The slogan "Equal Pay for Equal Work" is likely to be associated with the belief called ___________.

Feminism

Black Panthers

Fight police brutality and want black self-sufficiency

Flexible Response

Fighting conventional wars and keeping nuclear arms balanced to win wars around the world; nukes weren't used unless for a last resort

John Kennedy

First American Catholic president, elected in 1960

JFK's Flexible Response

First goal of JFK admin was to build up nation's armed forces warning that the Soviets were opening a missile gap. Already, the US had a great nuclear arsenal but the new admin wanted to put the Soviets on the defensive so they increased their arsenal which created, if it ever happened, a successful first strike. JFK admin augmented conventional military strength. Sec of Defense McNamara developed plans to add 5-combat ready army divisions and JFK started to like counterinsurgency. JFK wanted to build up the nuclear weapons so the US could call on a wide spectrum of force for a communist threat. Only danger was that the US could test its strength against Soviet Union.

Yuri A Gagarin

First man in space

Ultimately, the outcome of the 2000 election depended on the final result in:

Florida

Brown II

Following Brown v. Board of Education to order desegregation at all deliberate speed

While the Bush administration discouraged anti-Arab and anti-Muslim sentiment.........

Foreigners with Middle Eastern connections were rounded up and many were arrested.

The fall of the Berlin Wall was soon followed by:

Germany's reunification

Which of the following did Ronald Reagan NOT do as governor of California between 1967 and 1975?

He cut taxes for all income groups.

Subtreasury

Idea on the Populist platform, intended to help farmers get the credit they needed at reasonable rates. This was a plan that would allow farmers to store nonperishable crops in government storehouses until market prices rose; at the same time, borrowing against their crops, farmers would receive commodity credit from the federal government to enable them to purchase needed supplies and seed for the coming year. In the South, this promised to get rid of the crop lien system.

Marshall Plan

Introduced by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism. it was very successful.

Barbed wire

Invented and patented by Joseph F. Glidden in 1874, this revolutionized the cattle business and sounded the death knell for the open range as big ranchers began fencing in their cattle, forcing small-time ranchers who owned land but could not afford to purchase the new innovation to sell out for the best price they could get. The displaced ranchers, many of them Mexicans, ended up as wageworkers on the huge spreads owned by Anglos.

Operation Desert Shield

Iraq invades Kuwait and we send US troops and build up a coalition to take saddam hussein out and restore kuwait back to power.

Despite holding a number of elections in________, the United States found it impossible to create a government capable of exerting__________.

Iraq, control

Executive Order 9066

Issued by FDR on February 19, 1942. Authorized sending all Americans of Japanese descent to 10 internment camps located in remote areas of the West.

The leader of the Moral Majority was:

Jerry Falwell.

In the election of 1976, President Ford lost the presidential contest to

Jimmy Carter

Who was in charge of President Nixon's cover-up of the Watergate scandal?

John Dean

President Eisenhower's first secretary of state was

John Foster Dulles

The Liberty League (Liberty Bell) attracted support from former Democratic presidential nominees: _________________ and ____________________

John W. Davis; Al Smith

Eisenhower Doctrine

Joint resolution passed by Congress in March 1957 approving economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern nation requesting assistance against armed aggression from any country controlled by international communism. The president invoked this "Doctrine" to send aid to Jordan in 1957 and troops to Lebanon in 1958 to counter anti-Western pressures on those governments.

Actions of the Cold War

Kennedy believed Kennedy was The bay of pigs During the kennedy

Syngman Rhee

Korean nationalist who was elected president of South Korea in the UN-sponsored elections in July 1948, at which point the USA withdrew most of its troops from South Korea and, appreciating the president's anticommunism, provided small amounts of economic and military aid to this president's repressive government

Operation Desert Storm in 1991 resulted in the expulsion of Iraqi forces from

Kuwait

Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938

Legislation to moderate price swings by regulating supply. The plan combined production quotas on five staple crops -- cotton, tobacco, wheat, corn, and rice -- with storage loans through its Commodity Credit Corporation. The act's Federal Surplus Commodities Corporation added an element of charity by issuing food stamps so that the poor could obtain surplus food.

Jim Crow Laws

Local and state laws separating the races

On April 4, 1968, James Earl Ray shot and killed:

Martin Luther King Jr.

Coxey's Army

Masses of unemployed Americans who marched to Washington, D.C. in the spring of 1894, in the midst of economic depression, to call attention to their plight and to urge Congress to enact a public works program to end unemployment. Starting out from Ohio with 100 men, the army swelled as it marched east; in Pennsylvannia, several hundred workers left unemployed by the Homestead lockout joined the march. When they arrived in Washington, they were greeted by police, and the army had dissolved by August.

Dawes Act (1887)

Meant to encourage Indian assimilation through farming and ownership of private property, this legislation divided up reservations and allotted parcels of land to individual Indians as private property. Each Indian household was eligible to receive 160 acres of land from reservation property. This law effectively reduced Indian land from 138 million acres to 48 million acres, and the government reserved the right to sell the "surplus" to white settlers.

In 1962 James Meredith became the first African-American student at the University of

Mississippi

In 1956 Martin Luther King led a successful bus boycott in

Montgomery, Alabama

Camelot

Name of JFK's white house

During the 1968 presidential campaign, how did Nixon handle the Vietnam War?

Nixon avoided specifics but promised that the US would achieve peace with honor.

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada.

Warsaw Pact/NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; (1949) an alliance made to defend one another (militarily) if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark, Norway, Portugal and Iceland.

Washita Massacre

November 27, 1868: Black Kettle and his peaceful camp, with a white flag on display, were attacked by General Custer's army, which was chasing Indian raiders. 100 Cheyenne were killed, Black Kettle included.

What was the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

George Wallace

Outspoken defendant of segregation and governor of Alabama who tried to block the admission of black students to the University of Alabama in 1963

In May 2011 troops were sent to......

Pakistan in a raid that ended in the death of Osama Bin Laden.

Taft-Hartley Act

Passed by newly-Republican-controlled Congress in 1947 over Truman's veto. This legislation reduced the power of organized labor and made it more difficult to organize workers. For example, states could now pass "right to work" laws, which banned the practice of requiring all workers to join a union once a majority had voted for it. Many states, especially in the South and West, rushed to enact such laws, encouraging industries to relocate there.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Passed in 1882, this legislation effectively barred Chinese immigration and became a precedent for further immigration restrictions. Seen as a threat to American labor, the Chinese population dropped from 105,465 in 1880 to 89,863 in 1900 as a result of this law because Chinese immigrants, overwhelmingly male, did not have families to sustain their population.

Indian Reorganization Act

Passed in 1934, this legislation restored the right of Indians to own land communally and to have greater control over their own affairs

The U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education invalidated which previous Supreme Court ruling?

Plessy v. Ferguson*

New Frontier

Policies of Kennedy administration

Popular patriotism

Popular trust in the government rising, and public servants like firemen and police becoming national heroes.

National Security Agency (NSA)

President Bush authorized this to eavesdrop on American citizens' telephone conversations without a court warrant.

Nixon Doctrine

President Nixon's plan for "peace with honor" in Vietnam stating that the United States would honor its existing defense commitments but, in the future, countries would have to fight their own wars.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Prohibits discrimination based on race, gender, and religion

Civil Rights Act of 1968

Prohibits discrimination in housing

What was the goal of "reform capitalism"?

Prosperity for all based on a productive and growing economy

Wendell Willkie

Republican candidate in General Election of 1940. A former Democrat who generally favored New Deal measures and Roosevelt's foreign policy, he attacked Roosevelt as a warmonger, causing Roosevelt to promise voters, "Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars."

Thomas E. Dewey

Republican presidential candidate in 1944. As governor of New York, he had earned a reputation as a tough crime fighter but was narrowly defeated by FDR running for his 4th term.

During the 1964 election:

Republicans continued to make gains in the Deep South

Health-Care Bill of 2010

Required all Americans to purchase health insurance and most businesses to provide it to employees.

San Carlos Reservation

Reservation in the Arizona Territory, where the Apaches were expected to settle.

Geronimo

Respected shaman (medicine man) of the Chiricahua Apache, who refused to stay at San Carlos and repeatedly led raiding parties in the early 1880s. His warriors attacked ranches to obtain ammunition and horses, and were pursued by General Crook, who became frustrated and resigned.

Which American president signed legislation bringing the Environmental Protection Agency into existence?

Richard M. Nixon

In the 1996 election, President Bill Clinton won reelection over the Republican nominee

Robert Dole

On June 6, 1968, Sirhan Sirhan shot and killed:

Robert Kennedy

___________ was assassinated after winning the California primary.

Robert Kennedy

Which of the following American leaders were assassinated in 1968?

Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr.

Who founded the Crusade for Justice in Denver, Colorado in 1965?

Rodolfo Gonzales

The Supreme Court ruled in __________ that women have the right to have an abortion in the first three months of pregnancy.

Roe v. Wade

In late 1989, all the Communist regimes of Eastern Europe toppled bloodlessly EXCEPT that of:

Romania

Who were the Vietcong?

South Vietnamese rebel forces

Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad (1886)

Supreme Court case decided when the Court insisted that corporations be considered "persons". Reasoning that legislation designed to regulate corporations deprived them of "due process" guaranteed in the 14th Amendment, the Court struck down state laws regulating railroad rates, declared income tax unconstitutional, and judged labor unions a "conspiracy in restraint of trade. The Court insisted on elevating the rights of property over all other rights.

Munn v. Illinois

Supreme court case in which a state law regulating railroads was challenged in 1877. In this case, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of state regulation against railroads.

Wabash v. Illinois

Supreme court case in which a state law regulating railroads was challenged in 1886. In this case, the Supreme Court reversed the position it took in an earlier decision, and ruled that because railroads crossed state boundaries, they fell outside state jurisdiction.

Vertical integration

System of business organization pioneered by Andrew Carnegie, designed to guarantee the lowest costs and the maximum output. Under this system, all aspects of the business were under Carnegie's control -- from the mining of iron ore, to its transport on the Great Lakes, to the production of steel -- meaning there never had to be a price, profit, or royalty paid to any outsider.

Kit Carson

Tasked with taking troops to round up the Navajo 1863-1864

Gorbachev's policy of glasnost inspired the

Tearing down the Berlin Wall

1968: The World and U.S. Politics

Televised In the wake The events

Silent Majority

Term used by President Nixon to describe Americans who opposed the counterculture

The Great Recession

The busting of the housing bubble left U.S. banks holding billions in worthless investments, and in 2008 banks stopped making loans, business dried up, and the stock market collapsed. -More women than men in the U.S. held paying jobs after The Great Recession.

What provoked the "English only" movement starting in the 1970s?

The combination of immigration and civil rights resulted in voting materials in foreign languages.

Virginia City

The industrial center that grew around the Comstock Lode in Nevada in the 1870s. Irish immigrants formed the largest ethnic group here.

Jabob S. Coxey

The millionaire of Massilon, Ohio, who led the most publicized contingent of "Coxey's Army" inn 1894. Convinced that men could be put to work building badly needed roads for the nation, he proposed a scheme to finance public works through non-interest-bearing bonds. Instead of having his ideas listened to , however, when he arrived in Washington, he and many of his marchers were arrested and jailed for walking on the grass.

Malcolm X

The most celebrated member of the Nation of Islam; left that organization in 1964 with hope that racial problems could be overcome in America

Why were the 16 million added new jobs between 1982 and 1988 not as impressive as the number might suggest?

The new jobs in the service sector paid less than those lost in manufacturing.

Why did the American strategy of attrition fail in Vietnam?

The north Vietnamese were more committed to their cause than the americans predicted

How did police respond to the protesters outside the Democratic National Convention in Chicago on August 28, 1968?

The police clubbed and tear-gased the demonstrators outside the Hilton Hotel in downtown Chicago

How did police respond to the protesters outside the Democratic National Convention in Chicago on August 28, 1968?

The police clubbed and tear-gassed the demonstrators outside the Hilton Hotel in downtown Chicago.

What prompted Congress to update the Clean Air and Water Act?

The pollution caused by the Exxon Valdez disaster.

J. P. Morgan

The preeminent finance capitalist of the late 19th century, who loathed competition and sought whenever possible to eliminate it by substituting consolidation and central control. At the turn of the 20th century, he dominated American banking and acted as a power broker in the reorganization of the railroads and the creation of industrial giants such as General Electric and U.S. Steel.

From the perspective of Students for a Democratic Society, what did the Communist Party have in common with large universities and corporations?

They all were impersonal and undemocratic institutions.

Why did President Jimmy Carter eliminate tax breaks for private schools like the "Christian academies" popular in the South

They practiced racial discrimination

Why did President Jimmy Carter eliminate tax breaks for private schools like the "Christian academies" popular in the South?

They practiced racial discrimination.

What was the purpose of U.S. action at the Bay of Pigs?

To topple the Castro Regime

President Johnson was granted broad military powers by the _____________.

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

The Charter of the United Nations was drawn up in San Francisco by delegates from fifty nations, even before the fighting in Europe had ended.

True

The Truman Doctrine extended economic aid to Greece and Turkey, in the hope that it would halt any attraction that communism might have to their citizens.

True

The Viet Cong were the rebel army in South Vietnam.

True

The Arab Awakening starting in 2010 affected the nations of

Tunisia

1968 Presidential Election

Turbulent election, won by Richard Nixon

Cuba Quarantine of 1962

U.S naval blockade that we call quarantine to avoid war

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Guantánamo Bay

U.S. naval base that has been used as a detainment camp for hundreds of captured al Qaeda fighters.

Ngo Dinh Diem

U.S.-supported leader of South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963

Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)

USA agreed to abandon the Bozeman Trail and guaranteed the Indians control of the Black Hills, land sacred to the Lakota Sioux. Sitting Bull (Hunkpapa) and Crazy Horse (Oglala) refused to sign, but the Great Sioux Chief Red Cloud led many of his people onto the reservation (only to regret it later).

Peace Corps

Volunteers assist developing nations

Nikita Khrushchev

Who was helping Cuba?

Joseph McCarthy

Wisconsin senator who accused Democrats of fostering internal subversion and accused general George C. Marshall of belonging to a Communist conspiracy as part of the post-WW2 anti-Communist crusade

Commodity Credit Corporation

With the formation of this body, the federal government allowed farmers to hold their harvested crops off the market and wait for a higher price; in the meantime, the government stored the crop and gave farmers a commodity loan based on a favorable price; if the market price never rose above the loan level, the farmer took the loan as payment, and the government kept the crop

Crowds gathered at ____________ for a festival of music and drug use.

Woodstock

Which of the following organizations fought for the civil rights of Puerto Ricans in the United States?

Young Lords Party

Alienation and Liberation, continued

Youth Culture and Delinquency Rock and Roll

What was the United States' main goal in Vietnam? a)Reunify Vietnam b)Containing the spread of Communism c)Upholding the Geneva Accords d)Negotiating a cease-fire agreement with North Vietnam

`b) Containing the spread of Communism

The OPEC oil embargo was caused primarily by

a. US support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War.

Cuban Missile Crisis

an incident where Soviet missiles were placed in Cuba as a response for help. The event greatly increased tensions between the Soviets and the Americans. As a result, a hotline was established between the two nations to avoid any accidents.

The major motivation behind the Saturday Night Massacre was Nixon's desire to:

avoid handing over the key White House tapes.

One of Johnson's major goals in Vietnam was to:

avoid losing it to communism

Phyllis Schlafly became well known for her efforts to __________. a)Get the Equal Rights Amendment ratified b)Defeat the Equal Rights Amendment c)Organize radical demonstrations for women's rights d)Reverse the Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade

b) Defeat the Equal Rights Amendment

By 1966, black leaders like Stokely Carmichael and H. Rap Brown were proponents of what they termed:

black power

Which of the following was NOT considered a force that weakened the counterculture movement? a)Violent incidents b)The effects of drug use c)Transcendental meditation d)More and more dependency on welfare and other government programs

c) More and more dependency on welfare and other government programs

Homes in the Long Island development of Levittown sold in 1947 for the price of

c. $8,000

At the same time that the first Congress under President Ronald Reagan cut federal income taxes by about 25 percent, lawmakers also voted to

c. increase military spending.

Although the United States removed 150,000 troops from Vietnam in 1970, it expanded the war in Southeast Asia by

c. invading Cambodia and Laos.

In his first State of the Union address in January 1964, President Johnson declared "unconditional war on

c. poverty.”

Establishing the Peace Corps was part of President Kennedy's broader commitment to

convincing developing nations to model themselves after the United States.

The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 dealt with

curbing the power of labor unions.

What event was the most responsible for Chavez's group gaining negotiating power? a)A strike b)A protest march c)An act of Congress d)A national boycott

d) A national boycott

Whose book "The Feminine Mystique" inspired women to question their lives? a)Phyllis Schlafly b)Gloria Steinem c)Robin Morgan d)Betty Friedan

d) Betty Friedan

What was the main purpose of the War Powers Act? a)To expand the power of the military b)To expand the power of the president c)Restrict the power of the military d)Restrict the power of the president

d) Restrict the power of the president

The members of the counterculture movement were mostly _____________. a)Entertainers, artists, and musicians b)Latino and Native Americans c)Poor Urban youth d)White, middle-class college youths

d) White, middle-class college youths

Who was the commander of the US troops in Vietnam? a)Dean Rusk b)Clark Gifford c)Robert McNamara d)William Westmoreland

d)William Westmoreland

When was the National Organization for Women (NOW) founded?

d. 1966

By 1953, the United States covered what share of the French war costs in Vietnam?

d. 40 percent

The most popular television show of the decade was

d. <i>The Howdy Doody Show</i>

What role did consumption play in postwar American culture?

d. Mass consumption was extolled as a virtue that would provide employment and prosperity.

How did the Vietnam War transform Americans attitudes and credibility in government?

d. Most Americans became very skeptical of government especially as the credibility gap widened throughout the Johnson and Nixon administrations.

Which of the following was the most important technology in the 1950s?

d. the car

As a result of his son's death, Calvin Coolidge became ____________________

depressed

Saturday Night Massacre

dismissal of independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox, and the resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus during the Watergate scandal 1973.

Luciano's Commission was established to _________________ and _____________________ between all American mafia families

divide territory; resolve disputes

Enacted in 1944, the GI Bill of Rights provided

educational, job, and housing benefits for veterans.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

federal law that banned racial discrimination in public facilities and strengthened the federal government's power to fight segregation in schools. Title VII of the act prohibited employers from discriminating based on race in their hiring practices, and empowered the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to regulate fair employment.

Neil Armstrong

first man to walk on the moon

Traditionally, white evangelicals voted in lower numbers or

for the Democratic Party

The US became the first industrialized country in the world to _______________________________ its citizens

forcibly sterilize

President Ronald Reagan believed which of the following could best reduce poverty in the United States?

free market forces

Nixon's policy of "Vietnamization" involved:

gradually reducing the number of American troops in Vietnam.

"moral majority"

group that supported Reagan; returned to conservative, religious values

After Katrina, Bush's presidency was marked by:

growing public disapproval.

Although the economy bounced back from the recession of 2001,

growth over the next decade benefited the wealthy.

Reagan's experience as an actor:

helps explain his skill as a public speaker.

The person most persuasive in getting President Kennedy to endorse civil rights would have been:

his brother Robert

The person most persuasive in getting President Kennedy to endorse civil rights would have been:

his brother, Robert.

Kennedy's inauguration is best remembered for:

his elegant and inspiring rhetoric

Kennedy's inauguration is best remembered for:

his elegant and inspiring rhetoric.

President Nixon's final undoing can be attributed to

his taping of Oval Office conversations.

How did President Richard Nixon and his national security advisor Henry Kissinger conduct their foreign affairs?

in secret

Where did the drug LSD first emerge?

in the U.S. military

During Clarence Thomas's confirmation hearings, reports surfaced that he had sexually harassed an African American law professor, Anita Hill, when she worked for him

in the civil rights division of the Justice Department.

Al capone was brought down on the accusation of _____________________________

income tax easion

At the same time that the first Congress under President Ronald Reagan cut federal income taxes by about 25 percent, lawmakers also voted to

increase military spending.

Like most economists at the time, Bill Clinton expected globalization to

increase wealth as it sped the flow of data and goods.

Increased inflation during the early 1970s was caused by

increased military spending for the Vietnam War.

As President Richard M. Nixon reduced troop levels in Vietnam in 1969, he also

increased the pace of bombing in South Vietnam and Cambodia.

Which of the following was NOT an example of the deregulation that was part of Reaganomics?

increasing antitrust suits against corporate giants

The most serious economic problem that Truman faced was

inflation.

The Vietnam settlement signed on January 27, 1973:

left 150,000 Communist troops in South Vietnam.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

legislation pushed through Congress by President Johnson that prohibited ballot-denying tactics, such as literacy tests and intimidation. It was a successor to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and sought to make racial disenfranchisement explicitly illegal.

The welfare-reform measure passed by Congress in 1996:

limited the amount of time one could receive welfare payments.

Kerner Commission

names racism as main cause of urban violence

Bipartisan cooperation characterized relations between Congress and Truman on

national security.

By the end of 1970, the unemployment rate in the United States:

nearly doubled

Revelations of the Iran-Contra affair indicated that Reagan had violated his pledge to never:

negotiate with terrorists

Stagflation in the 1970s was caused by

no major tax increases under Presidents Johnson and Nixon to pay for federal government spending increased foreign competition reliance by the USA on cheap energy sources

Massive retaliation was the policy of threatening the expansion of Communist aggression by the use of

nuclear weapons

Beginning with Watts, the major race riots of 1965 and 1966:

occurred in large cities

Beginning with Watts, the major race riots of 1965 and 1966:

occurred largely in urban areas.

The labor shortages during the Second World War had led defense industries to:

offer Hispanics their first significant access to skilled-labor jobs.

During the 1964 campaign, Republican nominee Barry Goldwater:

offered a sharply conservative alternative to Johnson's policies

The Civil Rights Act of 1964:

outlawed segregation in public facilities.

The 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion was an attempt by the United States to do which of the following?

overthrow the communist government of Cuba

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, did all of the following EXCEPT:

paralyze the United States in fear and disunity.

Gerald Ford suffered terrible political damage when he:

pardoned Nixon

The postwar after World War II was based on

pent-up consumer demand economic stimulation during World War II increased economic productivity

After World War II, the economy avoided severe dislocations due to demobilization because

pent-up demand for consumer goods spurred production.

A huge demographic factor behind Reagan's electoral success was:

population growth in the South and West.

Richard Nixon:

possessed a shrewd intelligence and a compulsive love for combative politics.

Michael Harrington's book The Other America influenced President Johnson to declare war on:

poverty

Michael Harrington's book The Other America influenced President Johnson to declare war on:

poverty.

In his first State of the Union address in January 1964, President Johnson declared "unconditional war on

poverty."

The Bush Doctrine called for

preemptive military action

During the 1960 presidential race, John F. Kennedy:

promised to get the country "moving again"

Upon his election, President Ronald Reagan pledged to

promote a conservative social ethic regarding sex and religion.

In 1948, Republican candidate Thomas E. Dewey

proposed to run the government more efficiently.

The term Kennedy chose to describe his sealing off of Cuba to prevent Soviet shipments of weapons or supplies was ________.

quarantine

In 1948, the States' Rights Democratic party stood for

racial segregation.

Under the GI Bill of Rights, World War II veterans

received federal government-subsidized education and training secured federal government-backed mortgage loans to buy homes were given access to federal government hospitals

How did the University of Chicago economist Milton Friedman intend to ensure prosperity and freedom

reduced government spending and stringent control of the money supply

Changes in immigration law in 1965:

removed quotas based on national origin.

Changes in immigration law in 1965:

removed quotas based upon national origin

In foreign affairs, President Jimmy Carter voiced support for peaceful efforts to

replace the white regimes of South Africa and Rhodesia.

In its controversial Miranda v. Arizona decision, the Warren Court:

required that an accused person be informed of certain basic rights

De Jure Segregation

segregation by law

When Alabama governor George Wallace was ordered by federal marshals to stand aside from the doorway at the University of Alabama so that black students could enter, Wallace:

stood aside

In the wake of the November 2000 presidential election, Florida Governor Jeb Bush tried to

stop any recount.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism

Jimmy Carter became the first president to visit

sub african

Reaganomics embraced the economic theory known as

supply-side economics

President Johnson's landslide victory over Barry Goldwater suggested that the majority of American voters

supported federal spending on domestic problems.

From April 1948 to May 1949,

the Soviets blockaded Berlin.

Which political crisis of the 1950s highlighted the global web of connections and commitment that was forged by the demand for oil?

the Suez crisis

The Camp David Accords involved all of the following EXCEPT:

the creation of a Palestinian state on the West Bank.

Which event motivated president Ronald Reagan to appoint an advisory panel on combating the AIDS epidemic in 1985?

the death of actor Rock Hudson from AIDS

The Vietnam War led to all of the following, EXCEPT

the defeat of communism in Vietnam.

The most significant civil rights achievement of president Harry S Truman was

the desegregation of the military.

The crowning achievement of President Obama's anti-terrorism efforts was:

the discovery of Osama bin Laden's hideout.

In the case of Brown v. Board of Education in Topeka, the Supreme Court ruled that

the doctrine of separate but equal was unconstitutional

Johnson's Medicare program provided medical benefits to:

the elderly

Johnson's Medicare program provided medical benefits to:

the elderly.

By 1960-1961, a number of students had become inspired to become social reform activists by:

the example of the civil rights movement.

The new prosperity that Americans enjoyed after World War II depended largely on

the globalization of the international economy.

In its earliest years, the gay rights movement especially emphasized:

the importance of gays "coming out."

The congressional ban of DDT can be attributed to

the influence of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring.

Where did the global positioning system (GPS) originate?

the military

Early in his presidency, Kennedy accomplished all of the following EXCEPT:

the passage of a large tax cut

Although President Reagan was famous for his commitment to building up the American military,

the process actually began during Carter's term.

The protest tactic initiated by black students in Greensboro, North Carolina, was:

the sit-in

What drove so many young people to the Black Power movement in the mid-1960s?

the slow progress of nonviolent disobedience

Bush v. Gore

this case ruled in favor of Bush by saying that recounting the votes in certain counties of Florida was unconstitutional because of equal protection of the law; Gore's wish to make the process as simple and painless as possible backfired

To deal with labor strikes after World War II, Truman

took control of the coal mines.

George Wallace, governor of Alabama, followed the example of Mississippi governor Ross Barnett when Wallace

tried to prevent black students from entering his state's university.

In 1960, unemployment among Native Americans was ten times the national average, their life expectancy was twenty years lower, and their suicide rate was 100 times greater.

true

Nikita Khrushchev was Soviet premier while Kennedy was president.

true

In early 1968, increasing opposition to the war within his own party:

ultimately forced Johnson out of the presidential race

The Bay of Pigs invasion:

was thoroughly bungled by the CIA.

How did Republican candidates woo the formerly faithful Democratic constituency of ethnic white Americans into the GOP

with appeals for law and order

The mafia set up the _________________________

witness protection program

In the election of 1960, Senator John F. Kennedy

won a narrow victory over Richard Nixon

Federal Emergency Relief Act

New Deal legislation passed on May 12, 1933 to provide relief funds for the destitute

Jimmy Carter

(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.

Which of the following was the most controversial element of President Harry S. Truman's Fair Deal?

A comprehensive federal health insurance program.

Critique Richard Nixon's actions in the 1968 presidential race. Evaluate the quality of the evidence for his violation of the Logan Act or purported treason, and whether his actions were beneficial or harmful to the U.S. in the long run.

- Actions in election: interfered with foreign relations as a private citizen. Nixon and Kissinger disrupted the three-way peace talks (U.S., South Vietnam and North Vietnam), telling the South and its leader President Thiệu through intermediary Madame Anna Chennault that, if they hung on until Nixon was president, they'd get a better deal. -Treason: was wiretapped by FBI and tapped S Vietnamese embassy in Washington, Nixon denied charges in phone call, Johnson decides not to publicize - Interfering with foreign relations as a private citizen is a felony under the Logan Act.

Explain the ways that Henry David Thoreau and Mahatma Gandhi influenced the philosophy of Martin Luther King, Jr.

- For inspiration MLK looked to Gandhi, who preached reliance on satyagraha, loosely translated as the "truth force." Using Non-violent protests. -American writer Henry David Thoreau advocated a similar approach a century earlier in Civil Disobedience. King distinguished his message from Gandhi's passive resistance. - Like Gandhi, King used activist speeches- transferred the moral burden of violence onto his oppressors for all to see. - Like Thoreau and Gandhi, Reverend King argued that some laws were worth breaking on behalf of a higher moral cause.

Identify the Great Society and contrast the legislative achievements of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Which congressmen passed LBJ's landmark civil rights legislation?

- Kennedy: New Frontier agenda, win Space Race against soviets, lowered taxes, sent troops in South to integrate Mississippi Univ and Alabama; signed Equal Pay Act- outlawing sex discrimination in pay for equal work, Title IX- ensured girls and women could play sports - Johnson: Great Society, "war on poverty", expanded New Deal, added Medicare to Social Security, helped secure funds for low-income housing, refused to sign Southern Manifesto opposing integration, 1964 Civil Rights Act (outlawed discrimination in public), 1965 Voting Rights Act (outlawed poll tax),

Contrast Richard Nixon's strategy for attaining victory in Vietnam with Lyndon Johnson's. How were their strategies similar? How did they vary?

- Nixon: didn't want resolution to crisis before election, convinced Kissinger w/ promise of being in NSA(Security Agency), disrupted peace talks by saying better deal with Nixon; handed more responsibilities over to South Vietnamese Army, vietnamization -- troops dropping, transfer of fighting responsibilities; entice Chinese into stopping support of N Vietnam by linkage and detente strategies; didn't work so negotiated settlement that divided along 17 parallel; strategic bombings, SAME AS JOHNSON and lots of americans died; never fostered stable S Vietnamese gov't - Johnson: wanted to end war along terms similar to Korean, w/ country divided along 17th

Identify Barry Goldwater and analyze how the 1964 Election triggered a shift in voting patterns.

- Republican -Didn't support national intervention on racism or civil rights, but wasn't racist -got crushed in presidential election and led to most liberal era. -wanted Social Security to be optional and aggression against communism in containment -wanted nuclear weapons under pentagon -leader of Conservative Counter-Revolution: resisting the growth, role, and scale of the government

Bush administration policymakers were determined to do what?

-Remove Hussein from power in Iraq. -They (wrongly) believed Iraqis would welcome the U.S. Army as liberators and quickly establish a democratic government, allowing the United States to withdraw its troops.

Evaluate the limitations and legacy of the 1960s counterculture (according to our textbook).

-"junior-grade hipsters": rejected the materialism, violence, and racism of mainstream culture; rejected work ethic -Individualism undermined group political action; some groups Students for Democratic Society advocated for progressive causes - FBI started a project called COINTELPRO, which undermined organized expressions of the counterculture and the Civil Rights movement. -Berkeley protests attracted lots of students to hippie movement -opposition to fighting war -Counterculture had a big cultural impact that outlasted the '60's, emboldening the sexual revolution, ushering in shaggier groovy dos and facial hair, reinvigorating popular music, popularizing recreational drug use, and contributed to "blue islands"- referring to liberal areas

Identify and describe the appeal of Richard Nixon's Law & Order campaign.

-1968 had been a rough year in America, with the assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Bobby Kennedy, setbacks in the Vietnam War, and rioting and crime in the streets. People thought the world was crashing down around them. Nixon promised to return "law and order" to American streets if elected in 1968 - Nixon narrowly won on fear and pessimism over Humphrey in '68.

Describe how, including the 24th Amendment, 1965 Immigration Act, Loving vs. Virginia (1967) case, and Fair Housing Act of 1968, the Civil Rights Movement changed the legal landscape regarding race in America.

-24th amendment: outlawed poll tax -Immigration: welcomed ppl from around the world by abolishing national origins quota system -Lovings v Virginia: outlawed banning interracial couples -Fair Housing: banning discriminatory practices in real estate(redlining and blockbusting) -OVERCAME EPIC FILIBUSTERS IN SENATE- A filibuster is a political procedure where one or more members of parliament or congress debate over a proposed piece of legislation so as to delay or entirely prevent a decision being made on the proposal.

Contrast the civil rights strategies of the early Southern, Christian-led movement and the Northern, Nation of Islam-oriented Black Power movement. Who were the primary leaders of the Black Power movement?

-Black Panthers: trained militarily, vowing to defend themselves if attacked by white police, keep black drug dealers off the streets -Nation of Islam: followers endorsed same segregationist policies as white oppressors, turned traditional racism around -embraced African culture and ethnic pride -never resulted in substantive political changes of non-violent movement led by MLK -impacted society and popular culture -Primary leaders of Black Power movement were, Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale, Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael.

Identify the Conservative Counter-Revolution and George Wallace and trace their rise in popularity over the course of the 1960s.

-Conservative Counter-revolution opposed liberals, and the Counterculture -Alabama Governor attacked civil rights legislation and movement towards racial integration -ran for president in 1968 and 1972 -hated hippies and Blacks -became governor of Alabama again in 1980s supporting blacks

Analyze what can we learn about conspiracy theories in general from the conspiracy theories surrounding the Kennedy assassination. Why does it present a problem if more than one sounds convincing?

-Conspiracy theories teach us that individually they seem plausible but when you look at other theories they contradict each other. -The problem is how compelling various freestanding theories can sound in isolation. If we know that, at the least, all of them are wrong but one, since they conflict with each other, then collectively they show how right theories that are wrong can sound.

Black Lives Matter

-Demanded that police practices be changed and officers who used excessive force be held accountable. -The movement used social media to organize protests and most content was created by bystanders using their cell phones.

Describe what went wrong for the Democratic Party in the 1968 election.

-Democrats divided; S Whites over desegregation and northern liberals over Vietnam. -Turned on Johnson bc of escalation of Vietnam -Sirhan Sirhan shot Robert Kennedy the night he won CA primary -young crowd rioted in Chicago over Vietnam war; embarrassed Democrats

Hurricane Katrina (2005)

-Despite scientists' warnings, the levee system had not been reinforced by the federal government. -The levees broke when the storm hit on August 29, and nearly the entire city - with a population of half a million - was flooded, along with nearby portions of Louisiana and Mississippi Gulf Coast. -The mayor had ordered evacuations too late and not provided for those unable to leave the city. -The Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) was directed by an official with no experience in disaster management, and was grossly unprepared for a disaster of this scope!

Explain how the mid-20th century black Civil Rights movement incorporated strategies pioneered by early civil rights leaders.

-Du Bois: wanted courts to beef up 14th and 15th amendments to secure basic rights of citizenship and voting; Niagara Movement; co founder of NAACP; advocated for Pan-Africanism globally -Washington: more gradualist approach advocating that Blacks get up to speed in segregated vocational colleges before pushing for full equality; Atlanta Compromise; promoting education -Marcus Garvey: promoted black business ownership

Summarize how the U.S. got involved in Vietnam between World War II and 1963. Identify the importance of the: Atlantic Charter, NSC-68, Relations With France & Japan, Domino Theory.

-Eisenhower sent Ngo Dinh Diem to take over South Vietnam and US aided but couldn't organize effective gov't, no elections -Viet Cong (Minh supporters) started to assassinate village leaders that supported Diem -civil war btwn S Vietnam and National Liberation Front (NLF), Viet Cong, Viet Minh, People's Army of N Vietnam (backed by China and USSR to lesser extent) -Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill vowed in their 1941 ATLANTIC CHARTER to support decolonization, or independence movements, in the postwar world. -NSC-68 declared that US would fight communism anywhere and everywhere on the Eurasian continent. -Japanese invaded France territories(during WWII) for tin and rubber. Led US to question trading partnership with Japan bc could threaten US oil in Indonesia. FDR cut off oil and steel exports to Japan setting stage. US helped China and England liberate Vietnamese from Japanese control, but France couldn't regain control. -France worried if Vietnam became communist rest of region would "fall like dominoes" to communism

Discuss the politics of America's highways. Who pays for them? Why did America choose roads over passenger/commuter rail? What's the purpose of the 4-lane interstates?

-Eisenhower signed Interstate Highway Act of 1956 Four-lane interstate was seen as efficient for military purposes. Armed convoys could move around on the interstate. Overpasses were/are at least 17-ft high so that nuclear warheads can pass underneath. -PA pioneered 4 lane system w/ Turnpike, created so vehicles didn't have to stop at every light in every town their highway bisected, and could pass each other safely in between. -Open-access free roads funded by gov't, in between are state or country-funded roads and farm-to-market roads. -Excise taxes on oil, vehicles, tires went toward road construction in "self-fueling system"; charged to wholesalers rather than retailers but mostly passed to consumers.

Explain why Eisenhower and the U.S. didn't want to sign the 1954 Geneva Convention or honor the convention's call for country-wide elections.

-Geneva Accords: called for dividing Vietnam along 17 Parallel w/ independent N and French held S; communists wanted to unify whole country -Eisenhower, meanwhile, felt that even fully participating in the Geneva talks sanctioned the communists' takeover in the north. -While the U.S. sent a representative to Geneva, it didn't sign the agreement, mainly because they knew the wrong guy would win a unified election: Ho Chi Minh. -Neither side really trusted the other enough for verifiable elections. Voting requires political stability.

Patriot Act

-Granted unprecedented powers to law enforcement agencies charged with preventing the new, vaguely defined crime of "domestic terrorism," including the power to: -Wiretrap -Spy on citizens -Open and read personal communications. -Obtain personal records from third parties like -universities and libraries without the suspect's knowledge.

Describe how the Civil Rights movement connected to public education, both K-12 and colleges.

-In 1954, the Court integrated all U.S. public schools in the Brown v. Board case. -Ike took a stand against the Arkansas National Guard being used to keep black students out of Little Rock's Central High School in 1957. -At the University of Alabama, similar rioting ensued and Governor George Wallace (D) took advantage of the media exposure. -Public schools that allowed Blacks too much access incurred the wrath of politicians.

Explain how the Rodney King and O.J. Simpson trials in Los Angeles exemplified and/or caused racial tension in America circa 1990s.

-In 1991, a passerby videotaped white cops beating up black, unarmed drunk driver Rodney King with batons. The police were acquitted by an all-white jury increasing racial tensions. -a mostly-black jury acquitted "the Juice" despite DNA evidence implicating him in the death of his wife, Nicole, and Ron Goldman (both white). The jury in O.J.'s trial didn't really think he was innocent, they were just balancing out the scale of justice, in their view, for years of racism on the part of the LAPD. -bookends

Identify White Flight and analyze how race and class played into urban expansion and freeway construction in the postwar period. As a case study, how did Austin encourage racial segregation?

-Interstate Act rough on ghettos -Gov't has right to eminent domain = right to expel residents while paying them full market value; poorer the neighborhood, easier to match market value -Segregation = key to real estate development; homes affordable to commoners -curvilinear roads provided maze that discourage outsiders from going through, gave peace and quiet -Banks and VA agents denied benefits to black veterans -White flight from inner cities --> develop of suburbs -Covenants promised never to re-sell property to Blacks, Hispanics or Jews. -Gov't redlined all-white areas on maps and awarded lower-rate mortgages; sub prime interest rate loans, (denied all minorities financial services, like banking and insurance) -donut effect: donut holes of poverty and rubble in the center surrounded by prosperity in white suburbs -gentrification - reviving inner city homes and driving up tax rates on existing minority homeowners(renovating poor neighborhoods in turn increases land rent and drives out poorer people previously living there) -Austin: I-35 separated east and west Austin, using interstate as physical barrier to affirm segregation; reinforced 1928 city plan for "negro district", realtors agreed to never re-sell anything in W Austin to Blacks or Hispanics hoping to segregate completely, city didn't provide water/electricity for minorities w/ homes outside Eastside districts

Discuss how and why the Tet offensive was a turning point in Americans' attitudes toward the Vietnam War. Analyze why its interpretation among journalists, historians, the Pentagon, and the public remain controversial.

-Johnson rallied US forces to defend Khe Sanh (air base) and launched B-52 raids in hills surrounding base's perimeter -VC surprised US by simultaneously attacking 55 cities on Tet (Chinese New Year's holiday), snuck weapons in everyday items; caught military and public back home off guard -public was confused as to how the communists could've launched such an attack, just after the authorities were telling the public that victory was imminent. -The growing tension between the Pentagon and media was important because Vietnam was the first war with footage and body counts featured nightly on the evening news. -widened credibility gap and reduced public's trust. Decreased public's support for the war.

Describe how violence and protests in Alabama and the 1963 March on Washington impacted civil rights legislation.

-Kennedy was an incrementalist that didn't want to push too fast, fearing that would endanger the movement. -LBJ (Kennedy's VP) refused to sign the aforementioned Southern Manifesto to resist school integration in 1956. -When JFK died, President Johnson pressured the FBI to crack down on the KKK rather than King. -LBJ became committed to promoting civil rights for all minorities. -Led to Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act

Analyze and assess the theory that Hollywood radicals were trying to dismantle the American system. What did Hollywood do to leftist Actors?

-MPA Blacklist never had any formal legal authority but damaged careers and included people who weren't communists. -Violated SPIRIT of free speech. -Some of Hollywood Ten fired people from the industry that really were active communists -Committee for First Amendment formed in response to blacklisting leftists -In the end, 50 directors signed to blacklist anyone who wouldn't submit to interrogation before HUAC

Analyze how broader American culture mirrored the government's attempts to ferret out communists.

-Red Scare against Communism: second in US history after post WWI outbreak; widespread fear by society about a potential rise of communism, anarchism, or radical leftism. -Hollywood blacklisting of leftist actors

Evaluate the successes, failures, and challenges of Harry Truman's Fair Deal. Identify the Old Guard, and explain their importance.

-The Fair Deal supported civil rights legislation, universal health insurance, expansion of Social Security benefits, and repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act that weakened labor the year before. -Pros: strong unions and prosperous working class, big housing and consumer economy, low interest rates, lasting impact, small increase in min wage, expansion of Social Security to include Cost Of Living Allowances, helped cement the New Deal. -Cons: didn't add much to New deal liberalism, defeated on health insurance by AMA.(Medical Association) -The "Old Guard" was a coalition of northern Republicans and southern Democrats that mostly blocked the Fair Deal. They blocked civil rights legislation, supporting black voting rights and prohibiting lynching.

Summarize the military strategy the U.S. employed in Vietnam. How far was the U.S. willing to go to keep communism out of South Vietnam, and why wasn't it willing to exert its full capacity for warfare on the North Vietnamese?

-The U.S. hoped to eliminate the VC (Viet Cong) from South Vietnam, but they didn't want things to escalate into a major war with China or the USSR, so they never invaded the North directly other than an aerial bombing campaign called Operation Rolling Thunder. The three-year campaign was the biggest sustained air battle of the Cold War, but never accomplished its goal of fully destroying the North Vietnamese economy. -They didn't exert full capacity of warfare because they didn't want escalation into a major war with China or the USSR.

Evaluate the consequences of the September 11 attacks for Americans' understanding of their security.

-The USA PATRIOT Act conferred unprecedented powers on law enforcement agencies. - Foreigners with middle eastern connections were rounded up an arrested. - Guantanamo Bay was up as a detention camp. - Secret military tribunals didn't have constitutional protections were held against non-citizens. - Regulations to protect people against the power of the CIA and FBI were rescinded unilaterally by president. - During War on Terror, U.S. government thought it should not be bound by international law and could torture people.

From Short Video: Analyze how the la Drang battle symbolized the Vietnam conflict. How did it exemplify the strategic problems the U.S. faced fighting in South Vietnam?

-The battle was extremely important because it was the first significant contact between U.S. troops and North Vietnamese forces. The action demonstrated that the North Vietnamese were prepared to stand and fight major battles even though they might take serious casualties. Senior American military leaders concluded that U.S. forces could wreak significant damage on the communists in such battles--this tactic lead to a war of attrition as the U.S. forces tried to wear the communists down. -The North Vietnamese also learned a valuable lesson during the battle: by keeping their combat troops physically close to U.S. positions, U.S. troops could not use artillery or air strikes without risking injury to American troops. This style of fighting became the North Vietnamese practice for the rest of the war.

Explain why relations were so contentious between labor and management in the immediate aftermath of World War II. Identify the key legislation that affected labor.

-The relations between labor and management were so contentious because Management wanted the 1935 Wagner Act repealed, the Wagner Act compelled management to negotiate with unions, supply minimum wage, and guaranteed basic worker rights. Labor wanted to hang on to their gains and underscored their determination with a series of (connected) secondary strikes in railroads, coal, steel, and autos in 1946. -Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 outlawed communism among labor leaders, union political contributions, Businesses requiring union membership, and boycotts

Analyze and describe the pros and cons of Affirmative Action. How, in some cases, do Whites benefit from Affirmative Action?

-The traditional argument against any demand for equality is that particular groups shouldn't get special treatment. -The flaw in that is asking for any special treatment; they're asking for equal treatment as measured by whatever privileges a given society affords the dominant group. -Another complication with Affirmative Action is that its beneficiaries might feel their achievements are devalued. -Without caps, Asians might be majority at many leading colleges. -Affirmative action benefits Whites over superior Asians and Women -Pros: restrict discrimination against equally or better-qualified minorities -Cons: seen as going too far (e.g. inferior applicants getting preferential treatment and discriminating against Whites), beneficiaries might feel achievements devalued

Identify the My Lai Massacre and explain how the liberation policy backfired.

-The worst recorded atrocity was at Song Mỹ village — My Lai and My Khe or "Pinkville" to the U.S. since it was a Viet Cong stronghold. In March 1968, some mentally drained U.S. troops lost control there, raping, dismembering, and massacring between 350 and 500 civilians for four hours. -The liberation campaigns didn't win over the hearts and minds of many neutral converts. Likewise, the My Lai photos didn't win over the hearts and minds of many Americans back home.

Bush demanded what from Afghanistan?

-To surrender Osama bin Laden, who had a base in that country. -Bush called the operation in Afghanistan "Enduring Freedom".

Evaluate and critique the successes and failures of the Great Society's war on poverty and racism.

-Under President Lyndon B. Johnson -Great Society lowered the rate of black poverty and malnutrition for pennies on the dollar (despite taxpayer's complaints), creating a black middle class and empowering millions through the 1964-68 legislation. Overall poverty rates dropped. -But most African Americans remained mired in poverty, with underfunded public schools and poor municipal sanitation. The historic legacy of redlining, subprime mortgages, segregation, and neighborhood covenants was still in place even after the Fair Housing Act, creating residual, institutional, or "structural racism."

Explain how and why NSC-68 trumped the Atlantic Charter as far as America's role in Vietnam. Distinguish between Truman's narrower "rotten apples in a barrel" policy (LO 13:2) toward key areas and the broader "domino theory" applied to the entire Eurasian landmass.

-Under Truman, the U.S. was dedicated to preventing the spread of communism, especially after NSC-68 (1950) declared that they would fight communism anywhere and everywhere on the Eurasian continent. Trumped Atlantic Charter and led to U.S. involvement in Vietnam War. -US needed both Japanese and French alliances; France worried if Vietnam became communist rest of region would "fall like dominoes" to communism -The U.S. supported countries gaining their independence from Europeans(Atlantic Charter), but not if the new, independent country was a communist dictatorship or even a socialist democracy. Vietnam appeared headed for a communist dictatorship.

The Pullman Strike

1894: George Pullman's workers rebelled against pay cuts and piecework, turning to the American Railway Union for help. George Pullman responded by firing 3 of the union's leaders the day after they led a delegation to protest wage cuts. Angry men and women walked off the job; what began as a spontaneous protest quickly blossomed into a strike involving over 90% of Pullman's 3,300 workers. Pullman shut down the plant and refused arbitration, leading to a nationwide boycott of Pullman cars. The boycott was peaceful and effective, but with the help of the GMA and Attorney General Richard B. Olney, Pullman put down the strike, reopened his factory, hired new workers to replace many of the strikers, and left 1600 workers without jobs.

Little Rock Central High School

A group of African-Americans who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school.

What contradictory trend did American women experience in the 1950s?

A growing number of women in the workplace, but a new celebration of traditional families.

The Assassination of JFK

A larger middle class Johnson's war The substantial

Attorney General Richard B. Olney

A lawyer with strong ties to the railroads who, determined to put down the Pullman Strike, convinced President Grover Cleveland that federal troops needed to intervene to protect the mails. With the strikers violating a federal injunction and with the mails in jeopardy (the GMA made sure that Pullman cars were put on every mail train), Cleveland called out 8000 troops who marched into Chicago and killed 25 workers in one day. The strikers held firm in the face of bullets and bayonets, but the injunction and subsequent arrest of Eugene V. Debs ended the boycott and the strike.

Who was Malcolm X?

A leader within the Nation of Islam, did not agree with MLK's non-violence strategy, and believed that, while non-violence was fine if whites remained non-violent, the black community should be able to use violence in self-defense.

New Deal program that were ruled unconstitutional: _____________ and _______________

AAA; NRA

What was involved in the immigration and nationality services act of 1965?

Abolished discriminating annual quotas based on an immigrants national origin and hemispheric ceilings and a limit that no more than 20,000 people could come from any one country per year.

In the election of 1952, General Dwight D. Eisenhower easily won the presidency over the Democratic nominee

Adlai Stevenson

Popular Front

Advocated by the Soviet Union in 1935, as they instructed Communists throughout the world to join hands with non-Communist progressives to advance the fortunes of the working class against the threat of fascism in Europe; this caused many radicals to switch from opposing the New Deal to supporting its relief programs and encouragement of labor unions

The conservative mood of the mid-1990s especially manifested itself in a number of court rulings that limited:

Affirmative action

Which of the following groups or individuals were the primary instigators of the movement toward civil rights during the 1950s and 1960s?

African American activist

The post-World War II migration of Americans in minority communities affected

African Americans Puerto Ricans Mexican Americans

Who was James Meredith? What was his connection with the University of Mississippi in 1962?

African american veteran who enrolled in the all white University of Mississippi. Marshals and eventually the national guard were sent by JFK to enforce the law and let Meredith go to college there.

Many warned that the administration's obsession with Iraq distracted the United States from its real foe,_____________, which could still launch terror attacks

Al Qaeda

Why did President Bill Clinton try to pressure the Taliban in Afghanistan to expel Osama Bin Laden in October 2000?

Al Qaeda commandos had blown a hole into the USS Cole in a harbor off the coast of Yemen.

General Managers Association

An organization of managers from 24 different railroads, this association acted in concert with George Pullman to quash the Pullman strike and end the boycott. They recruited strikebreakers and fired all the protesting switchmen, prompting train crews at more than 15 railroads across 27 states and territories to strike in a show of solidarity with the Pullman workers, paralyzing rail lines from New York to California. Although the strike/boycott remained peaceful, the association fed the media press releases that exaggerated the situation, inciting public opinion against the strikers.

Farmers' Alliance Movement

As circumstances grew more desperate for farmers, they organized, forming regional alliances, the first of which came together in Lampasas County, Texas. The movement spread rapidly during the 1880s, and regional groups consolidated into two regional alliances: the Northwestern Farmers' Alliance, active in Kansas,, Nebraska, and other midwestern Granger states, and the more radical Southern Alliance, which spread rapidly from Texas to Louisiana and Arkansas, and even attempted to make common cause with blacks as it worked with the Colored Farmers' Alliance, an African-American group founded in Texas in the 1880s.

Radicalism and the Civil Rights Movement

As many As 10,000 "Black Power" philosophy The Instilling of racial pride

Employment Act of 1946

As part of the only one of Truman's 21 proposals to be approved by Congress, full-employment legislation, this legislation invested the federal government with the responsibility to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power, thereby formalizing what had been implicit in Roosevelt's actions to counter the depression-- government's responsibility for maintaining a healthy economy. The law created the Council of Economic Advisors to assist the president, but it authorized no new powers to translate the government's obligation into effective action.

Lee Harvey Oswald

Assassinated JFK during motorcade on November 22, 1963

Crime of '73

At the behest of those who favored the gold standard, the Republican Congress in 1873 voted to stop buying and minting silver. By sharply contracting the money supply at a time when the nation's economy was burgeoning, critics charged that the Republicans had enriched bankers and investors at the expense of cotton and wheat farmers and industrial wage workers.

Neutrality Act of 1937

Attempted to reconcile the nation's desire for both peace and foreign trade with a "cash-and-carry" policy that required warring nations to pay cash for nonmilitary goods and to transport them in their own ships. Modified in 1939 to include military goods.

Freedom Rides

Attempts by interracial groups of students, traveling by bus throughout the South, to force the desegregation of bus stations

Committee on Fair Employment Practices

Authorized by Executive Order 8802 in mid-1941 to investigate and prevent racial discrimination in employment in defense industries. A. Philip Randolph, head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, had promised that 100,000 African American marchers would descend on Washington if the president did not eliminate discrimination in defense industries

In the election of 1964, President Johnson defeated

Barry Goldwater

Which individual is considered to be the founder of the modern American conservative movement?

Barry Goldwater

What happened in the election of 1964?

Barry Goldwater (Republican) was outlandishly conservative and Johnson won all but six states.

Truman's Loyalty Program

Began in March 1947 when Truman issued Executive Order 9835 to establish loyalty review boards throughout the government to investigate every federal employee. Truman later admitted that this had been a mistake, as government investigators violated the Bill of Rights by allowing anonymous informers to make charges and placing the burden of proof on the accused. More than 2000 civil servants lost their jobs, and another 10,000 resigned as the program continued into the mid-1950s.

Jackie Robinson

Black baseball player who integrated major league baseball when he played for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947, braving abuse from fans and players to win the Rookie of the Year Award

How did the G.I. Bill highlight racial inequality in American society?

Black veterans remained excluded from opportunities in education, even though they could pay tuition with the G.I. Bill.

Freedom Riders

Blacks and whites sit using facilities together to protest segregation

Timothy McVeigh

Blew up the Murrah Building in Oklahoma City in April, 1995, killing 168 people.

What was the first form of sustained military action that American troops undertook in Vietnam?

Bombing of North Vietnam

G. Bush

Born in Massachusetts, but mostly raised in Texas; WWII carrier pilot who was shot down and rescued by submarines; the father of our only father-son Presidents; was president during Dessert Storm; his VP was Dan Quayle.

Which of the following most alienated public opinion toward the Soviet Union in Western Europe, Japan, and the United States in the mid-1980s?

Correcta. The war in Afghanistan.

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who published "The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money" in 1936, which supplied a theoretical basis for New Deal legislation

President Ronald Reagan believed which of the following could best reduce poverty in the United States?

Correcta. free market forces

Panic of 1893

Caused a deep economic depression, the worst the country had yet seen. Grover Cleveland feared that the USA might go bankrupt in the winter of 1894-95 as individuals and investors, rushing to trade in their banknotes for gold, strained the country's monetary system, pushing the Treasury's gold reserves so low that the gold standard looked in trouble. To save the gold standard, Cleveland made a controversial deal with J.P. Morgan, who unleashed a group of bankers to purchase gold abroad and supply it to the Treasury. Thus the gold standard was saved, unlike the millions who faced hardship while Cleveland, citing his belief in limited government, insisted that nothing could be done to help.

How did Americans initially react to President Richard Nixon's and Henry Kissinger's policy of détente toward the Soviet Union?

Correcta. They lauded them as masters of foreign policy.

Farmers' Cooperative Movement

Characterized by a series of farmers' cooperatives at the heart of the Alliance movement. By "bulking" their cotton (selling it together), farmers could negotiate a better price; by setting up trade stores and exchanges, they sought to escape the grasp of the merchant/creditor. Alliances could not succeed in their attempts to run cooperative stores, however, as opposition by merchants, bankers, and manufacturers made it impossible for cooperatives to get credit. As the cooperative movement died, the Farmers' Alliance moved toward direct political action: Texas farmers drafted a set of demands in 1886 and pressured political candidates to endorse them; in 1890, the Southern Farmers' Alliance called for railroad regulation, laws against land speculation, and currency and credit reform.

The ______________________, which prohibited discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, national origin, and religion, also prohibited, discrimination on the basis of sex

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Why did President Jimmy Carter eliminate tax breaks for private schools like the "Christian academies" popular in the South?

Correcta. They practiced racial discrimination.

What followed in the wake of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968?

Correcta. Uprisings occurred in more than 100 cities across the country.

Paul Tibbets

Colonel who piloted the Enola Gay over Hiroshima and released the first atomic bomb on August 6, 1945. 3 days later, after the Japanese government still refused to surrender, airmen trained by this colonel dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki, killing more than 100,000 civilians

Gustavus Swift

Combining mass production with mass distribution in meatpacking, this businessman did for meatpacking what Carnegie did for steel, putting together a vertically-integrated meatpacking business that controlled the entire process -- from the purchase of cattle for slaughter to the mass distribution of meat to retailers and consumers. His transformation of the beef industry stimulated the rise of commercial cattle ranching in the West, which in turn led to overgrazing and contributed to the near extinction of the bison and the ultimate conquest of Native American tribes. A national market created a complicated web, an intricate tangle of competition and dependency.

General George Patton

Commanded American tank units in the North African campaign, helping the Allied armies to defeat the Germans in North Africa by May 1943. The North African campaign killed and captured 350,000 Axis soldiers, pushed the Germans out of Africa, made the Mediterranean safe for Allied shipping, and opened the door for an Allied invasion of Italy.

How did Republican candidates woo the formerly faithful Democratic constituency of ethnic white Americans into the GOP?

Correcta. With appeals for law and order.

The underlying cause of the political upheaval in 1980 was

Correcta. a decade-long erosion of public faith in government.

Traditionally, white evangelicals voted in lower numbers or

Correcta. for the Democratic Party.

Foreign Policy in the 1950s

Concluding an Armistice Dulles and Massive Retaliation

Maginot Line

Concrete fortification built by the French after WW1. It stretched from the Swiss border to the forested Ardennes region on the edge . The French believed it would protect them from the Germans at he beginning of WW2, but it merely served as a detour.

Why did Congress cut off aid to the Nicaraguan Contras in 1982?

Congress learned that the Contras had killed thousands of civilians.

Which of the following best describes what has sometimes been called the Reagan Doctrine?

Correcta. America had to maintain military superiority and support anticommunism.

Who overthrew the socialist president of Chile, Salvador Allende, in 1973?

Correcta. Augusto Pinochet

Why did President Richard Nixon fire Archibald Cox?

Correcta. Cox had asked Judge Sirica to order Nixon to provide him with the tapes.

Why did antiwar demonstrations decline after the killings at Kent State University in 1970?

Correcta. Fewer Americans were dying in the war.

How did Egyptian President Anwar Sadat respond to U.S. military support for Israel in 1973?

Correcta. He called on the Soviet Union to provide military aid to Egypt.

Why did Defense Department advisor Daniel Ellsberg leak copies of the Pentagon Papers to the New York Times in June 1971?

Correcta. He wanted to broaden opposition to the war.

How did President Richard Nixon want to change the antiproperty programs of the Great Society?

Correcta. He wanted to transfer control of the programs to states.

What happened with Ngo Dinh Diem after the coup of 1963?

Correcta. He was murdered in the coup.

How did President John F. Kennedy react to the picture of 73-year-old monk Thich Quang Duc's self-immolation in June 1963?

Correcta. He was shocked.

Which of the following was the result of President Richard Nixon's and national security advisor Henry Kissinger's secret conduct of foreign affairs?

Correcta. It cost both men widespread support from the public.

What provoked the "English only" movement starting in the 1970s?

Correcta. The combination of immigration and civil rights resulted in voting materials in foreign languages.

Why were the 16 million added new jobs between 1982 and 1988 not as impressive as the number might suggest?

Correcta. The new jobs in the service sector paid less than those lost in manufacturing.

The People's Party

Created when the Farmers' Alliance Movement turned political, this party launched the Populist movement in 1892. Their platform proposed economic democracy (i.e. subtreasury), land reform (i.e. reclaiming excessive land granted to railroads or sold to foreign investors, government ownership of the railroads and the telegraph system to end discriminatory rates), currency reform (i.e. abandoning the gold standard in favor of free silver and greenbacks), and electoral reforms allowing for direct election of senators, secret ballot, initiative, referendum, and recall. They also supported the 8-hour day and an end to contract labor.

Critics of Johnson's policies in Vietnam describes their distrust of what that Johnson administration reported to the public about the war as a ____________.

Credibility gap

crop lien

Credit system widely used by cotton farmers in the South from the 1860s to the 1930s. Under this system, sharecroppers and tenant farmers who did not own the land they worked obtained supplies and food on credit from local merchants.

Social Darwinists

Crudely applying Darwin's theory to human society, these people (Herbert Spencer in Britain, and William Graham Sumner in the United States) concluded that progress came about as a result of relentless competition in which the strong survived and the weak died out. These people equated wealth and power with "fitness" and believed that the unfit should be allowed to die off to advance the progress of humanity. Assuaging the nation's conscience, these people justified neglect of the poor in the name of "race progress".

In 1959 Fidel Castro established a revolutionary government in

Cuba

Gold Standard

Currency based on the nation's reserves of gold; adhering to this meant that anyone could redeem paper money for gold. This monetary policy was favored by eastern creditors who did not wish to be paid in devalued dollars. On the opposite side stood a coalition of western silver barons and poor farmers from the West and South who called for free silver.

Battle of the Bulge

December 16, 1944 - January 31, 1945: Hitler's counter-attack after the Allies had liberated Paris from four years of Nazi occupation. German forces intended to capture the Allies' essential supply port at Antwerp, Belgium; they drove 55 miles into Allied lines before being stopped at Bastogne. This was a very deadly battle.

Fetterman Massacre

December 21, 1866: Red Plough and Crazy Horse set up an ambush on the Bozeman Trail, in which 81 men were massacred, including Captain William Fetterman; the Sioux won impressive victories by striking the most vulnerable army forts

Great Die-Up

Decimation of herds of cattle in the winters of 1886-87 as severe blizzards caused the fenced-in cattle to freeze to death. In the aftermath of this, new labor-intensive forms of cattle ranching replaced the open-range model.

Korematsu decision

Decision by the Supreme Court in 1944. Upheld Executive Order 9066's violation of constitutional rights as justified by "military necessity".

Who did the Democrats and Republicans nominate for President in 1968? Who was the 3rd party candidate?

Democrat - Hubert H. Humphrey; Republican - Richard Nixon; American Independent - George Wallace

Laissez-faire

Economic theory encouraged by Social Darwinism. Business argued that government should not meddle in economic affairs except to protect private property; a conservative Supreme Court agreed, increasingly reinterpreting the Constitution during the 1880s and 1890s to protect business from taxation, regulation, labor organization, and antitrust legislation.

Tennessee Valley Authority Act

New Deal legislation passed on May 18, 1933 to create the TVA to bring electric power and conservation to the Tennessee Valley

John Collier

New Deal's Commissioner of Indian Affairs

The Early Years of the Civil Rights Movement

Eisenhower and Race We Shall Overcome The Montgomery Bus Boycott Rosa Parks Civil Disobedience

Richard Nixon

Eisenhower's vice president; lost the 1960 presidential race

Immigration Act of 1965

Eliminated the "national origins" system established in the 1920s, which gave preference to northern Europeans wishing to permanently move to the United States

As the movement moved from the South into northern cities, the focus of the activists' demands shifted toward eliminating discrimination in which of the following areas?

Employment

What followed in the wake of Democratic tax increases in 1993?

Employment grew.

Medicare

Enacted in 1965; provides federal aid to the elderly for medical expenses

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Ends literacy tests and slows feral officials to enroll voters

Kennedy's set of domestic reforms under which he campaigned for election in 1960

New Frontier

United Nations

FDR, Churchill, and Stalin agreed to create this international peacekeeping organization at the Yalta conference. The idea was that all nations would have a place in the General Assembly, but the Security Council would wield decisive power, and its permanent representatives from the Allied powers -- China, France, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the USA -- would possess a veto over the organization's actions.

American GI Forum

Formed in 1948 by a group in Corpus Christi, Texas, led by Dr. Hector Perez Garcia in response to the difficulties encountered by Mexican Americans when they tried to get their veterans' benefits. Became a key national organization battling discrimination against Latinos and electing sympathetic officials.

USS Cole

In 2000, two suicide bombers in a small rubber boat nearly sank a billion dollar warship docked in Yemen, the USS Cole. (p. 682)

New South

Envisioned by an influential group of southerners, e.g. Henry Grady, editor of the Atlanta Constitution, who used his paper's substantial influence (it boasted the largest circulation of any weekly in the country) to extol the virtues of a new industrial South at the end of Reconstruction. The idea was that the South should use its natural advantages -- cheap labor and abundant natural resources - to compete with northern industry, which had taken off after the Civil War while the South's devastated economy foundered. By 1900, the South had become the nation's leading producer of cloth, as textile mill owners had abandoned New England in search of the cheap labor and proximity to raw materials promised in the South. The industrialized South, opened up by the railroads, prided itself most on its iron and steel industry, which grew up in the area surrounding Birmingham, Alabama. Northern investors, not southerners, reaped the lion's share of the profit, however, as elaborate mechanisms rigged the price of southern steel, inflating it for the purpose of protecting the Pittsburgh mills.

Gospel of Wealth

Essay written by Andrew Carnegie, published in 1889, to try to soften some of the harshness of social Darwinism. The millionaire, Carnegie wrote, acted as a mere trustee and agent for his poorer brethren, bringing to their service his superior wisdom, experience, and ability to administer, doing for them better than they could or would do for themselves. Carnegie preached philanthropy, and urged the rich to live unostentatious lives and administer surplus wealth for the good of the people.

Indian Claims Commission

Established by Congress in 1946, this agency was responsible for discharging outstanding claims by Native Americans for land taken by the government. When it closed in 1978, this commission had settled 285 cases, with compensation exceeding $800 million. The awards were based on land values at the time the land was taken, though, and did not include interest.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

Established in May 1933; supported 4-5 million households with $20 or $30 per month; created the Civil Works Administration to create jobs for the unemployed on public works projects; provided vaccinations for millions, and funded literacy classes

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)

Established the highest ever protective tariff on agricultural goods in the hope of reversing the decline in prices. Was unsuccessful in relieving the plight of farmers, since foreign nations responded by increasing their tariffs, limiting the ability of American farmers to sell abroad

George F. Kennan

Established the principle of containment with his prediction that the Soviet Union would retreat from its expansionist efforts in the face of superior force, therefore the USA should respond with unalterable counterforce. He expected that containment would eventually end in either the breakup or gradual mellowing of Soviet power.

Marshall Plan

European Recovery Program, approved by Congress in March 1948. Under the program, all European nations and the Soviet Union were invited to cooperate in a request for aid, but the Soviets objected to the American terms of free trade and financial disclosure and ordered their Eastern European satellites likewise to reject the offer. Over the next 5 years, however, the USA spent $13 billion to restore the economies of 16 Western European nations.

Barry Goldwater, the Republican nominee for president in 1964, represented the moderate-liberal wing of his party, and his defeat laid the groundwork for the conservative takeover of the Republican Party that would follow.

False

By 1966, Martin Luther King Jr. had become a leading spokesman for "black power."

False

By the 1960 presidential race, Kennedy had far more experience in national politics than Richard Nixon.

False

Dennis Banks became the first Hispanic mayor of a major city when he was elected in Los Angeles.

False

From the beginning of his presidency, Kennedy vigorously supported black civil rights.

False

General Douglas MacArthur led the U.S. military action in the Korean conflict until he was fired by President Eisenhower.

False

George W. Bush won the popular vote in the 2000 presidential election.

False

Hispanic was originally a term for any immigrant in Chicago.

False

In retaliation for the formation of NATO, the Soviet Union blockaded Berlin.

False

Jack Ruby was charged with assassinating President John F. Kennedy, but doubts about his guilt linger.

False

President Clinton, trying to persuade Congress to reject a free-trade bill, said that if the bill passed, the country would hear a "giant sucking sound" of American jobs being drawn to Mexico.

False

President Obama stated that the Affordable Care Act "was an experiment."

False

Ronald Reagan made AIDS research a top priority of his administration.

False

T or F Americans who strongly felt that the Johnson administration wasn't doing enough to escalate and win the war were known as lions.

False

T or F By the mid-1960s, the Greenwich Village district of San Fransisco had become the hippie capital of the US.

False

T or F Cesar Chavez used nonviolent means to organize Mexican American students.

False

T or F Faced with growing finacial losses from a successful boycott of their product, California orange growers finally signed contracts with the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee in 1970.

False

T or F In an attempt to win support for his war policies, Nixon made a special appeal to the moral majority.

False

T or F In the early 1970s, the Native American rights organization known as the Indians of All Tribes organized a march on Washington DC, temporarily occupied the Bureau of Indian Affairs building and seizing the town of Wounded Knee, South Dakota.

False

T or F Most US soldiers who fought in Vietnam were volunteers.

False

T or F Most members of the 1960s counterculture were white, middle-class retirees.

False

T or F Politically, the counterculture movement eventually set the nation on a more liberal course.

False

T or F Supporters of the women's movement were known as radicals.

False

T or F The Beatles were an influential rock'n'roll band from Memphis, Tennessee.

False

T or F The growing youth movement of the 1960s became known as the New Right, a term that encompassed many difference activist groups and organizations.

False

The Dixiecrats were followers of Henry Wallace who were scared by Truman's confrontational attitude toward the Soviet Union.

False

The GI Bill guaranteed every former soldier a job.

False

The Iran-Contra affair involved the illegal sales of arms to the Contra rebels in Iran.

False

The Korean War was conducted by the United States against China.

False

The New Left came together in opposition to Richard Nixon's policies.

False

The Peace Corps was a group of Republican young people who campaigned for Nixon and other conservative candidates in 1960.

False

The Yalta agreements succeeded in establishing free governments in Eastern Europe.

False

Truman coined the phrase "iron curtain."

False

Within days of the U.S. withdrawal, the cease-fire in Vietnam collapsed.

False

By the 1960 presidential race, Kennedy had far more experience in national politics than Richard Nixon.

False m

John McCain

In 2008, the Republican senator from Arizona was the Republican nominee for president.

Committee for Industrial Organization

Formed in 1935 by a coalition of unskilled workers; this organization mobilized organizing drives in major industries, including the bitterly anti-union automobile and steel industries; the United Auto Workers (UAW), who tried to organize workers at General Motors, were affiliated with this organization.

John D. Rockefeller

Founder of the Standard Oil Company. Became the USA's first billionaire through manipulation of the corporate structure. As the largest refiner in Cleveland, he demanded secret rebates from the railroads in exchange for his steady business, and these rebates enabled him to drive out his competitors through predatory pricing. The railroads, facing the pressures of cutthroat competition, needed his business so badly that they gave him a share of the rates that his competitors paid. Such secret deals, predatory pricing, and rebates enabled him to undercut his competitors and pressure competing refiners to sell out or face ruin

Detente

From the French for "reduced tension," the period of Cold War thawing when the United States and the Soviet Union negotiated reduced armament treaties under Presidents Nixon, Ford, and Carter. As a policy prescription, it marked a departure from the policies of proportional response, mutually assured destruction, and containment that had defined the earlier years of the Cold War.

Communist Party

Gained its greatest ever size and influence in 1931 during the Great Depression after supporting a strike by coal miners in Harlan County, Kentucky, thus demonstrating support for the union cause. Attracted 100,000 new members, who joined the party in the belief that only an overthrow of capitalism could save the victims of depression

Homestead Act of 1862

Gave 160 acres of western land to settlers after 5 years of residence

All of the following became critical of Johnson's Vietnam policy EXCEPT:

General William Westmoreland

Vietnam was temporarily divided along the 17th parallel by the ______________.

Geneva Accords

In 1988 the Republican Party won its third straight presidential election with its nominee

George H. W. Bush

__________ ran in the 1968 presidential election as a third party candidate on a platform supporting states' rights and segregation.

George Wallace

Following Richard Nixon's resignation as president, he was succeeded by his vice President

Gerald Ford

Erwin Rommel

German general who attempted to capture the Suez Canal, Britain's lifeline to the oil of the Middle East and to British Colonies in India and South Asia, but was halted in October/November 1942 by British forces at El-Alamein in Egypt

_________ co-founder Ms. Magazine and the National Women's Political Cancus.

Gloria Steinem

Glasnost/Perestroika

Gorbechevs two new policies. one means openess, the second is restructuring.

Pentagon Papers

Government documents that showed the public had been lied to about the status of the war in Vietnam

What prompted the boom in higher education in postwar America?

Government-funded college tuition for veterans.

"Black Power" advocates include

H. Rap Brown Bobby Seale Huey P. Newton

The __________ area is sometimes described as the "hub of hippie life" in the 1960s.

Haight-Ashbury

The group known as the ____________ was most likely to oppose the positions of the women's movement and the counterculture on many issues.

New Right

Why did the United States government trust Ngo Dinh Diem

His Roman Catholic faith and his American experience, officials thought, would make him a reliable ally

Why did the United States government trust Ngo Dinh Diem?

His Roman Catholic faith and his American experience, officials thought, would make him a reliable ally.

Edwin Drake

His discovery of oil in Pennsylvania in 1859 sent thousands rushing to the oil fields in search of "black gold". In the days before the automobile and gasoline, crude oil was refined into lubricating oil for machinery and kerosene for lamps, the major source of lighting in 19th-century houses before the invention of gas lamps or electric lighting. Since the amount of capital needed to buy or build an oil refinery in the 1860s and 1870s remained low, the new petroleum industry experienced riotous competition among many small refineries. Ultimately, however, John D. Rockefeller and his Standard Oil Company succeeded in controlling 90% of the oil-refining business.

In the Hiss-Chambers case,

Hiss was convicted of perjury.

___________ led the Indochinese Communist Party and fought, Japenese, and US forces for the independence of Vietnam.

Ho Chi Minh

Richard Nixon won the 1968 election defeating the Democratic Party presidential nominee

Hubert Humphrey students for a Democratic Society was a racial student organization of the New Left

All of the following are true of the 1968 presidential election EXCEPT:

Hubert Humphrey lost because he refused to alter Johnson's Vietnam policies

kamikaze

Japanese suicide pilots ordered to crash their bomb-laden planes into Allied ships as part of an attempt to defend Okinawa and to prevent American troops from getting within close bombing range of Japan. They caused a lot of destruction -- but instead of destroying the American fleet, they demolished the last vestige of the Japanese air force.

Iranian Hostage Crisis

In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weaked the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.

Berlin Airlift

In response to the Soviet blockade that began in June 1948, threatening Western access to Berlin, U.S. and British pilots airlifted 2.3 million tons of goods to sustain West Berlin. Stalin hesitated to shoot down these cargo planes, and in 1949 he lifted the blockade. The city was then divided into East Berlin, under Soviet control, and West Berlin, which became part of West Germany.

Anschluss

Incorporation of Austria into the Nazi Third Reich; this occurred in 1938 due to Hitler's bullying tactics

The Justice Department declared that American citizens could be held_________ without charge and not allowed to see a lawyer, if the government deemed them to be "enemy combatants".

Indefinitely, lawyer

Henry A. Wallace

Leader of the new Progressive Party in the General Election of 1948. This left-leaning party split from the Democrats over foreign policy.

Isoroku Yamamoto

Japan's leading military strategist, who ordered an all-out offensive throughout the southern Pacific after Pearl Harbor, believing that if his forces did not quickly conquer and secure the territories they targeted, Japan would eventually lose the war as a result of America's far greater resources

What did the 1986 Tax Reform Act do

It closed many loopholes and tax shelters

What did the 1986 Tax Reform Act do?

It closed many loopholes and tax shelters.

How did World War II change the course of history in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America?

It enabled the rise of revolutionary nationalism in countries that were parts of European colonial empires.

what was involved in the voting rights act of 1965?

It ensured that all citizens had the right to vote.

What impact did the Chinese Cultural Revolution have on the Johnson administration

It fortified his resolve to prevail in Vietnam

What impact did the news of Nazi racism and the Holocaust have on the racial hatred of southern whites in the United States after World War II?

It had very little demonstrable effect on their practice of Jim Crow.

What impact did the African American fight against legal segregation in the South have on other nonwhites in the nation?

It inspired a broader soul-searching about inequality for all those seeking freedom.

Why was the Tet Offensive so damaging to the American war effort in Vietnam?

It reduced support for the war on the American Home Front

Charles "Lucky" Luciano established the Commission which controlled all __________________________ mafia families

Italian/American

Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle

Led a raid on Tokyo in April 1942 by a squadron of carrier-based B-25 bombers, which boosted American morale

The Moral Majority was a fundamentalist religious and political organization founded by

Jerry Falwell

Suez Crisis

July, 1956: The seizure of the Suez Canal, then owned by Britain and France, by Egypt's leader Gamal Abdel Nasser, who, denied American support on building the Aswan Dam on the Nile River due to his apparent friendliness shown to certain Communist nations, reasoned that revenue from the Suez Canal could provide capital for constructing the dam. Although Israel, with military help from Britain and France, initially responded by attacking Egypt, Eisenhower recognized that the Egyptians were simply claiming their own territory, and thus put economic pressure on Britain and France while calling on the United Nations to arrange a truce. The French and British soon pulled back, forcing Israel to retreat.

Battle of Midway

June 3-6, 1942: Reversed the balance of naval power in the Pacific and put the Japanese at a disadvantage for the rest of the war. After learning from an intelligence intercept that the Japanese were massing an invasion force aimed at Midway Island, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz had maneuvered his carriers and cruisers into the Central Pacific to surprise the Japanese; American ships and planes then delivered a devastating blow to the Japanese navy, sinking a heavy cruiser, 2 destroyers, and 4 of Japan's 6 aircraft carriers. The American fleet lost only one carrier and one destroyer in the fight, which turned the tide of Japanese advances in the Pacific.

The national reaction to the tragedy of Kennedy's assassination reflected which of the following about his administration?

Kennedy had made his personality an integral part of his presidency

What happened in Dallas on November 22, 1963? What were the consequences of Kennedy's assassination? Who became President due to his death?

Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Oswald Harvey. Lyndon B. Johnson became president.

In South Vietnam in the early 1960s:

Kennedy was increasing the number of American military advisers

In South Vietnam in the early 1960s:

Kennedy was increasing the number of American military advisers.

What was the New Frontier? Who was John F. Kennedy?

Kennedy's promise to get the country moving again; Democratic nominee in 1960 and a movie star turned politician. Opponent to Richard Nixon in 1960.

Student civil rights activists in the South would likely experience all of the following EXCEPT:

Kennedy's public encouragement

General Dwight D. Eisenhower

Led an American army which landed in French Morocco in November 1942 to amount the North African campaign in the wake of Allied victory in the Battle of El-Alamein in Egypt

The anti-Communist South Vietname president, ___________, canceled elections that were suppose to unify Vietnam.

Ngo Dinh Diem

War on Poverty

LBJ's direct attack on health and nutrition problems of the poor; brought 20% tax cut

Great Society

LBJ's legislation to end poverty and discrimination

In the 1970s, the group known as ___________ was most likely to help Latinos win political offices

La Raza Unida

Bay of Pigs

Landing site of 2,000 armed Cuban exiles who were tasked by the U.S. to ignite a popular uprising throughout the island country

Frederick Law Olmstead

Landscape architect who created New York City's Central Park, which opened in 1873 and became the first landscaped public park in the USA. He also designed parks in Atlanta, Boston, Brooklyn, Hartford, Detroit, Chicago, and Louisville, as well as the grounds for the U.S. Capitol.

antilynching movement

Launched in 1892 by Ida B. Wells, a courageous black woman who, after seeing a white mob lynch a friend of hers whose grocery store competed too successfully with a white-owned store, concluded that lynching served as an excuse to get rid of Negroes who were acquiring wealth and property and thus keep the race terrorized. She demonstrated how the southern patriarchal system, having lost its control over blacks with the end of slavery, used its control over women to circumscribe the liberty of black men.

Income Tax Act

Law passed in 1986 that lowered income taxes, especially for the poor

Chiang Kai-shek

Leader of Chinese Nationalists who fought against the Japanese who had invaded Manchuria in 1931

Sitting Bull

Leader of Indian warriors in the Battle of the Little Big Horn. He surrendered in 1881, and the government took the Black Hills and confined the Lakota to the Great Sioux Reservation.

Crazy Horse

Leader of Indian warriors in the Battle of the Little Big Horn. He was killed in 1877, as the army aggressively hunted down his band. (The Indians could not remain a combined force in the wake of "Custer's Last Stand" and were aggressively hunted down).

J. Strom Thurmond

Leader of States' Rights Party -- the Dixiecrats -- formed by southern Democrats who had walked out of the 1948 Democratic Party convention when it passed a liberal civil rights plank

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, which pledged to organize all railway workers -- from engineers to engine wipers. The ARU came to the aid of the Pullman strikers in 1894, orchestrating a boycott on Pullman cars. He kept the boycott peaceful, but 2 conservative Chicago judges issues an injunction that prohibited him from speaking in public. The boycott withstood military intervention, but could not withstand its leader's incarceration for contempt of court. In prison, he concluded that strikes were futile; that workers needed to take control of the state itself to improve their situation. He went into jail a trade unionist and emerged 6 months later a socialist. After the Populist Party's demise, he formed the Socialist Party in 1900 and ran for president 5 times.

Frances Willard

Leader of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union

Which group was the target of campus protests?

Liberals like California governor Brown

Compare and contrast the foreign policy initiatives of the George W. Bush administration with the policies of other presidents since World War II.

Like the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, September 11 not only plunged the United States into war but also transformed American foreign policy, inspiring a determination to reshape the world in terms of American ideals and interests. Remarkable changes quickly followed the assault on Afghanistan. To facilitate further military action in the Middle East, the United States established military bases in Central Asia, including former republics of the Soviet Union like Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. Such an action would have been inconceivable before the end of the Cold War. The administration sent troops to the Philippines to assist that government in combating an Islamic insurgency, and it announced plans to establish a greater military presence in Africa. It solidified its ties with the governments of Pakistan and Indonesia, which confronted opposition from Islamic fundamentalists. The toppling of the Taliban, Bush repeatedly insisted, marked only the beginning of the war on terrorism. In his State of the Union address of January 2002, the president accused Iraq, Iran, and North Korea of harboring terrorists and developing "weapons of mass destruction"—nuclear, chemical, and biological—that posed a potential threat to the United States. He called the three countries an "axis of evil," even though no evidence connected them with the attacks of September 11 and they had never cooperated with one another (Iraq and Iran, in fact, had fought a long and bloody war in the 1980s.

In what city was the high school where the U.S. Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education first challenged in 1957?

Little Rock, Arkansas*

Why was communism so popular in Europe between 1935 and 1945?

Local communists had been the key opponents to Nazis.

The federal Superfund program was established in response to the problems of

Love Canal.

Medicare

Low cost medical and hospital insurance for senior citizens

The Housing Bubble

Low interest rates - kept low by the Federal Reserve to help American's borrow to by homes - resulted in rapidly-rising home prices and rising consumer debt.

Soul Force

MLK's idea of using peaceful non-violent disobedience to work for civil rights

Lyndon Johnson

Majority leader of the U.S. Senate who served as Kennedy's vice president and successor

What was Black Power? How did it compare to the nonviolent program of Martin Luther King?

Many black people in the north were victims of inner-city poverty. These activists weren't as against violence as MLK was.

U-2 incident

May 1, 1960: A Soviet missile shot down a U-2 spy plane over Soviet territory. Eisenhower had a meeting in Paris scheduled later that month to discuss the possibility of a nuclear arms agreement with Kruschchev, as the USA and the Soviet Union were within reach of a ban on nuclear testing. To avoid jeopardizing the upcoming summit, Eisenhower had canceled espionage flights over the Soviet Union, but his order came one day too late. The State Department first denied that U.S. planes had been violating Soviet airspace, but the Soviets produced the pilot and the photos taken on his flight. This incident dashed prospects for a nuclear arms agreement.

Miller & Lux

Meat wholesalers who quickly expanded their business to encompass cattle, land, and land reclamation projects such as dams and irrigation systems. With a labor force of migrant workers, a highly coordinated corporate system, and large sums of investment capital, their firm became one of American's industrial behemoths, owning over 300,000 acres of grazing land in California's central San Joaquin Valley by 1870, over half of it derived from former Mexican land grants. Eventually, these "industrial cowboys" grazed a herd of 100,000 cattle on 1.25 million acres of company land in 3 western states (California, Oregon, and Nevada) and employed more than 1200 migrant laborers on their corporate ranches. By 1900, they controlled capital and labor far surpassing that of most eastern manufacturing firms.

________ was Johnson's program to provide federal funding for healthcare for the poor.

Medicaid

The Great Society programs implemented through the medicare and medicaid programs?

Medicaid act created momentum that helped other great society bills get passed through congress.

In 1985 a new leader of the Soviet Union came to power named

Mikhail Gorbachev

The reform-minded Soviet premier who emerged in the mid-1980s was:

Mikhail Gorbachev

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 led to which of the following unintended consequences?

More people began entering the United States illegally

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 led to which of the following unintended consequences?

More people began entering the United States illegally.

Exodusters

More than 15,000 newly freed slaves who managed to pull together enough resources to go west and in 1879 moved from Mississippi and Louisiana to take up land in Kansas

More than 200 innocent Vietnam villagers were murdered at the ____________.

My Lai Massacre

Rosa Parks

NAACP member who was arrested for not giving up seat

Arthur Laffer Curve

Name of the economist who argued that lower tax rates would lead to greater government revenue

Occupy Wall Street

Name of the original protest that launched the populist, anti-Wall Street "Occupy" movement in late 2010 and early 2011. Youthful radicals pitched tents and occupied Zuccotti Park in New York's financial district beginning in September 2010 to protest inequality and corporate political power. This demonstration inspired similar occupations in many other cities.

Malcolm X was a leader of the

Nation of Islam

May Day Rally

Nationwide general strike organized in support of the 8-hour workday - May 1, 1886. Brought together all factions of the nascent labor movement in Chicago, spearheaded by a group of labor radicals led by anarchist Albert Parsons, a Mayflower descendant, and August Spies, a German socialist. Strikers at Chicago's huge McCormick reaper works watched helplessly as the company brought in strikebreakers to take their jobs and marched the "scabs" to work under the protection of the Chicago police and security guards supplied by the Pinkerton Detective Agency.

Glass-Steagall Banking Act

New Deal legislation passed on June 16, 1933 to create the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to insure bank deposits

National Industrial Recovery Act

New Deal legislation passed on June 16, 1933 to specify cooperation among business, government and labor in setting fair prices and working conditions

Civilian Conservation Corps Act

New Deal legislation passed on March 31, 1933 to provide jobs for unemployed young men

Emergency Banking Act

New Deal legislation passed on March 9, 1933 to provide for reopening stable banks and authorizing the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to supply funds

Agricultural Adjustment Act

New Deal legislation passed on May 12, 1933 to provide funds to pay farmers for not growing crops in the hope that reduced supply of agricultural goods would raise prices for farmers

Sand Creek Massacre

November 29, 1864: Chivington and volunteers chanced upon an Indian encampment near Fort Lyon; a commander had given the Cheyenne permission to camp, and they had a white flag and a U.S. flag raised. In an unprovoked attack, Chivington's army killed over 100 women and children while the men were out hunting. Eastern newspapers were appalled, but Western newspapers applauded the massacre, and trophies were displayed in a Denver theater

What power did the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution give to President Johnson?

Open-ended power to manage the conflict in Vietnam

What was the Tet Offensive (1968)?

On January 31, 1968, the Vietnamese began celebrating their New Year holiday Vietcong and the North Vietnamese soldiers launched attacks on every major city in South Vietnam, In Saigon, they broke through the walls of the American embassy and attacked the presidential palace. After these attacks for weeks, Americans and South Vietnamese forces responded quickly by February 25 the siege was over. Many were shocked about what the North Vietnamese were actually capable of.

Housing Act of 1949

One of the few reform measures passed by Congress as a result of Truman's Fair Deal agenda. This law authorized 810,000 units of government-constructed housing over the next 6 years. This fell far short of actual need -- just 61,000 units had been built by the time Truman left office -- and slum clearance frequently displaced the poor without providing decent alternatives, but this law represented a landmark commitment by the government to address the housing needs of the poor.

How did news of the My Lai massacre in Vietnam affect the antiwar movement in the United States?

Opposition to the war intensified.

National Miners Union

Orchestrated a strike in 1931 in Harlan County, Kentucky, which was violently suppressed by mine owners' thugs

Great Southwestern Strike (1886)

Orchestrated by the Knights of Labor, this was a successful strike against Jay Gould's Texas and Pacific Railroad in 1886. This strike won revocation of a 15% pay cut and won a lot of support for the Knights of Labor, who as a result were pushed into becoming more practical and less ideological. The Southern Farmers' Alliance helped by rushing supplies to the striking workers and issuing a proclamation in support of the Knights of Labor, calling on farmers to boycott Gould's railroad.

Nez Perce War of 1877

Ordered in 1877 to move onto the reservation or be hunted down, 800 Nez Perce people, many of them women and children, fled across the mountains of Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana, heading for the safety of Canada -- but at the end of their 1300-mile trek, having stopped to rest in the snow 50 miles from freedom, they were attacked by the army and surrendered after a 5-day siege.

Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy

Organization founded to oppose the nuclear arms race. It had 130 chapters by 1958.

United Auto Workers

Organized a sit-down strike in January 1937. Striking workers occupied the main assembly plant in Flint, Michigan, slashing the plant's production of 15,000 cars per week to a mere 150. General Motors eventually surrendered and agreed to make the UAW the sole bargaining agent for all the company's workers and to refrain from interfering with union activity. Having subdued the auto industry's leading producer, the UAW expanded its campaign until the entire industry was unionized when the Ford Motor Company capitulated in 1941.

Greenback Labor Party

Organized by critics of the gold standard during the depression following the panic of 1873, this was an alliance of farmers and urban wage laborers who favored issuing paper currency not tied to the gold supply citing the precedent of the greenbacks issued during the Civil War. Reasoning that the government had the right to define what constituted legal tender, they proposed that the nation's currency be based on its wealth -- land, labor, and capital -- and not simply on its reserves of gold. They captured more than a million votes and elected 14 members to Congress in 1878.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Passed in 1878 and again in 1890, this legislation required the government to buy silver and issue silver certificates. This was a step toward easing the tight money policy based on the gold standard, and it was good for the mining interests. The legislation did little, however, to promote the inflation desired by farmers, who began calling for "the free and unlimited coinage of silver", a plan whereby nearly all the silver mined in the West would be minted into coins circulated at the rate of 16 ounces of silver to one ounce of gold. In 1893, Grover Cleveland, who favored the gold standard, got the legislature to repeal this legislation because he believed it threatened economic confidence.

Pendleton Civil Service Act

Passed in 1883, this legislation established a permanent Civil Service Commission consisting of three members appointed by the president. Some 14,000 jobs came under a merit system that required examinations for office and made it impossible to remove jobholders for political reasons. Half of the postal jobs and most of the customhouse jobs, the largest share of the spoilsmen's bounty, passed to the control of the Civil Service Commission. The new law also prohibited federal jobholders from contributing to political campaigns, thus drying up the major source of the party bosses' revenue. Soon business interests stepped in to replace officeholders as the nation's chief political contributors. Ironically, civil service reform thus gave business an even greater influence in political life.

Recriprocal Trade Agreements Act

Passed in 1934. Gave the president the power to reduce tariffs on goods imported into the United States from nations that agreed to lower their own tariffs on US exports

Fair Labor Standards Act

Passed in June 1938, this law set wage and hours standards and curbed the use of child labor

Administrative Reorganization Act

Passed in September 1938, this legislation increased presidential influence over the bureaucracy.

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixon's strategy for ending U.S involvement in the Vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawal of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces.

McCarran-Walter Act of 1952

Produced by Truman's efforts to revise immigration policy, this law ended the outright ban on immigration and citizenship for Japanese and other Asians. The law also authorized the government to bar suspected Communists and homosexuals and maintained the discriminatory quota system established in the 1920s -- over Truman's veto.

Jerry Falwell

Prominent evangelical minister, leader of the Moral Majority

Interstate Highway and Defense System Act of 1956

Promoted as essential to national defense and an impetus to economic growth, this legislation authorized the construction of a national highway system, with the federal government paying most of the costs through increased fuel and vehicle taxes. The trucking, construction, and automobile industries had lobbied hard for this law.

Battle of Little Bighorn

Propelled by the discovery of gold in the Black Hills of the Dakotas, combined with the Lakota Sioux's refusal to sell the Black Hills, the government broke its Treaty-of-Fort-Laramie promise to Red Cloud and had the army hunt down all Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne bands who refused to move onto the Pine Ridge Reservation. In the summer of 1876 General Custer inadvertently led 265 men of the Seventh Cavalry into the largest Indian camp ever assembled on the Great Plains. Having come together for a summer buffalo hunt and camped along the banks of the Greasy Grass River (Little Big Horn), Indian warriors led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse quickly annihilated Custer and his men.

Free Silver

Proponents of abandoning the gold standard in favor of this alternative monetary policy came to dominate the monetary debate in the 1890s following the collapse of the Greenback Labor Party. Miners who had seen the silver bonanza in the West drive down the price of the precious metal wanted the government to buy silver and mint silver dollars. Farmers from the West and South who had suffered from deflation during the 1870s and 1880s hoped that increasing the money supply with silver dollars, thus causing inflation, would give them some relief by enabling them to pay off their debts with cheaper dollars.

Quarantine Policy

Proposed by FDR in October 1937 in response to hostilities in Europe, Africa, and Asia. The president sought to persuade most Americans to moderate their isolationism and find a way to support the victims of fascist aggression, perhaps by breaking off diplomatic relations with aggressor nations. The popularity of isolationist sentiment at this time, however, meant that there was no congressional support for FDR's proposal.

Southern Farm Tenants Union

Protested on behalf of farmers who did not qualify for allotment payments, e.g. sharecroppers. Argued that the AAA enriched large farmers and impoverished small farmers who rented rather than owned their land. Many tenant farmers were displaced as landlords took advantage of allotment payments.

Farm Credit Act

Provided long-term credit on mortgaged farm property, allowing debt-ridden farmers to avoid foreclosures that were driving thousands off their land

What did the U.S. Supreme Court decided in the case of Shelly v. Kraemer (1948)?

Racial covenants excluding nonwhites from neighborhoods were not legal.

The Equal Rights Amendment was pased by Congress, but never ___________ by the states.

Ratified

Why did the United States invade the tiny Caribbean island of Grenada in October 1983?

Reagan feared the island's Marxist leaders might hold U.S. students hostage.

Strategic Defense Initiative

Reagan's Star Wars defense system to shoot down missiles while they're in space

How did the University of Chicago economist Milton Friedman intend to ensure prosperity and freedom?

Reduce government spending and apply stringent control of the money supply.

Selective Service Act (1941)

Registered men of military age who would be subject to a draft if the need arose. Prohibited discrimination on account of race or color.

In the election of 1980, President Carter lost his bid for reelection to the Republican Party nominee

Ronald Reagan

Miranda v. Arizona

Ruled that a suspect must be read rights before questioning

Obergefell v. Hodges

Ruling overturning state laws barring marriages for same-sex couples.

One example of how the end of Cold War hostilities between East and West affected international relations was

Russia's participation in the G7, to make it the G8.

Alexander Berkman

Russian immigrant and anarchist who, in a misguided effort to ignite a general uprising while the National Guard troops were occupying Homestead in the strike of 1892, attempted to assassinate Frick. Frick survived, but the assassination attempt turned public opinion against the workers, who capitulated after 4.5 months. The Homestead mill reopened in November, the union leaders were blacklisted in every steel mill nationwide, and the company slashed wages, reinstated the 12-hour day, and eliminated 500 jobs.

Abraham Lincoln Brigade

Russian-sponsored army in which more than 3,000 Americans enlisted to fight for the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War

The 1991 Persian Gulf War resulted in:

Saddam Hussein remaining in power.

Admiral Chester W. Nimitz

Sailed his battle fleet west from Hawaii to retake Japanese-held islands in the mid-Pacific. On May 7-8, 1942, in the Coral Sea just north of Australia, the American fleet and carrier-based warplanes defeated a Japanese armada that was sailing around the coast of New Guinea. After learning from an intelligence intercept that the Japanese were massing an invasion force aimed at Midway Island, an outpost guarding the Hawaiian islands, he maneuvered his carriers and cruisers into the Central Pacific to surprise the Japanese, leading to the USA's victory in the Battle of Midway.

The first woman on the U.S. Supreme Court was

Sandra Day O'Connor

Elementary and Secondary Education Act

School material funding

Munich Agreement

September, 1938: British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain offered Hitler "terms of appeasement" that would give the Sudetenland to Germany if Hitler agreed to leave the rest of Czechoslovakia alone

Watergate

Series of scandals that resulted in President Richard Nixon's resignation amid calls for his impeachment. The episode sprang from a failed burglary attempt at Democratic party headquarters in Washington's Watergate Hotel during the 1972 election.

Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902

Set aside money to fund irrigation projects in the West

Phylis Schlafly

She is known for her opposition to feministic ideas and for her ongoing campaign against the proposed Equal Rights Amendment.She believed the Equal Rights Amendment was bad because there were obvious differences between men and women that should be recognized .

Grange

Social/educational organization for farmers, founded in 1867. The anger of farmers in the Midwest who suffered from the unfair shipping practices of the railroads (with railroad rebates for Standard Oil, etc.) turned the organization into an independent political movement. By electing its members to state office, this organization of farmers made it possible for several midwestern states to pass laws in the 1870s and 1880s regulating the railroads.

Which of the following was the most likely motivation behind Mikhail Gorbachev's radical change of course for the Soviet Union after March 1985?

Socioeconomic problems in the Soviet Union.

Kennedy described which country as the "cornerstone of the free world in Southeast Asia?"

South Vietnam

Starting in 1957, the Viet Cong started launching attacks on the government of

South Vietnam

Homestead Lockout

Strike at Carnegie Steel's Homestead Mill in Pennsylvania, prompted by the leaders' decision to discontinue recognition of the steelworkers' union, Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, in 1892. Frick, the man in charge while Carnegie enjoyed a visit to Scotland, erected a 15-foot fence around the plant, topped with barbed wire, and hired 316 Pinkerton agents to protect strikebreakers, and locked out the strikers. When Frick attempted to smuggle the Pinkertons into Homestead, they were vigorously attacked by the strikers, who forced their retreat and took control of the plant until, 4 days later, National Guard troops were brought in to protect Carnegie's property, enabling Frick to reopen the mills and bring in strikebreakers via their 95-day occupation.

Henry John Heinz

Struggling to recover from bankruptcy after the depression of the 1870s, he produced pickles, sauces, and condiments in 1880 in his factory outside Pittsburgh. By adopting new, more efficient methods of canning and bottling, he built a network of sales offices to advertise his 57 varieties and sell them across the nation. To ensure a steady flow of vegetables and other foodstuffs, he created a large buying and storing organization to contract with local farmers. By 1888, he had transformed the processed food industry, he was rich, and ketchup had become an American staple.

Which protest movement began with sit-ins at Greensboro and elsewhere in 1960?

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

What was one of the major student organizations engaged in organizing protests and demonstrations against the Vietnam War?

Students for a Democratic Society

Viet Cong

Supporters of Ho Chi Minh who had stayed behind in the south after the partition of Vietnam; also known as the Vietminh

United States v. E. C. Knight Company

Supreme Court case , 1895, in which the Supreme Court dealt the Sherman Antitrust Act a crippling blow by ruling in its decision that "manufacture" did not constitute "trade" and thus could not be regulated under the Sherman Antitrust Act. This decision drastically narrowed the law, in this case allowing the American Sugar Refining Company, which had bought out a number of other sugar companies (including E. C. Knight) and controlled 98% of the industry, to continue its virtual monopoly.

Iranian Hostages

The 444 days in which American embassy workers were held captive by Iranian revolutionaries after young Muslim fundamentalists overthrew the oppressive regime of the American-backed shah, forcing him into exile. These revolutionaries triggered an energy crisis by cutting off Iranian oil. The crisis began when revolutionaries stormed the American embassy, demanding that the United States return the shah to Iran for trial. The episode was marked by botched diplomacy and failed rescue attempts by the Carter Administration. After permanently damaging relations between the two countries, the crisis ended with the hostage's release the day Ronald Reagan became president.

Foreign Interventions

The CIA and the Cold War Indochina: The Background to War

Civil Rights

The Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 Desegregation in Little Rock

Lawrence v. Texas

The Court struck down a Texas law that made homosexual acts a crime.

Festering Problems Abroad

The Eisenhower Doctrine Crisis in Berlin

General Nelson Miles

The General who replaced General Crook in the pursuit of Geronimo. He adopted a policy of hunt and destroy. Geronimo's band of 33 Apaches managed to elude his troops for 5 months, but were cornered in 1886. This General persuaded Geronimo to march north with the soldiers and "negotiate a settlement", upon which the government rounded up nearly 500 Apaches, including the scouts who had helped track Geronimo, and sent them as prisoners to Florida. By 1889, more than a quarter of them had died, some due to illnesses contracted in the damp lowland climate and some by suicide. Their plight roused public opinion, and in 1892 they were moved to Fort Sill in Oklahoma, and later to New Mexico.

The African-American novelist Ralph Ellison explored the theme of the lonely individual imprisoned in the privacy in the book

The Invisible Man

Sun Belt

The South and West of the country, which experienced an intense population boom after WW2 spurred by the automobile, the airplane, and the technology of air-conditioning, which made possible industrial development in the South and West and by 1960 cooled nearly 8 million homes in the area which stretched from Florida to California. The growing defense industry was especially important to the booming South and West; by the 1960s, nearly one of every three California workers held a defense-related job.

Festering Problems Abroad

The U-2 Summit Castro's Cuba

Kyoto Protocol (1997)

The main international treaty on global warming, which entered into effect in 2005 and mandates cuts in carbon emissions. Almost all the world's major countries, except the United States, are participants.

In the beginning of the 1950s, many Americans feared that Soviets had infiltrated the highest levels of the U.S. government. Which of the following would have confirmed their suspicions?

The confession of Klaus Fuchs.

military-industrial complex

The conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry created in the USA by the Cold War. Eisenhower warned the country about its growing influence on American government and life in his farewell speech in 1961: To contain the defense budget, Eisenhower had struggled against persistent pressures from defense contractors, who, in tandem with the military, sought more dollars for newer, more powerful weapons systems.

How did the war with Iraq affect the situation of U.S. hostages in Iran in 1980?

The costs of war made Iran receptive to trading hostages for frozen assets.

Sputnik

The first artificial satellite to circle the earth, launched by the Soviets in October 1957, raising fears that the United States lagged behind the USSR not only in missile development and space exploration but also in science and education, as the Soviets had test-fired their first intercontinental ballistic missile in August 1957 and appeared as though they might be winning the nuclear arms race! (The USA caught up, though, launching a successful satellite in January 1958).

Knights of Labor

The first mass organization of America's working class. Founded in 1869 by Uriah Stephens, a Philadelphia garment cutter, it began as a secret society of workers from common laborers to master craftsmen, and abandoned secrecy after the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. In 1878, they launched an ambitious campaign to organize workers regardless of skill, sex, race, or nationality. The dominant force of labor in the 1880s, they advocated income tax, public ownership of railroads, equal pay for women, and abolition of child labor. Although they preferred arbitration and boycotts to strikes in theory, they became a militant labor organization which mounted a successful strike in 1885 against railroads controlled by Jay Gould, winning the revocation of a 15% pay cut. This was where their appeal lay.

Checkers Speech

The speech that kept Nixon on the ticket as Eisenhower's VP candidate in the election of 1952 in the face of a press report that Nixon had accepted money from a private political fund supported by wealthy Californians. Although such gifts were common and legal, Democrats had jumped to the attack. But while Eisenhower deliberated about whether to dump Nixon from the ticket, Nixon saved himself by making an emotional nationwide appeal on the new medium of television. He disclosed his finances and documented his modest standard of living. Conceding that the family pet, Checkers, could be considered an illegal gift as he had received the dog from a Texas salesman, Nixon refused to break his daughters' hearts by returning the cocker spaniel. The overwhelmingly positive response to his speech kept Nixon on the ticket.

Geneva Accords

The truce signed by France after her defeat at Dien Bien Phu in May 1954 signaled the end of her claim to Vietnam as a French colony. (The USA had been funding 75% of the cost of France's war, fearing what might happen if Vietnam turned communist, but refused to send troops to Vietnam). This truce temporarily partitioned Vietnam at the 17th parallel, separating the Vietminh in the north from the puppet government established by the French in the south. Within 2 years, the Vietnamese people were to vote in elections for a unified government. The United States did not sign the accords but promised to support free elections.

Why had the Reagan and Bush administrations not objected to Iraq's acquisition of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons during the 1980s?

They considered Iraq a useful counterweight to Iran.

How did "beats" characterize postwar American culture?

They criticized the obsession with materialism and anticommunism.

Why did the American Indian Movement occupy the island of Alcatraz in San Francisco Bay in November 1969?

They demanded that the federal government turn over ownership of the land.

How did conservative citizens' groups justify their opposition to the expansion of civil rights for African Americans?

They denounced civil rights reform as radical liberalism and communism.

How did the American media react to Elvis Presley's meteoric rise in 1955?

They described his performances as vulgar and suggestive.

Why did labor unions strongly oppose the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) of 1993?

They feared it would accelerate jobs moving to Mexico.

Why did a sizable minority of Americans vote for Ralph Nader in 2000?

They felt that Gore and Bush were identical centrists.

Why did the Tower Commission investigate President Ronald Reagan?

They suspected Reagan's knowledge of Oliver North's weapons deals.

Why did the Tower Commission investigate President Ronald Reagan

They suspected his knowledge of Oliver North's weapons deals

How did the more responsible Republicans respond to the charges of Joseph McCarthy from Wisconsin about the communist infiltration of the State Department under President Truman?

They took advantage of his reckless political attacks.

Why did Martin Luther King, Jr., Bayard Rustin, and Ralph Abernathy decide to form the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957?

They wanted to keep the momentum of the Montgomery bus boycott.

Who were the freedom riders and what was their goal? What happened to their efforts?

They were African Americans that fought segregation by riding buses in the 'all white' section. They were often beaten and arrested for their efforts.

What did the election of 1968 reveal about the American voters?

They were more interested in stability than social change

What did the Kennedy administration seek to do?

They worked to increase civil rights for minorities and to reduce friction with Soviet Union. Also worked to put man on the moon within ten years.

Civil Defense Administration

This agency recommended that all Americans should construct home bomb shelters during the nuclear arms race.

Mugwumps

This branch of the Republican Party in the 1870s-1880s consisted primarily of reform-minded Republicans from Massachusetts and New York who deplored the spoils system and advocated civil service reform

televised debates

This helped JFK win his election

Patriot Act

This law passed after 9/11 expanded the tools used to fight terrorism and improved communication between law enforcement and intelligence agencies

National Defense Education Act

This legislation, passed in 1958 in response to the Soviets' having beaten the USA into space with Sputnik in October 1957, provided loans and scholarships for students in math, foreign languages, and science.

Cripple Creek Miners' Strike of 1894

This strike was provoked by conservative mine owners who attempted to lengthen the workday from 8 to 10 hours in the goldfields of Cripple Creek, Colorado, where many miners flocked to as silver mines fell on hard times in the depression of 1893. Local support allowed the strikers to hold out for their demands and helped block militia intervention. After several confrontations at Bull Hill, populist Governor Waite arbitrated successfully, and the union won an 8-hour day. (In 1904, however, with Governor Waite out of office, the mine owners defeated the union (Western Federation of Miners) and blacklisted all members.

Truman Doctrine

USA's proclamation that it would not only resist Soviet military power but also support free peoples who were resisting attempted subjugation armed minorities or by outside pressures

Venezuelan Crisis, 1902

Venezuela's dictator had borrowed money in Europe and could not repay it. Roosevelt issued an ultimatum to the German kaiser, warning him not to intervene in Venezuela to secure payment of the debt or he would be risking war with the USA. Both sides eventually backed down and agreed to arbitration.

____________ was a South Vietnamese opposition group that carried out thousands of assassinations of South Vietnamese government officials.

Vietcong

In the election of 1984, President Reagan easily won reelection over the Democratic Party nominee

Walter Mondale

What did the New Frontier do?

Was intended to open up fields in technology, science, and social relations (primarily with Cuba and Russia).

Navajo

Weakened by hunger, this tribe was defeated at Canyon de Chelly in January, 1864; Kit Carson's troops "escorted" the tribe on a long walk to Eastern New Mexico, where they were thrown onto a reservation with their age-old enemies, the Muskupache

In the election of 1940, FDR defeated _________________________

Wendell Willkie

Carter and "human rights"

Went away from anticommunist policies and helped encourage worldwide support for human rights issues. Sometimes fueled the rise of Anti-American regimes.

What happened at the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961?

What was supposed to be a surprise attack on Cuba turned into a disaster with which Kennedy took the blame.

Oklahoma Land Rush

When 2 million acres of land in former Indian territory opened for settlement in 1889, thousands of homesteaders hungry for land massed on the border. As public land grew scarce, the hunger for land grew fiercer for both farmers and ranchers, culminating in a stampede on Oklahoma's Cherokee strip in 1893 in which several settlers were killed as nervous men guarded their claims with rifles.

What did the doctrine of nonviolent civil disobedience mean? How was it carried out in practice?

When breaking an unjust law, MLK said to do it with a kind and open heart. Many activists were killed no matter how peaceful they were. They were gunned down, threatened, and beaten.

Holding Company

When the federal government responded to public pressure to outlaw the trust as a violation of free trade, Standard Oil changed tactics and reorganized as this: Instead of stockholders in competing companies acting through trustees to set prices and determine territories, the new organization simply brought competing companies under one central administration. No longer technically separate businesses, they could act in concert without violating antitrust laws that forbade companies from forming combinations in restraint of trade.

On what grounds did the U.S. Supreme Court declare abortion legal in 1973?

Whether to carry out a pregnancy was a woman's private decision.

The Cuban missile crisis led to all of the following EXCEPT:

a U.S.-Soviet agreement to scrap nuclear weapons

Berlin Wall

a fortified wall made up of concrete and barbed wire made to prevent East Germans escaping to West Berlin. It was one of the most visible signs of the Cold War and the Iron Curtain.

The centerpiece of President Obama's effort to restore the economy was:

a huge economic stimulus package.

The result of the 1984 election was:

a landslide for Reagan over Mondale.

Within the United States, the containment policy of Harry S Truman led to

a new red scare.

One result of improved relations between the United States and China was

a mutually beneficial trade relationship.

The postwar baby boom in the United States is best understood as the result of

a result of rising prosperity

How did the Vietnam War transform Americans attitudes and credibility in government?

a. Most Americans became very skeptical of government especially as the credibility gap widened throughout the Johnson and Nixon administrations.

MLK, Jr.

a young pastor from Dexter Avenue Baptist Church who was made popular through the Montgomery bus boycott and led the African Americans throughout their struggle towards equality through his eloquent speaking and ardent passion.

What were the demonstrations organized by the American Indian Movement designed to do? a)Actively confront the federal government b)Passively resist the federal government c)Build an alliance with other minority groups d)Promote cooperation with the federal government

a) Actively confront the federal government

Which of the following statements best defines the domino theory? a)If one country falls to communism, others in the region will fall, too b)Communism will topple the global economy c)Communism will cause the fall of the US d)Socialist governments at a threat to freedom

a) If one country falls to communism, others in the region will fall, too

What set off the first general student strike in US history? a)Invasion of Cambodia b)The assassination of Robert Kennedy c)The assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. d)Riot at the 1968 Democratic National Convention

a)Invasion of Cambodia

By 1980, many Americans felt that

a. Jimmy Carter and congressional Democrats debated issues unconnected with everyday life.

The Bay of Pigs was

a. a strategic blunder for the Kennedy administration.

Al Qaeda is

a. a terrorist organization that orchestrated the 9/11 terror attacks.

As President Richard M. Nixon reduced troop levels in Vietnam in 1969, he also

a. increased the pace of bombing in South Vietnam and Cambodia.

Bush's relationship with Gorbachev can best be described as

a. initially reluctant but eventually cooperative.

According to Billy Graham, how could Americans save themselves from the nuclear apocalypse?

a. massive religious conversion

How many demonstrators gathered for the March on Washington on August 28, 1963?

a. over 200,000

Jonas Salk was famous for his

a. perfection of the polio vaccine.

Which administration's efforts to mislead the American people were revealed by the publication of the Pentagon Papers? a)Richard Nixon's b)Lyndon Johnson's c)John Kennedy's d)Dwight Eisenhower

b)Lyndon Johnson

Which of the following terms best characterize the 1950s?

affluence and simmering discontent

The Republican Contract with America

aimed to reduce the size of the government and limit the welfare state

On which right did Native American groups focus in the 1961 Declaration of Indain Purpose? a)Privacy b)Self-determination c)Property ownership d)Religious freedom

b)Self-determination

The efforts of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party in 1964 resulted in

an integrated Mississippi delegation in 1968.

The first U.S. military advisers arrived in Vietnam in

b. 1955.

In the early days of the draft, a young man could automatically be deferred from the draft by ____________. a)Getting married b)Enrolling in college c)Getting a job d)Joining a pacifist church

b) Enrolling in college

Which of the following describes the actions of Cesar Chavez? a)He ran for Congress as a liberal democrat b)He adopted the tactics of nonviolent protest c)He adopted the tactics of militant confrontation d)He protested against agricultural unionization

b) He adopted the tactics of nonviolent protest

Which president asked Congress for the Tonkin Gulf Resolution? a)Richard Nixon b)Lyndon Johnson c)John Kennedy d)Dwight Eisenhower

b) Lyndon Johnson

The Indian Education Act gave greater control over the education of Native Americans to ____________. a)State governments b)Native American tribes c)The Bureau of Indian Affairs d)The American Indian Movement

b) Native American tribes

What was/were most effective in convincing the American public that the war was not winnable? a)The body count of the Vietcong b)The Tet Offensive c)The actions of Students for a Democratic Society d)The invasion of Cambodia

b) The Tet Offensive

Which of the following event did NOT occur in 1968? a)The Tet Offensive b)The US invasion of Cambodia c)The assassination of Robert Kennedy d)The assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.

b) The US invasion of Cambodia

Reagan's hope for Nicaragua was that the Sandinistas would:

be overthrown by the Contras

like Richard Nixon, George H. W. Bush appealed to conservative voters during his presidential campaign by claiming that he would

be tough on crime.

Nearly all of the 34 dead at the Watts riots of August 1965 were

black.

What was the goal of the Eagle Forum?

block the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment

President Johnson's first priority on the domestic front was to:

break the logjam in Congress that had blocked Kennedy's legislative efforts.

The Cuban missile crisis:

brought the United States and the Soviet Union close to nuclear war

The Cuban missile crisis:

brought the United States and the Soviet Union close to nuclear war.

Cesar Chavez used nonviolent means to organize Mexican American _________. a)Voters b)Students c)Farm workers d)Factory workers

c) Farm workers

After WWII, the US aided __________ in its efforts to keep control of Vietnam. a)Japan b)China c)France d)Britain

c) France

What two countries did Nixon secretly bomb in order to cut off supplies to the North Vietcong? a)Thailand and Cambodia b)Cambodia and North Vietnam c)Cambodia and Laos d)Laos and North Vietnam

c)Cambodia and Laos

What was the level of inflation in the United States in 1979?

c. 11 percent

The first U.S. military advisers arrived in Vietnam in

c. 1955.

Which of the following TV series was not part of the 1980s celebration of wealth and consumption?

c. <i>Roots</i>

How did Nikita Khrushchev change the emphasis of the Cold War?

c. He focused on competition for hearts and minds around the world.

Which of the following is true about John F. Kennedy?

c. He suffered from a variety of serious health problems.

How did the American media react to Elvis Presley's meteoric rise in 1955?

c. They described his performances as vulgar and suggestive.

In the wake of the 9/11 attacks,

c. demonstrations of support for the United States took place in cities across Europe.

Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein are best known as

c. reporters who exposed the money trail from Watergate to the White House.

Which of the following did Congress support in the 1980s as a means of reducing births to teenagers?

chastity clinics

How did Congress try to address the issue of teenage pregnancies in the 1980s?

chastity clinics that stressed abstinence

Warren Commission

committee that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy

oligopoly

competitive system in which several companies control production; although this system does not entirely eliminate competition, it blunted it in the steel industry as the smaller manufacturers, e.g. Bethlehem Steel, who remained independent, simply followed the lead of U.S. Steel in setting prices and dividing the market so that each company held a comfortable share

The American Indian Movement organized all of the following except ___________. a)The occupation of the Bureau of Indain Affairs b)The occupation of the Wounded Knee, South Dakota c)The Trail of Broken Treaties march on Washington d)The meeting that resulted in Declaration of Indian Purpose

d) The meeting that resulted in Declaration of Indian Purpose

What role did television play in the course of the Vietnam War?

d. TV often showed images that contradicted government progress reports.

What provoked the "English only" movement starting in the 1970s?

d. The combination of immigration and civil rights resulted in voting materials in foreign languages.

How did "beats" characterize postwar American culture?

d. They criticized the obsession with materialism and anticommunism.

Abu Ghraib was the site of

d. a prison near Baghdad where Iraqi prisoners were tortured and humiliated.

Nearly all of the 34 dead at the Watts riots of August 1965 were

d. black.

The immigration law of 1965

d. changed the main source of immigration to Asia and the Americas.

As part of his advocacy for nation building, Kennedy

d. created the Peace Corps

The USA PATRIOT Act

d. expanded the power of the Justice Department.

Kennedy's assassination caused

d. his backers to romanticize his tenure in office

Carter's greatest foreign policy achievement was

d. his brokering of the Camp David Accords

In his "Letter from Birmingham City Jail," Martin Luther King:

declared his willingness to break unjust laws

In his Letter from Birmingham City Jail, Martin Luther King Jr.:

declared his willingness to break unjust laws.

California's Proposition 13 would achieve one of the New Right's main goals by

decreasing the size of government.

The invasions of Grenada and Panama by the United States reflected a desire to

demonstrate toughness by engaging in a low-risk conflict.

In 2005, Hurricane Katrina:

destroyed much of New Orleans

President Richard Nixon's grand design for foreign policy was called

detente

The major purpose of the Soviet missiles placed in Cuba was to:

deter another American-supported invasion of Cuba

The major purpose of the Soviet missiles placed in Cuba was to:

deter another American-supported invasion of Cuba.

Evidence of the continuing influence of the counterculture throughout the 1970s could be seen in the

dramatic increase in the divorce rate.

The Tet offensive of early 1968:

dramatically affected public support for Johnson's war policy

The Tet offensive of early 1968:

dramatically affected public support for Johnson's war policy.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965:

dramatically expanded black votes in the South

The Voting Rights Act of 1965:

dramatically expanded black votes in the South.

What drew young men and women to the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood in San Francisco during the Summer of Love in 1967?

drugs and music

By the mid-1960s, Martin Luther King had decided to:

emphasize the need for economic uplift for the black urban poor

What was the central intention of President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society?

ending poverty and discrimination

In response to Truman's Fair Deal proposals, Congress

enlarged many New Deal programs.

In 1961, Khrushchev escalated tensions over Berlin by:

erecting the Berlin Wall

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution allowed President Johnson to

expand the U.S. military commitment in Vietnam

Bay of Pigs Invasion

failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs.

Economic Opportunity Act

gave loans for education, training, and small business

In retrospect, Johnson's war on poverty:

generated middle-class resentment that benefited the Republicans

In retrospect, Johnson's war on poverty:

generated middle-class resentment that benefited the Republicans.

Kennedy's successor as president, Lyndon Johnson:

genuinely cared about the disadvantaged in society

Kennedy's successor as president, Lyndon Johnson:

genuinely cared about the disadvantaged in society.

The legislation passed by Congress at Johnson's urging in 1965 included all of the following EXCEPT:

government guarantee of full employment.

Richard Nixon:

had a reputation for hard-line anti-communism and rough campaign tactics

By the end of 1991, the Soviet Union:

had fallen apart

President Nixon's trip to China was surprising because

he had been an anti-Communist throughout his political career.

The purpose of Kennedy's proposed tax cut was to:

help the economy by stimulating consumer spending

In regard to Vietnam policy, Nixon:

insisted that he would pursue "peace with honor."

In late 1987, the United States and the Soviets signed a treaty to eliminate:

intermediate-range nuclear missiles.

finance capitalism

investment sponsored by banks and bankers, who played a key role in corporate consolidation in the decades at the turn of the 20th century, even stepping in to bring order and reorganize major industries after the depression preceded by the Panic of 1893 had bankrupted many businesses

The Panamanian government of Manuel Noriega was at odds with the Bush administration because of its:

involvement in the drug trade.

What did parents and community leaders in America seem most concerned about during the 1950s?

juvenile delinquency

The Bush Doctrine emphasized:

preemptive military action against terrorists and terrorist regimes

How did U.S. and South Vietnamese intelligence services interpret the massive increase of North Vietnamese forces in South Vietnam in December 1967

preparation for an assault on the Marine base of Khe Sanh

Malcolm X:

said blacks should be proud of their African heritage

Malcolm X:

said blacks should be proud of their African heritage.

Lyndon B. Johnson

signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

The new protest tactic against segregation used by students in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960 was the ________.

sit-in

Brains Trust

small group of professors from Columbia University who advised Roosevelt on social and economic policy in informal gatherings while he was governor of New York; they continued to advise Roosevelt after he became president

Native American activists ultimately discovered that their most effective tactic for bringing about change was:

taking legal action to force the government to adhere to old treaties.

How did the United States measure progress in its war against the NLF and North Vietnamese

the body count of dead opponents

Although President Reagan was committed to cutting government spending, he made an exception when it came to

the military.

The intervention of the United States Supreme Court in the 2000 presidential election was

unconstitutional

Factors that led to mafia's fall ________________, __________________, ______________________, ______________________, and _________________

vow of silence (code of...); eave's dropping, RICO act, witness protection program; informant

In his presidential campaign, Jimmy Carter emphasized his moral character and that he was an "outsider" because he

wanted to distinguish himself from Nixon.

Kennedy's legislative program:

was largely blocked by conservatives in Congress.

The result of the 1960 election:

was likely determined by African American votes in a few southern states

Clinton's plan for universal medical coverage:

was shot down in Congress.