22 and 23
According to the ancients, the stars traveled around Earth on a transparent, hollow, what?
Celestial Sphere
What causes seasons?
Earth's tilt
the period of time for the moon to complete one true revolution.
Sidereal Month
What planet could the ancients not see?
Uranus
X-rays have shorter wavelength than visible light; therefore, X-rays ________.
are higher energy than light waves
The outermost layer of the Sun is called the ________.
corona
Oldest features on the moon.
highlands
Formed by basaltic lava.
maria
The source of the Sun's energy is ________.
nuclear fusion
T/F Jupiter is the largest and most massive planet in the solar system.
tru
true/false The cycle of phases of the Moon is the basis for our month.
true
What's it called during the period that the moon phases are changing from new to full?
waxing
The total number of eclipses per year doesn't accede what?
7
The average distance between the earth and the sun.
Astronomical Unit
The first early astronomer to propose a sun center solar system.
Copernicus
What orbit does Earth rotate at?
Elliptical Orbit
Who first established the size of Earth?
Eratosthenes
Who was credited for first calculating Earth's circumference?
Eratosthenes
What is a popular theory for the difference in atmospheres of the Jovian planets versus terrestrial planets?
High temperatures and solar wind in the inner planets allowed most of the volatiles to be driven off the terrestrial planets, but not the Jovian planets.
How did the lunar maria most likely originate?
Huge impact basins that were nearly filled with basaltic lave flows
What atmospheric gas is common in the outer planets but rare in the inner planets?
Hydrogen
________ are small, extraterrestrial particles that glow brightly and burn up as they travel through Earth's atmosphere.
Meteoroids
Which planet has the highest recorded winds in the solar system?
Neptune
The largest known volcano in the solar system is ________.
Olympus Mons on Mars
What is the ideal way, if cost is no object, for a telescope to avoid atmospheric disturbance?
Place it in space
If solar flares pose a danger to orbiting spacecraft and astronauts, how much warning is there for the danger?
The primary danger is from high energy particles that travel at the speed of the solar wind 500km/s, so there is ample warning of 3-5 days.
What did the Mars rover Opportunity discover on Mars that relates to questions about the existence of water on Mars?
The rover found sedimentary rocks that contained minerals that could only have formed by precipitation from water.
What is the modern explanation for what the ancient Chinese called "guest stars"?
They are Nova or Supernova.
Neptune and Uranus both appear bluish in sunlight whereas Jupiter and Saturn are multicolored. Why are Neptune and Uranus blue?
They contain methane ice in their atmosphere which causes the color.
Which of the following is not an advantage that radio telescopes have over optical telescopes?
They have better resolution.
How did the Greeks estimate the size of the earth?
They measured the angle of the sun above the horizon at midday in two places with different latitude and used the angle to estimate the circumference of the earth.
Why were planets called "wanderers" by early Astronomers?
They move relative to the stars.
The high surface temperatures of ________ have been attributed to the greenhouse effect.
Venus
The surface features of ________ are known only through satellite radar mapping.
Venus
Which planet rotates the opposite direction it revolves around the sun?
Venus
Visible light is a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum, but when we see colors, we are seeing ________.
an even narrow range of wavelengths than white light within the visible light spectrum
The scientific study of the unniverse; it includes observation and interpretatîon of celestial bodies and phenomena
astronomy
If you live at high latitude, when do you expect to see the aurora?
at times of high sunspot activity, during the active sun
The type of spectrum produced by a common light bulb is a ________.
continuous spectrum
the type of spectrum produced by a common light bulb is a
continuous specturm
the spectra of most stars are of this type
dark line absorption spectrum
T/F An extreme example of the greenhouse effect is thought to be associated with an abundance of carbon dioxide in the Martian atmosphere.
f
true/false The distance from Earth to the Sun is used to measure distances in the solar system and is called a light year.
false
true/false The length of daylight on the Moon is about one month.
false
true/false The planets maintain circular orbits around the Sun.
false
true/false The wavelength of red light is shorter than the wavelength of yellow light.
false
Which one of the following is most likely to be associated both with impact craters and with volcanic calderas that originate by collapse?
landslides and other mass wasting movements along the walls of the depression
Irregularities in brightness on the Sun's photosphere (granules) are produced by ________.
large convective cells within the photosphere
the source of the suns energy is
nuclear fusion
How does crater density relate to the moon's geologic history?
older surfaces
Electromagnetic radiation that behaves like a particle is called a(n) ________.
photon
______ has atmospheric pressures at its surface that are roughly comparable to those at Earth's surface.
saturn's moon Titan
According to the Ptolemaic (Greek) model of the universe, how many "heavenly" bodies could be observed wandering along the background of stars?
seven
The ________ day is the time it takes for Earth to make one complete rotation with respect to a star other than our Sun.
sidereal
The part of the Sun clearly visible during a solar eclipse is ________.
the chromospheres
The solar wind originates from ________.
the corona
to determine whether a celestial body is approaching or receding from earth, astronomers employ
the doppler princple
Most of the Moon's craters were produced by ________.
the impact of meteoroids
true/false Galileo believed in a Sun-centered view of the universe.
true
true/false Galileo discovered Jupiter's four largest moons.
true
true/false Galileo discovered that the Sun has "blemishes," which we call sunspots.
true
At the beginning of spring, the vernal equinox, what is the right ascension of the sun?
0
Compared to Earth's atmosphere, the atmosphere of Mars has surface pressures that are ________.
0.1 times those on earth;major gases are water vapor and carbon dioxide
A main-sequence star like our sun is expected to be stable for approximately ________.
10 billion years
What speed does Earth revolve around the sun?
107,000 kilometers per hour
The frequency of sunspots and related solar activity is ________.
11 year cycle
the sunspot cycle lasts
11 years
1 Astronomical Unit is
150 million kilometers
How many weeks of daylight and darkness on the moon?
2
How long does it take for the moon to go from full moon to new moon phase?
2 weeks
How often is the moon's revolution and rotation?
27 1/3 days
Kepler's third law states that the planet's orbital period squared is equal to its mean solar distance cubed. Consequently, the solar distances of the planets can be calculated when their periods of revolution are known. The orbital period of Jupiter is 12 years, what is its distance from the sun in astronomical units?
5.2
________ is the principal gas in the Venusian atmosphere and also a minor component of the atmospheres of Earth and Mars.
Carbon dioxide
________ are found both on Mars and Earth.
Erosional features related to flowing water
________, a moon orbiting Jupiter, has an unusually smooth, uncratered, ice-covered surface.
Europa
This scientist was the first to use the telescope in astronomy.
Galileo
This scientist wrote a book entitled Dialogue of the Great World Systems that compared the Earth-centered system with the Sun-centered system.
Galileo
Who was the first person to use the telescope?
Galileo
What model of the universe said that earth was in the center?
Geocentric
Which one of the following is not found on Mars?
H2O-rich atmosphere
What was Hubble's major contribution to Cosmology?
He identified numerous new galaxies outside the Milky Way.
Tyco Brahe set out to disprove Copernicus, so why is he famous for developing modern astronomical theory?
He made very precise measurements that were key data used by Kepler.
Model of the solar system that has the sun in the center.
Heliocentric
Why did Galileo's observation that Venus showed phases like the moon indicate that the geocentric theory of the solar system was not possible?
It demonstrated that Venus could not be in orbit around earth between earth and the sun because it shows "full" and "new" phases that would never occur with geocentric geometry.
What does Einstein's formula e = mc2 have to do with the Sun?
It relates to how much energy is carried away from the Sun when mass is ejected from the Sun at the speed c.
The true shape of the planetary orbits was discovered by ________.
Johannes Kepler
Three laws of planetary motion were discovered by ________.
Johannes Kepler
________ has the great, dark spot on its surface.
Jupiter
Who was the true shape of planetary orbits discovered by?
Kepler
A microwave oven is a good example of a familiar device that relies on absorption of electromagnetic waves at fixed frequencies by specific elements or compounds. In this case, water absorbs strongly in the microwave band used by the device, heating water molecules in food. What might a microwave oven imply about measuring microwaves emitted by the Sun on Earth?
Microwave radiation will be heavily absorbed in the earth's atmosphere, particular if humidity is high.
The first modern astronomer to propose a Sun-centered universe was ________.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Who wrote the book entitled Of the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres (De Revolutionibus)?
Nicolaus Copernicus
The slight movement over a period of 26000 years of Earth's axis.
Precession
Who developed the geocentric model of the universe?
Ptomely
What movement of Earth is responsible for night and day?
Rotation
________ has atmospheric pressures at its surface that are roughly comparable to those at Earth's surface.
Saturn's moon Titan
The study of spectroscopy was begun by ________.
Sir Isaac Newton
This scientist determined the nature of the forces that kept the planets in their orbits.
Sir Isaac Newton
Which of these men formulated the Law of Universal Gravitation?
Sir Isaac Newton
the study of spectroscopy was begun by
Sir Isaac Newton
What is the modern explanation for "guest stars" that appear in the night sky and then disappear?
Stars that go nova or supernova and appear as bright objects during the event
The period of time for the moon to complete one cycle of phases.
Synodic Month
What must the moon's orbit cross for a solar eclipse to occur?
The Plane Of The Ecliptic
Why are there only 4-7 eclipses per year?
The moon's orbit is inclined to the ecliptic and only crosses the ecliptic twice per year.
Why do the planets "drift" east relative to the stars and then move west for periods of time?
They are moving in the same rotation sense as the earth around the sun, but as the earth moves faster (or slower, depending on the planet) the motion appears to be backwards.
A solar telescope would quickly incinerate your eyes, so how do astronomers save their eyes when looking at the Sun?
They project the telescope image onto a large screen or record the image with a camera.
How do modern telescopes prevent problems of earlier telescopes that limited mirror size and stability during temperature changes?
They use a mirror that is constantly adjusted in shape to adjust for changes in atmospheric distortions.
According to which law of planetary motion is the period of revolution of a planet is related to the planet's distance from the sun?
Third
The belt of constellations through which all the planets move is called the ________.
Zodiac
as the temperature of a radiating surface is increased
a larger portion of the energy is radiated at the longer wavelengths
Classic Newtonian reflector telescopes use a mirror shaped like ________.
a parabola
In a radio telescope, the electromagnetic energy is gathered by ________.
a parabolic metallic mirror, commonly wire mesh
The Spitzer space telescope is ________.
a thermal infrared detecting telescope
The amount of energy released during a nuclear reaction was established by ________.
albert einstein
the amount of energy released during a nuclear reaction was established by
albert einstein
Hydrogen "burning" in stars is ________.
an atomic reaction that fuses 4 protons to make a helium nucleus, releasing energy by converting mass to energy
On a Hertzprung-Russell Diagram, our Sun is classified as ________.
an average star
northern lights and southern lights are other names for
auroas
A very slow motion of Earth's axis that requires 26,000 years to complete is called ________.
axial precession
Which color stars have the highest surface temperature?
blue
Which main-sequence stars are the most massive?
blue
You take a block of granite and heat it to 1000 degrees Kelvin, and it glows bright red. If you then heat it to 1200 Kelvin, how might it look different?
brighter and more white
A Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (H-R Diagram) is a plot of ________.
brightness versus temperature
In the Ptolemaic (Greek) model of the universe, the stars are attached to the ________.
celestial sphere
Because lenses act like a prism to separate the colors of the spectrum, they produce a troublesome effect known as ________.
chromatic aberration
The layer of the solar atmosphere directly above the photosphere is referred to as the ________.
chromosphere
the layer of the solar atmosphere directly above the photosphere is referred to as the
chromosphere
A red star is ________ our Sun.
colder and smaller than
________ refers to the bright head of a comet.
coma
The earliest astronomical records appear to have been made by the ancient Chinese, Egyptians, and Babylonians in order to ________.
determine when to plant crops or hunt animals based on seasonal changes
The first telescopes, and most amateur telescopes, rely on the human eye to observe objects. Modern telescopes record the observations with ________.
digital camera
Which of the following is not a discovery made by the Hubble Space Telescope?
distinction of the various rings of Saturn
Pluto is now classified as a ________ in our solar system.
dwarf planet
In the Ptolemaic (Greek) model of the universe, the ________.
earth was in the center of the universe
Planets appear to move ________ each night, but occasionally they appear to stop and reverse direction.
eatward
The spectra of most stars are dark-line spectra because ________.
elements in the Sun's outer atmosphere absorb in these dark-line bands, blocking the radiation in those bands
One of the discoveries which led to the modern view of the solar system was that the orbits of the planets are ________.
ellipses
The largest known galaxies are ________.
elliptical
T/F Comets are thought to be composed of dust and tiny, icy particles encased in small, solidified, metallic fragments.
f
T/F Meteorites disintegrate and burn up as shooting stars; meteoroids survive an impact event and a trip through Earth's atmosphere.
f
T/F The Martian polar caps are thought to be mainly frozen methane and ammonia.
f
T/F Rayed craters on the Moon, such as Copernicus, formed during an intense, early period of bombardment prior to the formation of the lunar maria.
fals
T/F The Cassini gap refers to the planetless belt of asteroids between Mars and Earth.
false
true/false Blue stars are cooler than red stars.
false
true/false Earth is closest to the Sun in July.
false
true/false Patterns or configurations of stars named in honor of mythological characters are called perturbations.
false
true/false Sir Isaac Newton was convicted of heresy for supporting the Sun-centered view of the universe.
false
true/false Solar eclipses are more common than are lunar eclipses.
false
true/false The angular distance north and south of the celestial equator is called right ascension.
false
true/false The dark tail of a comet is called a coma.
false
true/false Tycho Brahe discovered the three laws of planetary motion.
false
true/false Tycho Brahe used a telescope to accurately record the position of the planet Mars.
false
true/false Using the telescope, Galileo discovered that the planet Mars had polar ice caps not unlike those on Earth.
false
true/false When Earth is the farthest from the Sun, it is said to be in the perihelion position.
false
true/false Astronomers currently estimate the internal temperature of the Sun at 1500°C.
falsee
a nuclear reaction in which two atomic nuclei combine is called a
fusion
Which of the following is not considered a form of electromagnetic radiation?
gravity
which of the following is not considered a form of electromagnetic radiation
gravity
To improve the resolution of radio telescopes, astronomers ________.
group smaller telescopes in arrays, like the very large array in New Mexico
A blue star is ________ our Sun.
hotter and larger than
What fuel is the source of energy from the Sun?
hydrogen
The Sun produces energy by converting ________.
hydrogen nuclei to helium nuclei
the sun produces energy by converting
hydrogen nuclei to helium nuclei
Several of the moons of Saturn, Uranus and Neptune display evidence of volcanic activity. What is the most common type of volcano on these moons?
ice volcanos
Most of the mass in the solar system is contained ________.
in the sun
Interstellar matter is composed primarily of ________.
ions
________ meteorites are thought to be analogous in composition to Earth's core.
iron
A comet is visible because ________.
it is a small object, but it ejects gas and dust that at is dispersed by the solar wind to form a tail thousands of km long
When viewing the planets, Mars appears to move backwards, or retrograde, because ________.
it is rotating around the sun slower than the earth's rotation
Which of these lunar features is the oldest?
lunar highlands
Vast, circular to elliptical dark-colored, smooth areas of the Moon are known as ________.
lunar maria
gusts of solar wind can cause
magnetic storms
Most stars are in this stage of evolution.
main-sequence star
The Sun belongs to this class of stars.
main-sequence star
Measure of the total amount of something in an object is
mass
What is the main factor that determines what will happen to a star after it consumes all of its nuclear fuel?
mass
The Sun produces energy by converting ________ to energy.
matter
The ________ explains how our solar system probably formed from a giant cloud of gases and dispersed solid particles.
nebular Hypothesis
the hypothesis that the sun and the planets developed out of the same cloud of gas and dust is called the
nebular thwory
The densest stars known to exist are ________.
neutron stars
A total eclipse of the Sun is only possible at ________.
new moon
When the moon appears as a thin crescent in the evening sky, just after sunset, the lunar phase is ________.
new moon
Any variance in the orbit of a planet from its predicted path is referred to as ________.
perturbation
The first telescopes, and most amateur telescopes, rely on the human eye to observe objects. The first improvement on this observation method used ________.
photographic film
The layer of the Sun that radiates most of the light that reaches Earth is called the ________.
photosphere
the layer of the sun that radiates most of the light that reaches earth is called the
photosphere
the portion of the sun normally visible from the earth is the
photosphere
the small bodies of matter that filled the solar nebula are called
planetesimals
During periods of high solar activity, huge cloudlike structures that appear as great arches extending from the Sun are often produced. These solar features are called ________.
prominences
during periods of high solar activity, huge cloudlike structure that appear as great arches extending from the sun are often produced. these solar features are called
prominences
the portion of the sun in which energy moves from atom to atom in the form of waves is called the
raidiactive zone
What shows young craters?
rays
Which color stars have the coolest surface temperature?
red
Which main-sequence stars are the least massive?
red
Which of the following colors has the longest wavelength?
red
which of the following colors has the longest wavelength
red
If a yellow star is moving away from us very rapidly, what color will it appear to be?
reddish orange
nearly all large optical telescopes built today are
reflectors
Nearly all large optical telescopes built today are ________.
rerlectors
The apparent westward "drift" of the planets compared to background stars is called _______.
retrograde motion
The apparent westward "drift" of the planets compared to the background stars is called ________.
retrograde motion
The problems encountered with lenses caused this scientist to build reflecting telescopes of his own design.
sir issac newton
the problems encountered with lenses caused this scientist to build reflecting telescopes of his own design
sir issac newton
What kind of eclipse can only occur during a New Moon phase?
solar eclipse
When the moon casts its shadow on Earth.
solar eclipse
The most explosive events to occur on the Sun are ________.
solar flares
the most explosive events to occur on the sun are
solar flares
Streams of protons and electrons emitted from the Sun are known as the ________.
solar wind
sudden outward eruptions of electrically charged atomic particles from the sun are called
sollar flares
The most conspicuous features on the surface of the Sun are dark areas called ________.
sunspots
the most conspicuous features on the surface of the sun are dark areas called
sunspots
The period of time required for the Moon to complete a cycle of phases is called the ________ month.
syndoic
T/F Large impact craters and large, domal features (probably representing viscous lava flows) have been imaged on the surface of Venus.
t
To determine whether a celestial body is approaching or receding from Earth, astronomers employ ________.
the Doppler principle
During a total lunar eclipse, the moon remains visible because ________.
the atmosphere of the earth refracts light around its perimeter
The wavelength of light emitted from a distance object is related to ________.
the energy of the source—more energetic source has lower wavelength emissions
Streams of protons and electrons emitted from the Sun produce ________.
the solar wind
streams of protons and electrons emitted from the sun produce
the solar wind
according to Einstein's theory of relativity in the formula E=mc2 the c stands for
the speed of light
As the temperature of a radiating surface is increased ________.
the total amount of energy emitted increases and a larger portion of the energy is radiated at shorter wavelengths (A and C)
Galileo observed several features using the telescope. Which one of the following did he not discover?
the two moons of Mars
Galileo observed several features using the telescope. Which one of the following did he?not?discover?
the two moons of Mars
Based on the observed red shifts in the spectral lines of distant galaxies, astronomers conclude that ________.
the universe is expanding
Prominences and solar flares present dangers to astronauts primarily because ________.
they can overheat the spacecraft.
Which one of the following statements is believed to be true of comets?
they have highly elliptical orbits around the sun.
Why would astronomers place an X-ray observatory in space, like the Chandra observatory?
to map deep X-ray emissions from deep space, particularly as a proxy for materials being sucked into black holes
Why would astronomers be interested in placing a gamma ray detecting observatory in space?
to map high-energy electromagnetic waves from distant sources that would be blocked out or scattered by Earth's atmosphere
T/F The four largest moons of Jupiter are known as the Galilean moons.
tru
true/false Lunar eclipses last longer than solar eclipses.
tru
T/F Carbon dioxide is the major gas in the atmosphere of Venus.
true
T/F Lunar regolith breccia contains crystalline rock fragments and glassy fragments.
true
T/F Of the terrestrial planets, Mercury exhibits the greatest lateral variations in surface temperatures.
true
T/F Rays in the rings of Saturn are bright, radial streaks that converge inward toward the planet's surface.
true
T/F The Moon has highland areas which approach the height of mountains on Earth.
true
T/F The very large, lava-covered areas of the Moon are called maria.
true
true/false According to the Ptolemaic (Greek) system, the planets have circular orbits.
true
true/false An eclipse of the Moon can be seen by anyone on the side of Earth facing the Moon.
true
true/false Earth is closest to the Sun in January.
true
true/false The ancient Greeks proposed an Earth-centered view of the universe.
true
true/false The apparent annual path of the Sun upon the celestial sphere is called the ecliptic.
true
true/false The planets maintain elliptical orbits around the Sun
true
true/false The same side of the Moon is always visible from Earth.
true
Galileo observed several features using the telescope. Which one of the following did he NOT discover?
two moons on mars
The length of daylight on the Moon is about ________.
two weeks
The force that gravity exerts on an object.
weight
Relative to the celestial background, the moon moves ________.
west to east
The point in stellar evolution when a star has used up all its fuel and is radiating away its remaining thermal energy as light is the ________ stage.
white dwarf
