2.4 Proteins
Contrast the terms *polypeptide* and *protein*
- a protein is a bunch of amino acids bonded together that have a function -polypeptides are a bunch of amino acids bonded together (like a protein), nut they may not be ready for functional use bc they need other polypeptides to work
Outline a discrepancy of the trend of all organisms using the same 20 amino acids to assemble polypeptides
- an exception to the information laid out in A are a small group of organisms use 22 amino acids instead of 20 - the two other amino acids are selenocysteine and pyrrosine. - these 2 amino acids are very rare and only found in specific situations
Determine the number of peptide bonds given the number of amino acids in a polypeptide
- bc there is a peptide bond formed between each amino acid, there will be one less bond than amino acid in a sequence
Explain the trend of organisms assembly of polypeptides from the same amino acids
-pretty much all organisms on the planet use the same 20 amino acids to from polypeptides - also, they use the same universal code too build proteins - this also true of humans, whales, and bacteria -an inference from these facts is that genetic code and amino acids used are ancestral traits, which means that all life comes from a common ancestor
using n^20 , calculate the # of amino acid combinations with a primer sequence length of 5
5^20 = 9.54 x 10^13
Outline the effect of heat and pH on protein structure
Heat- when proteins are warmed up beyond their physiological optimum, this increased molecular motion can break weak bonds within the 3D structure, such as hydrogen bonds pH- Changes in pH will affect protein shape similarly to temperature changes beyond the norm
outline the 4 levels of protein structure
Primary Structure - describes the unique order in which amino acids are linked together to form a protein. Secondary Structure - refers to the coiling or folding of a polypeptide chain that gives the protein its 3-D shape. Tertiary Structure - refers to the comprehensive 3-D structure of the polypeptide chain of a protein Quaternary Structure - refers to the structure of a protein macromolecule formed by interactions between multiple polypeptide chains
Describe polypeptide chain formation in terms of the formation of peptides bonds and condensation reactions
The bond between amino acids is called a peptide bond and is formed through condensation reactions - a hydroxyl group is removed from the carboxyl end of the first amino acid - a hydrogen atom is removed from the entire amine group of the second amino acid -the "H" and "OH" from water, and the amino acids join together
State that the organization of each level is dependent on the levels below it.
The organization of each level is dependent on the levels below it.
define proteome
a collection of all the different types of proteins your body makes
define dipeptide and polypeptide
dipeptide- two amino acids linked together (dimer) polypeptide- many amino acids linked together (polymer)
Outline the relationship between genes and polypeptides
genes are genetic material that are used as directions for making polypeptides
state the # of A.A used by living organisms to make polypeptides
living things use 20 diff amino acids to make polypeptides
State that proteins can return to optimal shape and functions from deviation of pH and temp optimums, unless subject to extreme heat.
proteins can return to optimal shape and functions from deviation of pH and temp optimums, unless subject to extreme heat.
contrast *proteome* with genome
proteome deal with proteins that your body makes and the genome deals with the DNA your body makes
Define *denaturation*
when a protein loses is 3D shape, and therefore, its function.
