249 Exam 2 Design

Arch of Augustus, Perugia, Italy, after 310 BCE

voussoir, arch and vault

Basilica of Constantine and Maxentius, Rome, 307-315 CE

Techniques and materials- brick faced concrete, polychrome stone revetment, groin vaults over the nave to raise the ceiling to create windows, coffered barrel vaults in aisles, clerestory above groin vaults, statue of the emperor (constantine), two apses, Significance- architecture inspired by bath technology, started by Maxentius, finished by Constantine Culture- Diacletian created system of co emperors in east and west with vice emperors, idea failed and among war, Constantine won, Constantine "the Great" lived 272-337 CE, ruled 306-337 CE, 312 CE Battle of Milivian Bridge in which constantine had a vision that told him "in this sign(the cross) you will conquer", went out and beat Maxentius and turned to Christainity, had to be chief priest of old roman gods while being patron of new religion, 313 Edict of Milan religious tolerance for Chirstains, might of converted on his deathbed

Katholikan, Hosios Loukas Monastery, Distomo, Greece, 1020 CE

dome fresco Christ Pantokrator 1593 replaces original mosaic

Church of S. Apollinare Nuovo; Ravenna, Italy, c. 490

Major elements of design- basilica plan church, plain exterior, narthex, nave, aisles, apse, clerestory, triumphal arch Techniques and materials- mosaics show female saints, miracles, passion, male saints, prophets and apostles, miracle of loaves and fishes, jesus wears purple cloak (symbol of roman emperor) Significance: bombed in WW2

Church of S. Sabina, Rome, 422-432 CE

Major elements of design- basilica plan, nave, side aisles, apse at end with triumphal arch term derived by the arch of titus or arch of constantine in rome with spandrels or perfonsifications of victory, arcade, clerestory, wooden ceiling and roof, narthex Techniques and materials- fluted columns, corinthian capitals spolia (architectural elements reused from earlier Roman structures Significance- St. Sabina was put to death for her beliefs

Great Mosque, Demascus, Syria, 706-715 CE

Major elements of design- built on the site of a Roman temple of Jupiter and a 4th century church (basilica plan) of St John the Baptist, rectangular enclosure with towers (minarets) for the muezzin's call to prayer, courtyard (sahn) with fountain surrounded by arcade, hypostyle prayer hall (haram), dome marks transverse aisle leading to central mihrab, arcade, squich Techniques and materials- mosaic decoration, shrine of St.John the Baptist within the haram Culture- ummayad caliphs, establish capital at Damascus, Syria 661 CE, Caliph Abd al-Walid (706-715) sponsors construction of congregational mosque, completed 715 CE Significance- orientation toward mecca

Church of S. Costanza, Rome, 350 CE

Major elements of design- central plan church, rotunda, peristyle collonade outside the building, inner circular colonade, ambulatory, clerestory level, terracotta dome, above dome a wooden and tiled roof, arcade above columns, wouldve held constantinas sarcophagus in the middle, now replica moved to niche in the wall, altar now in the center Techniques and materials- brick faced concrete, porfory sarcophagus signifying royalty, composite capitals corinthian and ionic, monolithic granite columns, spolia, mosaics in vault of the ambulatory, some modeled from pagan iconography Significance- originally mausoleum of Constantina, later converted into church 9th century CE

Dome of the Rock, Jurusalem, Palestine, 687-691 CE

Major elements of design- central plan, derived from Roman and Byzantine precedents, well-suited to circumambulation Techniques and materials- exterior tiles 16th century, interior original mosaics, geometric and floral motifs (arabesques), calligraphy, qur'an, kufic script, arabic manuscripts and art inspire decoration in Middle Byzantine architecture Significance- first monumental architecture in Islam

Theotokos Church, Hoisos Loukas Monastery, Greece, 980-1000 CE

Major elements of design- cross isquare plan, dome on pendentives, Techniques and materials- kufic brickwork patterns inspired by Arabic Kufic script but used in Middle Byzantine churches of 10th and 11th centuries CE, decorative, exotic, adaptations to Christain audience, dome fresco Christ Pantokrator 1593 replaces original mosaic

Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, 532-537 CE

Major elements of design- domed basilica, double narthex bays with groin vaults, aisle, nave (naos), sanctuary apse, dome has series of small windows around it, dome is supported by pendentives(concave, spherical triangle between square and dome), two half domes at east and west, four smaller half-domes at corners, shallow dome Techniques and materials- brick and terracotta dome, light clay for the dome to help with weight, use semidomes that form buttresses on the main dome itself and carry weight down to structural piers, apse mosaic c. 897 show mary enthroned holding baby jesus, called Theotokos (god-bearer of mother of god) Symbolism- means holy wisdom Significance- replaced earlier basilica plan building that burnt down during political riots againts Justinian, almost bankrupted, supposed to be the best church the world has ever seen, made to surpass the temple of soloman that was destroyed by nebuchannessar which was rebuilt then destroyed by romans vaspasian and titus, people new about the great temple, how to bult dome up, Culture Patrons- Justinian and Theodora, "Soloman I have surpassed you" Architects- Anthemius and Isidorus, isidorus nephew rebuilt dome after partial collapse from earthquake

S. Vitali, Ravenna, 538-548 CE

Major elements of design- domed octagon, central-plan, apse mosaic of christ enthroned flanked by angles Saint Vitalis and Bishop Ecclesius with small model of church as offering, north apse wall mosaic scene of emperor justinan and church officials with soldiers and on the right empress theodora and attendants, no evidence they were ever in the building

Old St. Peter's, Rome, 318-322

Major elements of design- east west orientation (faces city, faces rising sun), entrance at east, altar at west (over grave of st peter), plan based basilica(lawcourt) type, rectangular, long central aisle(nave), side aisled, apse(focal point at end of the nave), merging of lawcourt name with christian church name for function of christian liturgy, has a trasept making cross shape for clergy(leaders of church) space also to display relics, narthex and atrium(unbaptized christians) Techniques and materials- truss roof, arcade of columns supporting arches Symbolism- tomb Significance- given to Christains by Constantine, st peter was crucified here and he was given a tomb nearby, 200+ years later church is built on top of the grave, another building built on top of it, new st peters, altar still in same location

Friday Mosque, Isfahan, Iran, 8th-17th centuries

Major elements of design- four iwan style, iwan is an arched chamber around mosque, quibla iwan pointed arch muqarnas (stacked niches), minarets,

Great Mosque, Cordoba, Spain, 785 and 833-988

Major elements of design- minaret, sahn, hypostyle prayer hall, mirhab, quibla wall, maqsura (reserved for the royal family for protection), mihrab dome with raised ribs, squiches with lobed arch supports, calligraphy and mosaic decoration Techniques and materials- ashlar masonry, interlarced arches, lobed arches, horseshoe arches with polychrime voussoirs, rounded arches, reused Roman and Visigoth columns Symbolism- geometric shapes not animals or other figures Culture- constructed c.785 CE, abd al-rahman I, possibly on location of earlier Visigothic Christain church, later additions Significance- after 1236 Spanish forces reconquered the area and established Spanish Catholic control and converted mosque complex into a church, Cathedral de Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion

Baths of Diocletian, Rome,

Major elements of design- swimming pool, stadium or theater, gym, caladarium, tepidarium, frigidarium Techniques and materials- brick faced concrete, polychrome stone revetment, groin vaults, "thermal" windows, corinthian columns Symbolism Significance- in 1561 Michealangelo converted the Roman baths into the Christain church of Santa Maria degli Angeli

Flavian Ampitheater, Rome, 80 CE

Major elements of design: 4 stories, radial and annular passageways allowed people to move in and out quickly, cavea(much larger seating capacity), arena, hypogeum(basement level) Techniques and materials: freestanding, concrete, brick, stone, oval, corinthian pilasters (square pier), engaged corinthian columns, ionic columns, tuscan doric columns, annular cross vaults, corbels corresponds to a hole in cornice above wouldve had a wooden beam that would of supported the velarium manned by a team from the royal navy Culture: mock naval battles failed idea, gladiator fights, trpa doors, animal fights Symbolism:LIII, 53, called colosseum because of statue of colossus that was nearby Significance: first permanent ampitheater in Rome, begun in 70-72 CE by Vespasian, completed and opened 80 CE by Titus, modifications by Domitian(81-96), family name Flavius

Pantheon, Rome, 118-128 CE

Major elements of design: architrave, cornice, pediment, round cella/rotunda, oculus, attic, true dome, north orientation, light comes through the oculus, role of the sun, sunbeam illuminates doorway april 1, along north axis of mausoleum of augustus, summer solstice sun sets directly behind mausoleum of hadrian, built on field of mars Techniques and materials: corinthian, concrete used in construction, progressively lighter aggregate in concrete as they go up, coffers reduce weight, oculus removed weight at the apex of the dome, add compression ring, step rings on exterior direct forces to drum, series of hidden relieving arches in the concrete directing weight down to structural columns Culture: traditionally dated to reign of Hadrian (118-128 CE), may have been begun earlier, in reign of Trajan (98-117 CE) Hadrian of Apollodorus as architect, converted to Chritain church Sancta Maria as Martyres 609-2023= over 1400 years Symbolism: pantheon means all of the gods, writing means marcus agrippa buit the building under Significance: most important ancient building, design is a combination of traditional an innovative design, influences every other church domes, architects figured out how to use concrete to make an internal space without the external supports

Ampitheater, Pompeii, 80 BCE

Major elements of design: cavea and arena, velarium (awning, canopy), vela (sails) Techniques and materials: rounded arches, exterior staircase Symbolism: wall painting from Pompeii depicts the ampitheater during the riot of 59 CE Significance: one of the earliest surviving stone ampitheaters, oval shape, part built into ground, part supported on arches and vaults

Mohenjo Daro, Indus Valley, Pakistan, 2400-2000

Major elements of design: city walls, terraces, orthogonal plans, drainage systems, kiln baked bricks, ceremonial centers, public storerooms, citadel, great bath, warehouse, lower town orthogonal layout of blocks and streets, houses, central courtyards, drainage systems techniques/materials: great bath-kiln baked brick, gypsum plaster, bitumen, drain

Chaitya Hall, Karli, India, 100 BCE

Major elements of design: front porch, nave, aisle, stupa with chatra at back techniques/materials: 45 feet wide, 150 feet deep, porch has pairs of columns, sculpted and painted decoration, interior ceiling decorated with wooden ribs to imitate a barrel vault

Great Stupa, Sanchi, India, 250 BCE-250 CE

Major elements of design: heldcremated remains of Buddha (relics), King Ashoka divided relics, more stupas, multi levels, vertical mast creates axis mundi, umbrella(chatra) bodhi tree, 3 jewels: buddha, law, monasteric life, mandala-diagram of cosmos, east torana, yakshi sculpture Significance: demarcation fence boundary and transition, fourgates, sequential movement, circumabulation paths, symbolic form dome shape

Fogong Pagoda, Shanxi

Major elements of design: image hall, pagoda(inspired by Indian stupa), gatehouse, belltower, drum tower, main hall Design precedents of pagoda- inspired by the stupa bult above relics of the Buddha, also Hindu shikara/vimana towers above garbhagriha, vertical quality inspired by traditional Chinese watchtowers from the eastern Han dynasty with overhangs and bracketing and made of terracotta, design vertical element clearly visible in the lanscape techniques/materials: built entirely out of wood, octagon plan, five stories, support system is two rings of columns in each floor, but inclined toward center Symbolism: eightfold path of the Buddha- the means to be liberated from suffering-right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, eight mindfulness, right concentration; indigenous Chinese geomantic principles such as feng shui

Inner Ise Shrine, Uji-Yamada, Japan, 690 CE to present

Major elements of design: outer shrine(Geku) is dedicated to Touke Okami (abundant food Great Kami), inner shrine (Naiku) is dedicated to Amaterasu-Omikami (Heaven-illuminating Great Kami), approach along proscribed processional path through gates (tori), across the Uji bridge, purification at fountains (physical and spiritual cleansing) necessary before entering, acess is determined by rank, only empoper can visit innermost part of the shrine (Shoden) techniques/materials: Inner shrine (Naiku)- fences surround the temple (Shoden), each entered through a gateway (torii) Inner shrine (Shoden)- made of japanese cyprus, elevated above ground, two principal pillars, wooden cross beams, pitched roof covered with thatch, horizontal beams (katsuogi) to keep thatch in place, decorated finials (chigi) Arhitectural Precedents: Japanese grain storehouse (granary) the architectural form of he shoden is based upon an ancient granary Culture: dedicated to the kami of the Japanese imperial family, located in a sacred forest Symbolism: Significance:largest and most important shrine, rebuilt every 20 years Shikinen Sengu

Horyuji Temple complex, near Nara Japan, 670-714

Major elements of design: pagoda(to), golden hall or main image hall(kondo), lecture hall(kodo), bell tower(shoro/shuro), sutra repository(kyozo), dormitory(sobo), dining hall(jikido) techniques/materials: gateway on platform, wood, elaborate bracket system, purlins and rafters with paneling and terracotta tiles, modular design, axis mundi column, no access to upper levels Golden hall- contains images of BUddha, oldest building in the temple complex, wooden entasis columns, main image dates to 607 and has the Buddha flanked by two bodhisattvas Culture: founded by Prince Shotoku 607 and rebuilt, earliest surviving Buddhist temple complex in Japan Symbolism: pagoda contains the symbolic relics of BUddha Significance: balances asymmetry in place of strict axiality

Temple of Portunus, ROme, 2nd century BCE

Major elements of design: podium, porch, freestanding columns, porch, cella, engaged columns, ionic columns, ionic frieze, cornice, pediment, psuedoperipteral plan Techniques and materials: ashlar masonry, truss Culture: converted into Christain church in the 9th century CE

Theater of Marcellus, Rome, 13-11 BCE

Major elements of design: semicircle seating area (cavea), semicircle orchestra, raised stage (pulpitum) sceanae frons (elaborate stage background), freestanding (not build into hillside) Techniques and materials: use of concrete, barrel vaults (radical inclined, annular, exterior facade of travertine, ashlar masonry, arches, decorated with engaged greek inspired columns, doric, ionic, and corinthian for every story

Markets and Forum of Trajan, 100-114 CE

Major elements of design: senate and comitium, civic center, lawcourts (basilicas), temples, sacred processional road, formal axial entrance, courtyard with equestrian statue, colonnades, hemicycles within colonnades, temple to divine trajan, lawcourt (basilica ulpia), greek and latin libraries, markets Basilica Ulpia: central nave, two apses, two aisles, clerestory, timber roof, architect is Apollodorus of Damascus Column of Trajan- commemorated emperors conquest of Dacia (Romania), visible from the Greek and Latin libraries to either side decorated with relief sculpture "scrolling" up the column, 19 drums of Luna (Carrara) marble, interior spiral staircase, statue on top is Trajan, later St. Peter, wrapped in banner of victory Markets-hill on right side, apollodorus, multistory markets, basic unit taberna, concrete with brick facade, five levels up the Quirinal Hill, two story covered Trajans market hall (two story hall, brick faced concrete cross vault (groin vault), buttresses, barrel vaults, hemicycle facade next to forum Culture: originally swampy land between hills, drained by Cloaca Maxiam, main market and assemble placel, Imperial Forum planned, rectangular, axial, symmetrical Symbolism: column may have represented height of hill that was cut down Significance: largest of the Imperial Forum in Rome, rectangular, planned, axial, symmetry

The Great Wall of China, 221 BCE-1368 CE

Major elements of design: series of walls and fortifications, located in northern China, more than 13,000 miles in length, earliest parts 5th century BCE, rammed earth construction, watch towers techniques/materials: Culture: Qin Shi Huang 221 BCE 1st emperor Qin Dynasty- ordered that a number of existing walls along the northern border be joined into a single system, later emperors strengthen and extend the wall (Han Dynasty 202 BCE-220 CE), Great Wall of China as it exists today, Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 CE)

Brihedesvara Temple

Major elements of design: vimana tower base with shikhara capstone, set up on a plinth, garbhargriha, mandapas above meeting halls, hypostyle hall, axis mundi, east to west axis, vestibule area antarala, pavilion with nandi statue, nandi mandap, demarcation wall separated priests, gopuram gateway, vimana more of a stepped pyramid tower than the parabolic form of northern style, inside garghagriba is the lingam techniques/materials:post and lintel, corbeling

Banpo Village, China, 4500-2000 BCE

Maor elements of design: ditch or moat, kilns and burials located outside of settlement, circular houses techniques/materials: wood, mud, thatched roofs, wattle and daub

Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, 425-450 CE

Ravenna, Mausoleum of Galla Placidia 425-450 CE Major elements of design- mausoleum or chapel, cruciform (cross-shaped), central dome space covered by wooden and tile roof, exterior has a continuous arcade of blind arches, clerestory area, inside of the building decorated with mosaics, pendentives merge up with the circle, brick faced Ravenna, Orthodox Baptistery Major elements of design- central plan, domed octagon, niches, baptismal font Techniques and materials- decorative use of blind arched on exterior, mosaic in dome shows baptism of Jesus Christ surrounded by 12 apostles, john the baptist, jordan river, holy spirit Symbolism- eight as a symbol of regeneration

Borobudur Temple, Central Java, Indonesia. Sailendra Dynasty. c. 750-842 C.E.

Volcanic-stone masonry The temple sits in cosmic proximity to the nearby volcano Mt. Merapi. During certain times of the year the path of the rising sun in the East seems to emerge out of the mountain to strike the temple's peak in radiant synergy. Light illuminates the stone in a way that is intended to be more than beautiful. The brilliance of the site can be found in how the Borobudur mandala blends the metaphysical and physical, the symbolic and the material, the cosmological and the earthly within the structure of its physical setting and the framework of spiritual paradox.

Etruscan Temple Drawing

based upon description by Vitruvius- central steps in front, stone foundations and raised podium (tufo-volcanic tuff), mudbrick walls of cella building, tuscan column(entasis, base, similimar to doric capital), wood for columns, entablature, ceiling and roof timbers, terracotta (fired clay) tiles and revetments on roof, acroteria, non peripteral, no pediment, emphasis on deep front porch, different orientation of the cella, raised podium with central stair