18 Endo

Which of the labeled endocrine glands secretes a hormone to increase blood calcium levels?

1

Which of the choices below is a type of hormone that acts on neighboring cells without entering the bloodstream? 1. Local hormone 2. Paracrine 3. Autocrine 4. Circulating hormone

1 and 2

Which of the following is an eicosanoid? 1. Prostaglandin 2. Leukotriene 3. Glycoprotein

1 and 2

Which number represents cells that secrete glucagon? Number__________

2

Which number represents cells that secrete a hormone that triggers events to lower blood glucose levels? Number__________

3

Examine the figures below. Which of the labeled endocrine glands secretes hGH, TSH, FSH, LH and other hormones? Be careful with the orientation of this figure, it does not follow convention; that is, pay attention to the direction the subject is facing.

4b

Which of the labeled endocrine glands secretes hGH, TSH, FSH and other hormones?

4b

Which of the labeled endocrine glands secretes hormones that regulate the basal metabolic rate?

5

Which of the labeled endocrine glands secretes hormones in response to long-term stress (among other things)?

7

Which of the following is a group of lipid-soluble hormones derived from cholesterol? Select all that apply. a) Steroids b) Thyroid hormones c) Eicosanoid hormones d) Amine hormones e) Peptide hormones

A

What is a goiter? Explain how goiters can develop in both hyposecretion and hypersecretion disorders. In these hyposecretion and hypersecretion disorders, would you expect the levels of other regulatory hormones involved in control of thyroid hormone secretion to be high or low? Why?

A goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland. Hyposecretion goiters are usually due to insufficient iodide in the diet. Resulting low levels of thyroid hormones cause increased TRH and TSH until adequate thyroid activity is restored. Graves' disease causes hyperthyroidism by producing an antibody that mimics TSH. Thyroid enlargement occurs, and production of thyroid hormones increases. TRH and natural TSH remain low due to negative feedback, but TSH-mimicking antibody stimulates increased thyroid hormone production and secretion.

Compare the metabolic changes that occur during starvation with those that occur in diabetes mellitus.

A starving person is lacking energy-providing nutrient sources, and so, must use structural components of the body as energy sources. The diabetic consumes adequate nutrients, but due to the lack of insulin, is unable to move glucose into cells, and so, cannot use the glucose as an energy source. In both cases, energy generation becomes dependent on non-glucose sources, such as fatty acids and amino acids. Mobilization and metabolism of fats and proteins for energy production purposes leads to ketoacidosis, weight loss, and hunger.

Select the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands: endocrine glands secrete hormones while exocrine glands secrete non-hormonal substances exocrine glands secrete their contents into ducts; endocrine glands have no ducts products of exocrine glands work at sites distant from the actual glands

Ab

In addition to increasing growth of bones and soft tissues, somatotropin a) enhances lipolysis b) decreases glucose uptake by cells c) stimulates liver cells to release glucose d) increases cellular uptake of glucose

Abc

Thyroid hormone functions include: a) increasing the basal metabolic rate b) enhancing entry of amino acids into cells c) enhancing actions of catecholamines d) regulating development of nervous tissue and bones

Acd

An excess growth hormone after the fusion of the epiphyseal plates of long bones results in _____

Acromegaly

ATCH regulates the activities of the _____, primarily promoting the synthesis of _____

Adrenal gland/cortisol

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

When one hormone opposes the action of another hormone, it is called a(n) __?__ effect.

Antagonistic

Blood glucose levels are normally well regulated by insulin and glucagon. The _____ cells are responsible for synthesizing insulin and ________ cells produce glucagon in the pancreatic islets. Other hormones have an effect on glucose metabolism. _______ increases blood glucose by several different mechanisms affecting primarily liver and adipose to mobilize stored molecules that may be converted to release as glucose. ______ hormone increases blood glucose by decreasing glucose uptake by cells even though it stimulates the production of insulin-like hormone. __________ hormone decreases blood glucose due to its role in increasing BMR. As cell metabolism increases, so does cellular use of glucose.__________ enhances and prolongs the effects of the sympathetic nervous system that include increasing blood glucose levels to make glucose available during exercise or other SNS mediated activities.

Beta, alpha, cortisol, growth, thyroid, epinephrine

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the nervous and/or endocrine systems?

Both systems use electrical impulses to convey signals.

Which of the following hormones opposes the action of parathyroid hormone?

Calcitonin

Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of the plasma concentration of which of the following ions?

Calcium

Which of the following hormones plays key regulatory roles in the body's long-term response to stress?

Cortisol, hGH, Thyroid hormone

Which of the following is NOT a common second messenger?

DNA

Which of the following conditions would result from hyposecretion of aldosterone?

Dehydration

Which of the following conditions could potentially result from hyposecretion of a hormone released by the portion of the marked gland in the diagram?

Diabetes insipidus

Which of the following is NOT a common response of the body to long-term stress? Increased __?__.

Digestive activities

When a hormone is present in excessive levels, the number of target-cell receptors may decrease. This is called __?__

Down-regulation

An individual with a deficiency in fatty acid intake might have difficulty producing which type of hormones?

Eicosanoid hormones

Which of the following is a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla in response to an acute stressor?

Epinephrine

What controls hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland?

Factors released from the hypothalamus

Which of the following identifies hormones, or a hormone, produced by the GIT?

Gastrin, GIP, Secretin, Cholecystokinin

Which of the following hormones are released in response to decreases in blood glucose concentration?

Glucagon

Explain the mechanism by which a deficiency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRh) will lead to infertility in both a male and a female.

GnRh stimulates gonadotrophs to produce follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in both males and females. FSH in women initiates the development of several ovarian follicles each month and stimulates follicular cells to secrete estrogens. In men, FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes. In females, LH triggers ovulation of the ripened secondary oocyte and, after ovulation, stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone. In addition, LH stimulates the secretion of estrogens. These hormones prepare the uterus for implantation of the developing embryo. In males, LH stimulates the cells in the testes that secrete testosterone. A lack of these hormones will lead to an inability to conceive due to interference with the processes already described.

GnRH regulates the synthesis and release of FSH and LH. FSH and LH regulate the activity of the __?__.

Gonads

The anterior pituitary is composed of islets of secretory cells, each specializing in the production of one or two hormones. Somatotrophs are cells responsible for __?__ production.

Growth hormone

Which of the following is NOT a lipid-based hormone?

Histamine

Secretion of anterior pituitary hormones is stimulated by releasing hormones and suppressed by inhibiting factors from the __?__.

Hypothalamus

Which of the following is the major integrating link between the nervous and endocrine systems?

Hypothalamus

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone is dopamine, produced and secreted by the __?__ to prevent prolactin secretion by the __?__.

Hypothalamus; anterior pituitary

How are most hormones released?

In short bursts with little or no secretion between bursts.

Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on endocrine gland function?

Increase in thymus size

Relaxin is a peptide hormone that is important during labor and delivery. The effect of relaxin is to __?__.

Increase the flexibility of the pubic symphysis (and sacroiliac joints) and dilate the cervix.

Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for the secretion of insulin?

Increased activity of the sympathetic division of the ANS.

Which of the following is NOT a common effect of glucocorticoid stimulation?

Increased production of all types of blood cells

What is the stalk-like structure called that connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus called?

Infundibulum

Which blood glucose-lowering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cells?

Insulin

Thyroid hormone is synthesized using the element__________ and is the reason for the names T3 and T4.

Iodine

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing of a body system and an endocrine contribution to that system?

Leptin enhances appetite

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates the gonads to secrete progesterone in females and testosterone in males?

Luteinizing hormone

Which of the following is NOT a common method of stimulating hormone secretion from an endocrine cell?

Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell

Which of the following statements correctly compares water-soluble hormones with lipid-soluble hormones?

Only water-soluble hormones use second messengers

The amount of ADH that is released by the posterior pituitary glands varies with blood __?__ levels.

Osmotic pressure

Which of the following is a list of the regulatory activities of Thyroid hormone?

Oxygen use, metabolic rate, cellular metabolism, growth and development.

Endocrine glands secrete hormones, which circulate through blood to affect target tissues. Some endocrine glands function exclusively as endocrine organs, others have mixed functions. Which of the following has mixed endocrine and exocrine functions?

Pancreas

Which of the following is not a type of anterior pituitary cell?

Paraventricular neurons

Hallmarks of diabetes mellitus are the three "polys": __________, excessive urine production due to an inability of the kidneys to reabsorb water; __________, excessive thirst; and __________, excessive eating.

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

Which of the following is NOT a function of a hormone?

Produce electrolytes

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates milk production?

Prolactin

Which of the following is a list of the regulatory activities of cortisol?

Protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and anti-inflammatory.

In general, hormones have three types of effects. Which of the following is NOT one of those three types of effects?

Regulatory

Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland?

Sebaceous gland

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates general body growth?

Somatotropin

Which of the following statements does NOT describe a step in the synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4?

Synthesis of parathyroid hormone

Describe the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of hormone release from the pituitary gland.

The hypothalamus is the integrating center for much sensory input. It secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones which diffuse into the hypophyseal portal system to regulate secretion of all hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. The hypothalamus also contains receptors that monitor blood osmotic pressure and neural input from reproductive structures. Integration of this input leads to production of ADH and OT by neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus. These hormones are then transported through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to be released by exocytosis from the posterior pituitary gland in response to nerve impulses.

The adrenal medulla is stimulated during the stress response by __?__

The sympathetic nervous system

Which endocrine gland stores its hormonal product for approximately 100 days?

Thyroid

Which of the following hormones promotes increases in the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Thyroid hormone

Compare and contrast the mechanisms of action of lipid-soluble versus water-soluble hormones

Upon reaching their target cells, lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer of the target cell membrane and bind to receptors in the cytosol or nucleus. The activated receptor usually acts by turning transcription of genes either on or off, thus regulating synthesis of a protein. Water-soluble hormones bind to membrane receptors, which activate intracellular signaling pathways that lead to changes in the cell's metabolic activity.

Enuresis, or bedwetting, may be caused by psychological, anatomical or physiological factors. In the latter case, vasopressin is often prescribed and is a very effective treatment. What is vasopressin? How can it prevent enuresis?

Vasopressin is also called antidiuretic hormone or ADH. In addition to its vasoconstrictive effects, ADH causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water. Someone who does not make enough ADH may not be able to contain all of the urine produced while they are sleeping. If they are not awakened by the pressure in their urinary bladder, they may wet the bed instead of getting up and going to the toilet. Since vasopressin helps the body reabsorb more water, a person's bladder should not get so full that they end up wetting the bed while sleeping.

Identify which diagram, "A" or "B" represents the action of a water-soluble hormone (state this in your answer). Using the diagram you chose, explain the GENERAL mechanism shown to explain how water-soluble hormones exert their physiological effects.

Water-soluble hormones interact with a cell-surface receptor and activate an intracellular second messenger.

The posterior pituitary releases two hormones produced by the hypothalamus,__________ and__________. Insert the complete name of each hormone (no abbreviations).

antidiuretic hormone|oxytocin; antidiuretic hormone|oxytocin

Eicosanoids are 20-carbon lipids. These very important signalling molecules fall into two families. They are synthesized from a fatty acid called __?__ that is found as one arm of a phospholipid in all human cell membranes.

arachidonic acid

There are many prostaglandins and they have many different effects. Aspirin, and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drugs, permanently inhibit the key enzyme in the synthesis of prostaglandins. A common use of aspirin is to block the sensitization of nociceptors (pain receptors) for prostaglandins. In the stomach, prostaglandins inhibit acid secretion. Therefore, taking aspirin has a side-effect that may lead to __?__.

gastric ulcers due to increased acidity of the stomach

Which of the following pairs of hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland?

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone