2401 Exam 3

Which of the following environmental conferences first combined scientific issues with broader political, social, and economic issues?

1972 Stockholm Conference

In 2014, the number of people living as refugees or internally displaced people worldwide was estimated by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) at:

55 million

How many unaccompanied minors entered the U.S. during the 2014 crisis?

60,000-80,000

The world's population is currently at about

7.6 billion people

What change in thinking is linked to Agenda 21? (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)

-A growing recognition that economic development strategies need to be in harmony with nature -A growing recognition that developed countries should cut down on their wasteful consumption patterns

What are the reasons for why Small Island States are particularly concerned with reducing carbon dioxide emissions (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-A rise of one meter in sea level could flood the Small Island States -Rising sea levels could destroy their economies

Which of the following are some of the ways through which celebrities can affect human rights (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-Acting as UN Goodwill Ambassadors -Founding Human Rights Organizations -Using their celebrity status to raise awareness -Engaging in philanthropic behavior by giving money to human rights causes

Which of the following are human rights NGOs (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-Amnesty International -Human Rights Watch

Which of the following were the key outcomes of the Johannesburg Summit in 2002 (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-An implementation plan detailing a comprehensive program of action with quantifiable goals and targets -The forming of nearly 300 voluntary partnerships between private sector and civil society organizations to support sustainable development -A pledge by the world's leaders to commit fully to the goal of sustainable development

Which of the following are alternative energy sources (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-Biomass -Wind power -Solar

Which of the following are actions individuals can take to help achieve the SDGs (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-Buy products from companies that have sustainable practices -Compost any food remains to reduce landfills -Reduce, reuse, recycle

The International Criminal Court: (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)

-Can try cases involving crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide -Is currently investigating cases involving defendants who come mostly from African states

Which of the following are listed as part of the MDGs (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-Combat HIV/AIDS and other diseases -Develop a global partnership for development -Promote gender equality and women's empowerment

Across the globe, urbanization has been caused by (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-Environmental decline, such as the overgrazing of land -Industrialization, "pulling" people into cities -Technological developments, "pushing" people off the farm

Which is correct about global warming and climate change (select all that apply; there may be one to four possible correct answers)?

-Global warming refers to Earth's rising temperatures due to increased greenhouse gases -Climate change refers to the consequences of global warming on weather patterns over time

The Paris Agreement was successful in as much as it built on commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by, amongst others, both the United States and China. However, it has been criticized for (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):

-Having cuts that don't go deep enough -Lacking mandatory cuts in emissions

Which of the following are common themes connecting all models of thought on the question of how to address population growth (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-Improvement in water quality -Improving the status of women

Which of the following are likely consequences of climate change (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-Increased flooding -Growing number of climate refugees -Rapidly changing habitats and species extinction -Increased number of droughts

What are some of the examples through which globalization challenges state sovereignty (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-International financial institutions can grant or withhold resources and overrule the decisions of states -MNCs can more easily move across borders and escape regulation by governments -International organized crime has become so powerful in some places that it controls territory and large segments of a state's population -Technology has made it possible to put pressure on a state by facilitating communication that goes around government restrictions

Which of the following are correct statements about the world's population (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-International migration at or around current levels will be unable to compensate fully for the expected loss of population in areas with low levels of fertility, especially in the European region -The world has added two billion people since 1993 -In 2017, about a quarter of the world's population was under the age of 15 -The world has added one billion people since 2005

What do we mean by the term "replacement fertility" (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-It is a term that describes the interaction between constant patterns of childbearing with constant mortality and migration to yield zero population change -It is the rate at which one generation of parents is replacing itself in the next generation

As discussed in the video, why is there so much violence in the Central American states? (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)

-Legacies of the 1980s the civil wars and the lack of full reconciliation -The prevalence of significant amounts of guns

Which of the following are examples of geoengineering (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-Manipulation of Earth's cloud cover -Changing ocean chemistry to increase their carbon absorption -Creating a planetary filter to reflect sunlight -Finding ways to capture and safely store carbon dioxide

When looking at Niger's population pyramid, which of the following are correct statements (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-Niger has a youthful population -Less than 5% of Niger's population is over over the age of 65

What are reasons for why in 2000 the UN General Assembly adopted the MDGs (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-Official development assistance from industrialized countries had declined since the 1992 Rio Summit -Increasing concerns over globalization and emerging issues such as the HIV/AIDS pandemic -A growing recognition that the world was failing to reach most of the goals set out in Agenda 21

The Cornucopian perspective rests on the following ideas (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):

-Population growth is positive as it increases economic productivity and capacity for economic progress -Use of natural resources is best managed through market forces

The Brundtland Commission's 1987 report "Our Common Future" identified: (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):

-Poverty eradication as a necessary requirement for environmentally sustainable development -A need for world-wide development strategies that recognized the limits of our ecosystem

Sustainable development involves: (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)

-Reducing consumption -Using renewable energies

Where second-generation rights require a proactive government to take action on behalf of its citizens, third-generation rights require ________________ (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):

-Solidarity -International cooperation

"Brain Drain" is (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):

-Sometimes not entirely negative, as those who emigrate can sometimes return home with new skills or capital -The loss of highly skilled persons, mostly from developing countries, as they migrate to, most often, developed countries

Sustainable development has been defined as (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):

-Sound environmental planning without sacrificing economic and social improvements -Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

The concept of Responsibility to Protect (R2P), developed by the UN, shows the growing importance of human rights by (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):

-Stressing that states have the responsibility to protect their populations from e.g. genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes -Putting forward the idea that states have the responsibility to intervene in situations where a state fails to protect its population from e.g. genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes

In his 1798 publication, Thomas Malthus argued that (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):

-The "positive checks" of famine, war, and epidemics would bring populations back under control -The human desire to reproduce would lead to starvation, poverty and human misery

Which of the following were contributing factors to the outbreak of the civil war in Syria in 2011 (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-The 2006 draught that had forced large numbers of rural Syrians into already crowded cities -Increasing scarcity of water and food sources -Permanent changes to rain and windfall patterns brought on by global warming

What are reasons for why the U.S. didn't ratify the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) until long after the treaty had gone into effect (select all that apply, there may be one to four possible correct answers)?

-The U.S. was reluctant to expose itself to international criticism -The U.S. had concerns that ratifying the treaty could erode its national sovereignty

Which are the ways in which the UN supports human rights (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-The UN helps formulate international human rights standards through treaties and declarations -The UN helps implement human rights through economic development -The UN promotes knowledge and public support through educating publics about human rights

What were the concerns raised with the Kyoto Protocol (select all that apply; there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-The degree to which carbon sinks should count toward a country's effort to reduce global warming -The fact that key developing countries (i.e., China and India) did not participate meaningfully (i.e., didn't face binding emissions targets)

Which of the following are correct statements about fertility rates (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-The fertility rate in poorer (less or least developed) countries is higher, often significantly higher, than replacement level. The fertility rate in more developed regions of the world is higher than the fertility rate in less developed regions. -The fertility rate in more developed countries is below replacement and stands at about 1.67 per woman -The total fertility rate measures the average number of births per woman of childbearing age -The fertility rate is a strong indicators of overall population growth

Key "general tendencies" of international population movements in an age of globalization include (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):

-The involvement of an increasing number of countries, both as sending and receiving states -The "feminization" of migration, as women are an increasing part of workforces

Which of the following are empirically observable changes showing that our biosphere is changing (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-The number of record-high temperature events in the U.S. has been increasing since the 1950s -Global sea level rose by about (17 centimeters) 6.7 inches in the past century -The extent and thickness of the Arctic sea has declined rapidly over the past decades

What was the immediate context for why the UDHR was drafted (select all that apply; there may be one to four possible correct answers)?

-The terrible atrocities committed during WWII, such as the Holocaust -The horror of over 50 million dead in WWII

Which of the following are points of criticism made against the SDGs (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-There are too many goals and targets for them to be effective -The SDGs are internally inconsistent because they don't acknowledge that global poverty and ecological decline are tied to extreme wealth, inequality, and overconsumption

What are some of the ways in which MNCs can promote human rights (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-They can use their access to markets around the world as a way of building networks based on real-time data exchanges, allowing the UN faster response time during emergencies -Through public private partnerships they can help develop the technology needed for the UN or NGOs to get more data on human rights issues

As discussed in the context of Uruguay, what is the role of a human rights rapporteur (select all that apply, there may be one to four possible correct answers)?

-To ensure justice and compensation for survivors of human rights abuses -To assess progress in discovering the truth about past atrocities committed in a country

Which of the following are greenhouse gases (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-Water vapor -Carbon dioxide -Ozone

Which of the following are examples through which technological innovations have been successfully used to promote human rights (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-When a solar-powered internet network allowed villages in Uganda to get access to crop information and thus to improve their yields and incomes -When Egyptian protesters in 2011 used Twitter to publicize videos of police violence

Which of the following are questions that remain unanswered even after the SDGs were adopted (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

-Will MDCs carry a greater share of the financial obligations than LDCs? -Who will decide on the how much of the financial costs will be taken on by public and how much by private sources?

Rank the following alternative energy sources according to how much they contribute to all alternative energy production (1 = the highest to 6 = the lowest)

1. Hydroelectricity 2. Wind power 3. Biomass 4. Solar energy 5. Geothermal 6. Marine energies

While the MDGs included 8 goals and 21 targets, the SDGs include:

17 goals and 169 targets

When was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted?

1948

The 2016 Paris Agreement, which focused on renewed efforts to set emissions reduction targets to be met by both developing and developed countries, was signed by __________ states.

195

At which of the following conferences was the UN's Environment Program (UNEP) created?

1972 Stockholm Conference

When did the first World Climate Conference in Geneva take place?

1979

The U.S. President Jimmy Carter signed the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in 1977. When did the US ratify the treaty?

1992

How much of the GLOBAL electricity supply comes from alternative energy sources?

20%

When was the Kyoto Protocol set to expire?

2012

Carbon dioxide represents the highest percentage of total greenhouse gases, accounting for ______________ of the total.

50%

How many countries abstained from voting on the UDHR in 1948?

8

According to the UN Population Division's 2015 analyses, what is the medium variant projection for the world's population by 2050:

9.7 billion people by 2050

Who was responsible for crafting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?

A Group of UN experts under the guidance of the UN Secretary-General

What has been the demographic impact of HIV/AIDS on those countries most highly affected by the disease?

A decline in life expectancy at birth from 62 to 52 between 1995 and 2005

Refugee

A person who is outside their country of origin because of well-founded fears of being persecuted

What do we call the graphical representation of the proportions of persons in different age groups in a population?

A population pyramid

What is the difference between a treaty and a declaration?

A treaty is a legally binding instrument whereas a declaration is a statement of principles

How much of the UNITED STATES electricity supply is generated by alternative energy sources?

About 15%

According to scientists, what is the maximum concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that the Earth could sustain?

About 390 parts per million

What is a carbon sink?

An area that absorbs carbon, such as forests, oceans, or croplands

Why are some gases considered greenhouse gases (select all that apply; there are one to four possible correct answers)?

Because of their effect on the warming of the atmosphere

By how much has the Earth's average temperature risen since 1900?

By 1.6 degrees Fahrenheit

First-generation rights are influenced by the philosophical tradition of ________________, whereas second-generation rights are influenced by the philosophical tradition of ________________:

Capitalism / socialism

Geoengineering is the planned manipulation of Earth's climate to counteract the effects of global warming. Geoengineering can be divided into two main categories:

Carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management

As noted in your reading, which of the following had the highest 2014 total carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy?

China

Which country has been known for its "one child policy"?

China

Which of the following countries is the leader in renewable energy investment?

China

According to the UN's 2015 projections, the two countries with the largest populations will continue to see population growth, but where ___________ is projected to peak in size at 1.42 billion in 2030, _____________ is projected to soon overtake it, reaching an estimated 1.71 billion by the middle of the 21st century.

China / India

The analyst points to a 15-year, $10 billion U.S. effort in which country as a model for what's needed in Central America?

Colombia

Which countries will continue to hold the largest share of the world's population?

Countries in Asia

The demographic transition model suggests that as societies industrialize and urbanize:

Death rates will fall, and when values shift from large to small families, fertility rates will decline

What do we call the "study of population change and characteristics"?

Demography

The following factors show how globalization has helped in promoting human rights (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):

Due to advances in technology and gains in literacy and education, more people know about human rights

The video points to which country as having the highest homicide rates in the world?

El Salvador

The practice by countries that reduce their emissions below their allotted level to sell their "unused emissions" is called:

Emissions trading

Which of the following is a first-generation right?

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion

Which of the following is an example of second-generation rights?

Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work

Which generation of human rights includes freedom of speech and assembly?

First

For how long has scientific research on carbon dioxide been conducted?

For about 150 years

While _____________ is a term that refers to the concern that increased greenhouse gases increase the Earth's temperature, ______________ is the term that includes reference to changes in extremes of temperatures and precipitation.

Global warming / climate change

Who was responsible for crafting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

Governments working together in the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development

Certain gases in the atmosphere - water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide - can trap solar radiation and cause the atmosphere to warm. These are called:

Greenhouse gases

Urbanization

Grown in the size of cities, with an increasing percentage of the overall population

The role of women in population control:

Has been seen as central because women's empowerment tends to lead to smaller but healthier families

U.S. support for international family planning programs:

Has shifted with changing administrations, with Republicans barring fertility control programs that include legal access to abortion, and Democrats supporting such programs

The moderator interviews an economic immigrant from Mexico who builds homes. How much more can he make in the U.S. than in Mexico?

He can make in a day what he would in a week in Mexico

The moderator interviews an 11-year old boy who fled to the U.S. by himself because of the extreme drug-gang violence in his country. What country was this boy from?

Honduras

Universalism is represented by the idea that:

Human rights are accorded to everyone regardless of citizenship or status

One of the key outcomes of Rio+20 was a focus on building a green economy. A green economy is an economy that (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):

Improves human well-being and social equity while reducing environmental risks

The International Criminal Court (ICC) is located:

In The Hague

Where first-generation rights are often associated with the rights of ________________ people, second and third-generation rights reflect the rights of ________________ people.

Individual / groups of

Immigration

International migration into a country

Emigration

International migration out of a country

What action did the UN take in 2015 to push for greater environmental stewardship in its development agenda?

It adopted the Sustainable Development Goals

What was the biggest limitation of the Copenhagen Accord (2009) which included provisions for limiting the average rise in global temperatures to 2 degree Celsius and a commitment by the developed nations to generate $100 billion in additional resources to aid developing countries?

It was not legally binding

What regions hold what percentage of the world's population? The more developed countries (MDCs) hold _________________ of the world's population, whereas the less developed countries (LDCs) hold ______________ of the world's population.

Less than 20% / more than 80%

In what conflict in 2011 did the UN invoke the principle of R2P (Responsibility to Protect) as justification for military intervention?

Libya

What is a key difference in climate change laws between more developed (MDCs) and less developed countries (LDCs)?

MDCs focus on cutting emissions, while LDCs focus on adaptation

In general:

Many LDCs have enacted policies to reduce population growth, while many MDCs have enacted policies to increase population growth

In 2015, the UN's ___________________ expired and were replaced by the ____________________.

Millennium Development Goals / Sustainable Development Goals

Which of the following statements is true concerning urbanization?

More Developed Countries (MDCs) are more urbanized than Less Developed Countries (LDCs)

How is a country's population size (P) determined?

P= (+) births (-) deaths (+) in-migration (-) out-migration

Internally Displace Persons

People displaced within their own countries

Those pointing out that we need to focus on the structural dimensions of social change, argue that:

Population growth, in particular high fertility, is a consequence rather than a cause of slow economic development

What is the name of the idea that argues the international community has a responsibility to intervene in situations where a state fails to protect its population from genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes?

Responsibility to Protect

After the end of the Cold War, the UN created international criminal tribunals to prosecute individuals responsible for ethnic cleansing, genocidal violence and crimes against humanity in which of the following countries (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

Rwanda

As noted in your reading, which of the following had the highest 2014 per capita carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy?

Saudi Arabia

Which of the following provides evidence that a warming planet is related to human behavior?

Scientists have shown a close relationship between global carbon dioxide levels and average global temperatures, while demonstrating that there has been an increase in atmospheric carbon due to the burning of fossil fuels

Which of the following is NOT true about the role of technology in human rights (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

Technology can't be used for positive and negative purposes at the same time

Sovereignty assumes:

That countries are self-governing, have territorial integrity, and self-determination

What is the main critique that developing states (LDCs) levy against industrial states (MDCs) over global environmental issues (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers)?

That the average person in an industrialized country accounts for significantly more resource consumption than someone in a poorer country

While NGOs do not have official membership status at the UN, they do have important influence through their close cooperation with _______________:

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

The 1997 agreement that contains legally binding emission targets for key greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, is:

The Kyoto Protocol

As discussed in the video, many of the immigrants coming into the United States are from

The Northern Triangle of Central America (Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador), the world's deadliest countries outside war zones

Prior the creation of the UDHR, what document first mentions human rights?

The Preamble to the UN Charter

The hypothetical example used to explain why groups of individuals might overexploit shared environmental resources even when they know that it could be against their long-term interests is known as:

The Tragedy of the Commons

While negotiated independently of the 1992 Earth Summit, what legally-binding treaties are also associated with the conference in Rio de Janeiro (and sometimes referred to as the Rio Conventions)?

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity

Which country accepts the largest total number of immigrants worldwide?

The United States

What is the name of the key human rights document of the post-WWII era?

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Cultural relativism is based on the notion that (select all that apply, there are one to four possible correct answers):

The final authority in determining for the rights of a citizenry lies with the people and their government

What distinguishes the Brundtland Commission's definition of sustainable development from the one proposed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, the United Nations Environment Programme, and the World Wide Fund for Nature?

The former focuses on the well-being of humans while the latter extends the definition to the biosphere

Critics of the demographic transition model argue that:

The model applies the record of population change and development in Europe and North America as the universal standard

What apparent tension is part of the concept of sustainable development?

The tension between economic health, social health, and ecological health

First-generation rights are also known as negative rights because:

They prohibit certain government action and are therefore based on the absence of government interference

Which writer first proposed a negative relationship between human population growth and the supply of food and other resources?

Thomas Malthus

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is typically divided into ___________ generations, or categories:

Three

What does "UN MDGs" stand for?

United Nations Millennium Development Goals

The tension over sustainable development can be stated as:

Whether the focus should be on environmental conservation of living and nonliving resources or on enhancing economic growth and development

The difference between a negative and a positive obligation imposed on states by human rights rests on ______________________:

Whether, and how much, action a government needs to take to ensure that rights are protected

The majority of the world's refugees and internally displaced people are:

Women and children

Where do you find the majority of countries identified as the most severely impacted by HIV/AIDS?

Africa

Which region has the most cases currently before the ICC:

Africa

How many countries voted against the UDHR in 1948?

0

What is replacement fertility?

Approximately 2.1 births per woman