214A Midterm1

Minotaur

(Greek mythology) a mythical monster with the head of a bull and the body of a man (Tale of the Labyrinth, Theseus vs the monster)

Shi Huangdi

- Founder of the shortlived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) - Conquered all the warring states - remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization -Terra cotta warriors and great wall

Hawara

- Labyrinth to a pyramid to foil grave robbers - was built for Amenemhat III

Deshret

- Land of death - Red land

Temple of Marduk

- Massive Babylonian architecture dedicated to the supreme god; heavily bastioned, built in clay with huge towers and crenellated terraces - Ziggurat

Temple of Seti I at Abydos

- Mudbrick wall - Temple entrance going down to the earth - Main chapels and halls and wells - Possible palace - L shaped temple - Highly formal (symmetrical making it seriously looking) - Columns are unornamented

Mohenjo-Daro

- Near the sea (2500BC) - Massive stone walls (Thermal mass) - Built around courtyards - Main roads are usually North/South to help with environmental factors in terms of shading orientation - Grid plan - Mudbrick construction - All having to do with survival of a hot climate - Large area in middle is for lustral bath

Sargon the Great of Akkad

- Not of sumarian origin - Ruler of city-state - He wanted an empire (1st to conquer/unify) - Architecture began to change as he began to conquer more city states - Marks a time period when things began to transition

Temple of Amun-Ra, Karnak

- Obelisk - Hypostyle Hall - Cavetto Cornice: at the top of a wa;ll or a column. It's a flared part on the top. Characteristic of much Egyptian architecture - Impost block: block on top of the columns to make it look like the ceiling is floating above the column - Bud capitals: tops of columns that look like a cylinder - Flared out capitals to look like papyrus - Clerestory windows Works to help the floating ceiling effect Temple of Luxor Temple of Horus

Meidum

- funerary monument, exterior shape was the first to look like the pyramids we know today- marks transition between stepped and true pyramids - Pyramid with a steeply sloped sides making it taller and narrower. This was an attempt to make a taller pyramid, but it simply couldn't stand because it was so tall. - Corbelling: a style of bricks coming out slightly more and more to make an overhang or ceiling

Silbury Hill

- located about one mile from the Avebury Henge, England, this man-made mound likely symbolized the great belly of a Prehistoric Mother Earth goddess - Near river Avion - 4,000yrs old - Determined that its a part of collection in the region w/ the other mound - Made 6 levels of limestone and then grass grew over it - Trench around the bottom level - Shape represents the Goddess of Fertility

Nile River

- longest river in the world - The river in which early kingdoms in Egypt were centered around bc it was the source of life in the desert - white (source Victoria Falls) - blue (source Lake Tana) - Constant flooding was the renewal of life and established idea of the cycle of life and death - Act of preservation (mummification) started from the idea of the life and death cycle from the Nile

Yangtze River

- longest river of Asia, River found in China; 3rd longest river in the world (3915 miles long)

Ur

- one of the largest Sumerian city-state in Mesopotamia - Palace inside the center and a moat - Had many gold detailing for clothes - Pattern making of cones use don the walls - old babylonian city

Newgrange

- pre-historic monument in Ireland, built during the Neolithic period in Ireland - Graves site tomb (passage grave) w/ one opening - White crystal stone material - Material believed to have spiritual powers - Tunnel going in from single opening heading to middle of mound - 63'-0" long passageway - The standing stones were meant to represent the important ppl that have died - Corbelling = stacking stones getting closer together to hold the structure

Qin Dynasty

- the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall - First time warring states were unified - ruled by Shi Huangdi

Babylon

- the capital; a city of great wealth and luxury - Wall-city - Spans across the river - Temple of Marduk & Tower of Babel - Hydraulic system of some kind to for their gardens

Saqqara

- the site of the first Egyptian pyramidal tombs - (Djoser) Zoser's tomb - Stacked mastabas that started the style of pyramids (looks like a ziggurat) - Beginning of pyramid age - Was originally covered in marble, but it came off and left behind the stepped inner structure

Chantal Jègues-Wolkiewiez

- theories of sympathetic magic and importance of bulls were studies by her - Sympathetic amgic = if you illustrate something then youve captured their sole (getting the essNCE of tht animal) - Our ancestors were curious in our place in the cosmos - Constellations were read as animals - Binary star: the idea of stars coupling in the relationship to how they move together

Great Wall of China

- world's longest man made structure built to keep invaders from the north out of China, started by the Qin Dynasty, expanded by the Han Dynasty, - A huge wall that is over 6000 miles, which was built to keep the Mongolians in the north out of China - A lot of earth structure then stone work - Built in bits and pieces

Trilithon

a structure consisting of two large vertical stones supporting a third stone set horizontally across the top. It is commonly used in the context of megalithic monuments (trabeation)

corbelled chamber

a style of bricks coming out slightly more and more to make an overhang or ceiling (ex. medium pyramid, Mycenae citadel, new grange, Meidum pyramid)

obelisk

a tall stone our-sided pillar, typically having a square or rectangular cross section and a pyramidal top, set up as a monument or landmark. illusory carved on it

Great Serpent Mound

- 1300' long, 3' high, 20-25' wide - follows a river - east/west axis - earthwork - Mississippian culture -numerous mounds forming the shape of a serpent - possible connection to Haley's comet might have been used to mark time/seasons -Adams County, Ohio 1070 CE (11th century)

Terra Cotta Warriors

- 5000 soldier statues made of baked clay that were buried underground to "guard" emperor Shi Huangdi in the after-life - Wood timbers spanned across for spacing - Each soldier represented an individual (different face and slightly different uniform) - Painted with color to represented status and role - Status of Shi himself with bronze umbrella and 4horses

Göbekli Tepe

- A ceremonial site comprising 20 circles made up of carved limestone pillars located in southeastern Turkey - 3 predominant circles and the biggest one has layers of circles - 11,600 years ago, was built by gatherer hunters - used to be called Anatolia - Depict a T-shaped stone structures - Free standing structure - Oriented in a circular fashion Implicit that it might have something to do with reading the cosmos - Theories suggest that taller wall supported timber beams and that they were temples of some kind along with carvings on them - More of a worship site and less a village - Entrance was protected (maybe only certain ppl were allowed in)

Woodhenge

- A circular feature demarcated by large upright timbers, probably used by prehistoric groups as astronomical observatories - = timber henge - Cycle of life and death is monumentalized between stone and wood - Site to commemorate the living - Beaker People = New arrival of people and change of culture - Used metals, wheel, tools, etc - Decentralized - Mega monuments are no longer being built because with their tools they focused on more smaller subjects - End of henge era

Khafre Sphinx

- A mythical Egyptian beast with the body of a lion and the head of a human - Head of Khafre - Lower portion was more preserved bc alot of was buried

Tower of Babel

- A tall building proposed by the Hamites in order to "make a name for themselves." God responded to their challenge by confusing their languages, so the project could never be completed. -Spiraling form

Indus River Valley

- A valley and early civilization along the Indus River, one of the longest rivers in the world - Mountains and fertile soil - River civilization start to have different types of languages - Lota = pot-like ceramic piece to bring water from the river one puts on your head

Nabta Playa

- An area in the Egyptian Western Desert that was the location of a series of preagricultural and early agricultural sites located along the edge of a lake - One of the most important sites in Egypt - Used to have enough water to support life - In southern part of Egypt - 7000BC - Stone circles (reminding of stonehenge) - well preserved monuments - Lining up with celestial moments and constellations

Cosquer Cave

- An underwater cave in the french Mediterranean: homo sapien art was found: handprint - Interesting due to its proximity to the water - Currently being submerged in water (rising sea level) - marseille, france

Sumarians

- Ancient people who lived in the geographical region of sumer - 1st pl of the mespoatiomian culture - Translated as "the people" - Cuneiform = mud tablet that is used to write on then backed so it hardens and the written material is saved

Mastaba

- Arabic, "bench." An ancient Egyptian rectangular brick or stone structure with sloping sides erected over a subterranean tomb chamber connected with the outside by a shaft - beginning of pyramid style - burial site

Hatshepsut Temple

- Architect: Senemet. Allegedly had an affair - Different from a pyramid in that it has a notion of invitation. The Pyramids did not have an entrance, but this temple has a ramp that indicates an entrance and place to go - Rest of it is buried into the mountain - Play of shade and shadow impowers the building - Building and landscape merge beautifully - More of the bldg to the left - Hatshep was a global citizen and would travel the world so it was once planted with a lot of the foreign trees - Hypostyle hall inside - Ramp, plaza (highlights the note of procession) - Scale of harmony, procession, melting with nature - Al Qurn = horn - Her temple was also robbed by grave robbers

Bent Pyramid

- Attempt #2 - in Dashur - Pyramid was built at one angle half way up, then became flatter on the top half since it couldn't stand - Began to smooth at the pyramid rather than make it like stacked mastaba - 1st smooth pyramid

Khafre Pyramid

- Built on a platform - Portion of its cap still intact - Spiraling Ramps to get to top of structure was the construction method - Enslved ppl made these pyramids

Khafaje

- Constantly lost then regain from flooding - 2 constrict wall (lower walls and another layer of walls once you go in)(like attack on titan) - Thick wall with very few openings

Temple of Hathor

- Dedicated to female goddess in Dendera. - = goddess of fertility - Similar language of a linear form with a little curve from landscape/cartography - Columns are engaged with the wall with the goddess carved on it - Often see with large ears (=happiness and fertility) - Dendera Zodiac - Dendera Light = soft nature of the sculptures when the light hits giving it an ethereal (delicate/perfect) look

Sneferu

- Egyptian king who built the first true pyramid - had the bent pyramid and red pyramid built

Mentuhotep II

- First pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom - is regarded as the founder of the Middle Kingdom and ruled for 51 years.

Catal Huyuk

- One of first true cities in history, created in the Neolithic Era in 6500 to 5500 BC, from which were created agriculture, trading, temples, housing, and religions - 1st to create a plan of their community - aka "The hilly place" - Discovered by architect James Mellaart - Bldgs are clustered together (shared walls)(Minimized amount of exterior walls) - Create thermal mass in a hot climate - Fewer walls less heat gain (decided environmental characteristic) - Small rectangle on roof as some sort of chimney and - only way of entrance/exit - Communal society - Elevated ground space - Each space was for one family - Generationally the space was divided - Protection from evil was important so the cows' horns would prevent invaders from coming - Paintings of animals in home - Statues of figures that represent fertility - Representation of volutres and human figures decapitated (cycle of life and death) - Vultures were worshiped - inhumation burial: Stripped the bones of the flesh and left the bones and burying them of decomposed

Lascaux Cave

- One of the 1st examples of human adaptations - Almost 35,000yrs old - interlocking spaces underground - Found then utilized by the people and may have been altered to fit their needs - Plan contains several chambers (linear passageways) - Bulls were an important image - Chantel Jegues- Wolkiewiez interpreted the meaning of the patterns of imagery that it is connected to cosmics in sky

Mari

- One of the 1st that had a circular-formed city - Lays out a spoke-like (wheel form) but grid once you look closer on the inside - Thick walls (thermal mass) - clustered form

Altamira Cave

- Ongoing mural of animals - Plan produces a spiraling circulation to it - Extremely detailed (realistic and expressive) - Spain - Reddish pigment (have iron in it) - Color has remained for 1000s of years - Like Lascaux cave the circulation meanders Illustrations of bulls

Isis and Osiris (don't need to know)

- Osiris known for bringing the fertile soil to the land (depicted in green) - Isis = knowledge and magic (sometimes shown with wings for having the power to resurrect her husband TWICE) - Son (Horus) is seen as a hawk

Harrapa

- Over 20,000 ppl - Similar grid plan - Courtyard areas - Same factors as Mohenjo-Daro - Known for their small ppl sculptures - Bronze age wall city

Pyramids of Giza

- Pyramid complex that consists of several building types, not just pyramids - Khufu, Khafre, Menkaure pyramids - Sphinx was in front of the Pyramid of Khafre - Cause way in front of Funerary Temple to be the path for things to be brought in - Built of limestone block - Top with precious decorative materials - for Khufu - Several chambers on the inside - Openings from the outside into the chambers within are found to line up with stars and constellations - Redundancies to prevent collapse: stone triangular arches sitting on a triathlon. There are several lintels lined up underneath so if one collapsed there would be more underneath

Mnajdra

- Site representation of the fertility goddess on her side - Post/Lintel (same as Post/beam) - trabeation - In Malta (island in Mediterranean - Circle shaped holes hammered into stone

Palace of Sargon

- Stone - turit -like pieces around lower wall makes it look stronger or structurally sound (column embedded in a wall) - no longer exists - thick wall courtyard

Tarxien Temples

- Temple is organized and shaped like a fertility goddess lying on her side - In Malta (island in Mediterranean

Mentuhotep Temple

- Temple with a pyramid on top. - The pyramid was meant to be a decoy to deter grave robbers - The tomb isnt in the pyramid, but rather deep within the mountain behind. - Acknowledges the site with the mountains and leads a trend towards frontality away from buildings in the round

Eridu Temple

- city/states of sumerians - Temple like structures for king/priests - Another one of the first ppl - thermal walls (clustering) - Large piece in foreground is the holy site meant for worship

Howard Carter

- discovered King Tut's tomb in 1922 - Excavation funded by Lord Carnarvon - Lots of artifacts inside 3 coffins inner coffin is solid gold

Red Pyramid

- first true pyramid - 3rd successful atempt - Much smaller than erlier attempts but needed to have a pyramid quickly for Sneferu - Signs of corbelling

Kemet

- The black land - Highly fertile soils - Land of life

Ishtar Gate

- The entrance gate into Babylon. It was built by Nebuchadnezzar - Guarded gate - Dismantled and brought to German museum - Very detailed (brightly colored pigments) - Detailing of animals on walls a relief (semi sculptural piece)

Tomb of Shi Huangdi

- The most elaborate tomb in China, it was home to thousands of soldiers who are known as the Terracotta Army - Outer wall→inner wall→tomb - 9 levels

Zoser (Djoser)

- The pharaoh in 3rd dynasty for whom the first step pyramid was made, at Saqqara - Had a vision for how he wanted his burial that wasnt like a mastaba

Abydos

- The site of the royal cemetery of Egypt during the First and Second Dynasties. - Temple architecture as opposed to pyramid

Chauvet Cave

- This cave is the site of Old Stone Age cave paintings in southeastern France - Depiction of horses and the essence of the animals (sympathetic magic) - Some importance

Mesopotamia

- Tigris and Euphrates rivers merge together - Organized as city-states (each ruled by their own religious king) - Generally existed in peace with one another - Fertile crescent (fertile land shaped as a crescent)

Poverty Point

- Town on the lower Mississippi River (northeastern louisiana) that was the center of the Indian communities around 1200 B.C. - A Late Archaic site in Louisiana with a series of six concentric embankments - Circular site toward the river - Highest walls on the outer layer and gets lower goin in - Focused on the river bc its their source of life

Stonehenge

- Trebeated (post/lintel) form makes a circle - possibly being a monument for the dead - Around 3,000bce first circular form was created - Dite + mound + whole = henge - From the preseli hills long distance away Blue aspect of the stone may have represented the sky so it might have meant a great deal (blue stones standing within them no longer stand there) - Claimed to be used as a religious center or burial (commemorate the dead) - John Aubrey was the one that first discovered it - Pesculated one of the burial methods might have been cremation - Sarsen stones were used - This phased of building happened when a change of culture was happening - The direction of the entrance is related to the sunrise at the summer solstice (its perfectly aligned) - A place where ppl gathered for important events regarding the seasons - The ritual of coming together, engaging in active construction is what the place so important

Zhengzhou

- Woodform to create the ground structure - Wood as framework and rather than concrete they press and press earth into (= to concrete during that time) AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION - Turning point in culture - Less hunting and gathering - Starting to build in a more permanent format - Home = jia

White Temple at Warka

- Ziggurat = stepping temple - Vertical form striation helps it keep from and not fall - Very thick stone walls - Hierarchy = Priests and king (seen as deities) were allowed the highest levels whereas middle class geth somewhat high levels and commoners would get the lower levels (who gets to heaven faster)(Example of Archaic ziggurat) - Vertical striation on the sides

Avebury

- a Neolithic henge monument containing three stone circles, around the village of Avebury in Wiltshire, in southwest England - Located near Silbury Hill - Made up of a big circle and 2 circles within it - Have some connection to Silbury through solictices - Outer circle has a ditch = henge - Thought the two smaller circles inside were meant to look interlocking in how it appears to turn like a machine or bodies through the seasons (gears of the heaven) - Large stones around specifically chosen for its shape for its animism (natural things having a spirit)

Skara Brae

- a Stone Age fishing village in Northern Scotland discovered by archaeologists in the 1800s - Village near water - Dome stone structures - Used for thermal mass to keep warm - Communal living - Built in furniture and shelving - More of a cold climate so the clusters keep them warm - Subterranean village - Party walls (shared walls)

impost block

- a block, serving to concentrate the weight above, imposed between the capital of a column and the springing of an arch above - Sets a look of floating a beam by having a block on top of column and then the beam to make the hall/room seem grander

Hemudu Culture

- a widespread rice farming culture south of Shanghai, dating to as early as 7000 BC - Massive trilithons (wider and more spread out more decorative looking) - Typically shown in this form but don't know what they're for - Animal imagery, carvings - by Yangtze river

Cahokia

- an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200. - wall -city - Near colinville, illinois - Sacred zones in walls and domestic stuff outside of wall - templelike forms were meant for prayers not burials - Mostly engaged in agriculture - Not clustered courtyard form bc its not an extreme hot dry climate

Oracle Bones

- animal bones carved with written characters which were used for telling the future - The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period.

Imhotep

- architect who designed the Step Pyramid in Saqqara

Ashur

- city of Sargon the Great of Akkad (2350 b.c) - capital of the Old Assyrian Empire, the Middle Assyrian Empire, and for a time, of the Neo-Assyrian Empire

Temple of Rameses

-third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty - Carved into a mountainside with 4 colossal statues of himself - And smaller statue of his various wives - Temple was moved in the 1960s was gonna be flooded if it stayed where its was so they took it apart and moved it to a higher elevation to be saved - Sun used to shine exactly at his face before they moved it

cavetto cornice

A characteristic of Egyptian buildings, consisting of large Cavetto decorated with vertical leaves and a roll molding below.

Clerestory

A row of windows in the upper part of a wall. (Ex. Karnak Hypostyle Hall)

Hatshepsut

First female pharaoh who expanded Egypt through trade

Abousir Group

Group of pyramids on the shore of the Abusir lake

Arthur Evans

British archaeologist who excavated the palace of Knossos ("labyrinth") in Crete to find what he called Minoan civilization (1851-1941)

Amenemhat III

Hawara was built for him

Tutankamen (King Tut)

Egypt's most famous pharaoh; began ruling when he was ten years old and died at 19; restored old religion and had many belongings with him at burial

Osireion at Abydos

Massive structure (solid heavy walls) Water situated at bottom Subterranean

James Mellaart

Original excavator for Catal huyuk

Amarna

Place where Akenhaten moved his capital to

Lustral bath

Symbolic purification of the soul and spirit (ex. Mohenjo-Daro, Minoan city)

Uruk

Slope platform and temple on top

Temple of Horus

The façade of this temple at Edfu depicts Horus and Hathor witnessing an oversized King Ptolemy XIII striking down undesired enemies. Ptolemy XIII was Cleopatra's brother. The Ptolemys were descendent of Alexander the Great's general, Ptolemy. - Horus (son of Isis) shown as a hawk (Represent wisdom, vigilance) - Similar procession in temple - Outisde to inside (standard program for egyptian temples): Pylon, Colonnaded courtyard, Hypostyle hall ,Barque, Sanctuary hall

Abydos

The site of the royal cemetery of Egypt during the First and Second Dynasties.

pylon gate

The wide entrance gateway of an Temple of Horus, characterized by its sloping walls

Palette of Narmer (don't need to know)

Thought to be the first written inscription in Egyptian history. Narmer who is shown on the tablet is the first written Pharaoh we know if

hypostyle hall

a large interior room characterized by many closely spaced columns that support its roof

Amenhotep IV (aka Akhenaten)

early ruler of Egypt who rejected the old gods and replaced them with Aten, the sun god.

Nefertari

favorite wife of Ramses II

Khufu Pyramid

first and biggest one of the three in pyramids of Giza

John Aubrey

first to discover Stonehenge

trabeation

the horizontal span between two upright planes or columns (post/lintel)

Crete

the largest Greek island in the Mediterranean

Menkaure Pyramid

third pyramid of Giza

Temple of Luxor

unknown; ancient Egyptian; temple; Luxor, Egypt; 1400 B.C.