257
Which two characters represent the empty string?
" "
Which of the following is not used for globbing?
#
To navigate to the end of the line in vi command mode, you can press:
$
Which of the following variables affect the standard editor for a user?
$VISUAL
Placing an __ character at the end of the command line will put the command in the background
&
For GRUB Legacy, which of the following is used to specify the second partition of the second hard drive?
(hd1,1)
Which regular expression character matches zero or more of the previous character?
*
Which of the following regular expression characters is an extended regular expression character?
+
Which regular expression character matches one or more of the previous character?
+
Long command options are preceded by which two characters?
--
Which option to the du command will allow you to specify a subdirectory to not include in the results?
--exclude
To use an encrypted password in the GRUB Legacy configuration file, use the _____ option to the password directive
--md5
Which df command option displays file type?
-T
To maintain timestamps when using the cp command, use
-a
Which mke2fs option defines the block size of the filesystem?
-b
What option to the fdisk command is used for MS-DOS compatibility mode?
-c
Which option to the fsck command forces a system check?
-f
Which option to the df command shows human-readable sizes?
-h
If you want to use grep without regard to the capitalization of text, you can use the option
-i
Which option to the df command shows how many inodes are free in a filesystem?
-i
Which option to the ls command displays the inode numbers of files?
-i
Which options to the tune2fs command will change how often a full filesystem check is performed? (choose two)
-i -c
What option to the find command allows you to search for files by inode numbers?
-inum
To get the grep command to show the names of files that matched instead of the content that matched, you can use the option
-l
What option to the fdisk command is used to display current partitions?
-l
Which option to the zip command will list its files without uncompressing them?
-l
Which option to the find command will display a long listing of matching files?
-ls
Which mke2fs option defines the percentage of the filesystem that is reserved for system use?
-m
Which option to the tune2fs command will change the space reserved for system use?
-m
Which option to the fsck command will answer no to all queries?
-n
Which option to the find command will search by name using a case-sensitive match?
-name
Which option to the tune2fs command will change default mount options?
-o
Which option to the find command will prompt the user to execute a command on each matching file?
-ok
What are the correct options for the rpm command to display a list of all installed packages?
-qa
Which option to the ls command will reverse the sort order?
-r
To copy the contents of a directory, use the following option(s) for the cp command:
-r -R
The _____ option to the uname command will display the kernel name
-s
What option to the mkfs command allows you to specify the type of filesystem to create?
-t
Which option to the fsck command will allow you to specify the filesystem type?
-t
Which option to the ls command will sort the output by time-stamp?
-t
What option to the fdisk command is used to utilize sector unit sizes?
-u
Which option to the find command will search by user owner?
-user
Which option for the grep command will invert the pattern matching results?
-v
Which option to the bzip2 command can be used to report the compression ratio of an archive?
-v
Which option to the fsck command will answer yes to all queries?
-y
When specifying a path, the __ character symbolizes the current directory
.
Which regular expression character matches any one character?
.
To configure the default or standard editor for a user, which file should the $EDITOR variable be configured in?
.bashrc
To search forward from your cursor in your vi document in command mode, you can type __ followed by the pattern to search for.
/
Which directory is the root file system mounted on?
/
Which directory represents the root of the filesystem hierarchy?
/
The primary configuration file for GRUB 2 on an Ubuntu system is _____
/boot/grub/grub.cfg
The primary configuration file for the GRUB 2 on a Fedora system is _____
/boot/grub2/grub.cfg
The primary configuration file for the GRUB 2 on a Fedora system is _____.
/boot/grub2/grub.cfg
Which directory is used to store files representing attached devices?
/dev
Which directory is used to store configuration files specific to the host?
/etc
Which of the following files is for all bash shell users and executed every time a bash shell is opened?
/etc/bashrc
Instead of modifying the primary configuration file for GRUB2, you should edit the _____ file
/etc/default/grub
For traditional init, the _____ file is where the initial default runlevel is defined.
/etc/inittab
If the _____ file exists, then filesystem checks are forced during the boot process
/forcefsck
Which directory is used to store user home directories?
/home
Which directory is used to store essential libraries?
/lib
Which two directories are automatically searched for shared libraries? (choose two)
/lib /usr/lib
What directory is used as a temporary mount point?
/mnt
In which directory are you most likely to find software from third-party publishers?
/opt
Which directory is used for the home directory of the root user?
/root
Which directory structure contains the bulk of the operating system's files:
/usr
What directory contains information about symbolic links that enable services?
/usr/lib/systemd
Which directory structure has directories which may have heavy activity for services like mail, ftp, httpd and printing?
/var
Which directory is used primarily for storing log messages?
/var/log
Which file is overwritten at the end of each boot process with the messages that were generated while booting?
/var/log/dmesg
Which directories are typically writable to all users? (choose 2)
/var/tmp /tmp
To execute a command with the default priority, which value do you pass to the nice command?
0
Which runlevel number defines halting the system?
0
Which value do you place in the dump field of the /etc/fstab for pseudo-filesystems?
0
What umask value would you use in order for new directories to have the permissions of rwxr-x--x?
026
Shell command man pages are typically located in section ___
1
By default, the df command displays filesystem use in:
1-K block size
What is the maximum memory that a 64 bit processor can theoretically use?
16EiB
To execute a command with the lowest possible priority, which value do you pass to the nice command?
19
To go to the first line of a vi document in command mode, you can type:(choose two)
1G gg
Which value represents the hard link count in the following output of the ls -li command: 87589 -rw-r--r--. 2 root root 83 Mar 4 22:45 myhosts
2
The watch command's default interval is?
2 seconds
To redirect the errors that are output by a command, you can use:
2>
To send the normal and error output of a command to a single file, you can use:
2>&1
Which runlevel number defines multi-user with networking services and no GUI?
3
Special file man pages are typically located in section ____
4
Which runlevel number is defined as user-definable?
4
Which runlevel number defines multi-user with GUI?
5
System Administration man pages are typically located in section ___
8
Which value represents the inode number in the following output of the ls -li command
87589
In the PATH variable, the __ character is used to separate the directories.
:
If you want to quit the vi program without saving any of the changes you made to your file, you can type in command mode:
:q!
Which two symbols can effectively send stdin to a command?
< |
If you want to overwrite a file by redirecting the output of a command, you can use:
>
If you want to append content to a file with the normal output of a command, you can use:
>>
To search backward from your cursor in your vi document in command mode, you can type __ followed by the pattern to search for
?
To search backward from your cursor in your vi document in command mode, you can type __ followed by the pattern to search for.
?
Which glob character matches exactly one character?
?
The range defined inside of square brackets is based on the:
ASCII text table
The glob pattern [!abc]*
All files that start with any character except a, b or c
Assuming at least one file matching the pattern is in the current directory, the command echo ???a will display:
All of the files in the current directory that have four characters in the file name with the last character being an "a" character
a hypervisor allows:(choose two)
An operating system to be installed on virtual hardware Virtual resources to be accessed by operating systems and application software
The tar command supports
Both gzip and bzip2 compression
The tar command supports:
Both gzip and bzip2 compression
Assuming everyone has access to the directory the file is in, who can view the contents of a file with permissions of rw-r----x?
Both the user owner and group owners
The key press combination that will request a running process terminate:
CRTL+C
Which Linux distributions are derived from Red Hat?
CentOS Fedora
The /usr/local/bin directory contains:
Commands that have been compiled from local sources
initramfs:
Contains an init script that loads drivers needed for booting the system Is an archive which can be inserted into the kernel during boot
The number of inodes in a filesystem is:
Determined when the filesystem is created
The head -n -1 readme.txt command will:
Display all but the last line of readme.txt
The /sbin directory contains:
Essential administrative commands
The tar command supports which of the following styles of option(s)? (choose 3)
GNU BSD Unix
Which of the following are valid Linux bootloaders? (choose two)
GRUB/GRUB2 LILO
The GRUB2 setting that sets the default operating system to boot is called _____
GRUB_DEFAULT
The time before booting the default image is set by:
GRUB_TIMEOUT
virtualization technology allows: (choose two)
Greater efficiency through shared computing resources Omputing resources to be available on-demand by clients
What is the notification mechanism used to inform programs about a change in state of hardware devices?
HALD uses dbus to send notifications
HALD is the abbreviation for:
Hardware Attribute Layer Daemon
Shell variables are used to:
Hold critical system information
A device name of /dev/hda1 indicates this partition is on which type of device?
IDE
Which command can an administrator run to rebuild the cache of shared libraries?
Idconfig
Which command is used to display the shared libraries of a dynamically linked executable?
Idd
The fourth stage of the boot process is:
In the INIT phase.
The journalctl command:
Is used to view journald log files
Which of the following is true about the fsck command?
It should only be executed on unmounted filesystems
How does the acpid command determine what action to take?
It takes instructions from the kernel?
Which open source project provides a container-centric management environment?
Kubernetes
Which environment variable can a user set, that will affect where shared libraries can be located and loaded?
LD_LIBRARY_PATH
How do links support system administration tasks: (choose two)
Links help retain backward compatibility for programs and processes Links are organized into groups that are updated automatically
The command, chmod 2777 /data will:
Make the /data directory a setgid directory
How is the kernel package special for package management?
New versions should be installed instead of upgraded
What does the mount option ro dev mean if placed in the fourth field /etc/fstab file?
Nothing, the option is invalid because a space is not permitted between options
If you are in the vi command mode and want to add a new line before your cursor, you would type
O
Local variables are
Only available to the shell they are created in
Which of the following is a valid way to add the /data directory to the existing PATH variable?
PATH=$PATH:/data
Which of the following are benefits of a shared library: (choose two)
Programs use a more consistent base of code programs can be smaller
Which of the following are attributes of the sysfs subsystem
Provides information about the kernel Is mounted as the /sys directory Is an in-memory filesystem?
A device name of /dev/sda1 indicates this partition is on which type of device?
SATA
The firmware bootloader for Sparc systems is called _____
SILO
The command, chmod u=g will:
Set the user owners permissions to match the group owners permission
The PATH environment variable is used for:
Specifying directories to search for executable files
Which of the following are considered replacements for the traditional init process? (choose two)
Systemd
If you have a file named /tmp/hosts pointing to a file named /etc/hosts and the /etc/hosts file is deleted, then which of the following statements is true?
The /tmp/hosts file now points to nothing
The second stage of the boot process is:
The Bootloader (LILO/GRUB) stage
If you use the -f option when performing an rpm query:
The command will show the package that owns a file.
The first stage of the boot process is:
The firmware (BIOS/UEFI) stage
The third stage of the boot process is:
The kernel phase
In GRUB Legacy, the password directive in the global setting means:
The user must submit the specified password before appending, editing or using the GRUB command line
Which of the following is not a reason why the umount command may fail?
There are symbolic links to files within the filesystem
What is not a purpose of using parentheses around parts of a regular expression?
They can be used to change the order that the pattern is evaluating
In GRUB Legacy, the password directive in the title directive setting means:
To boot a specific operating system, a password must be entered
Which of the following is not a common reason to create a partition?
To increase fragmentation of free space across the disk
The exFAT filesystem:
Was created by Microsoft for use with flash memory storage
The FHS sets which standard?
Which directories should be used to hold specific files
Defines rules and permissions
YABOOT
What two differences are there between querying an installed RPM and an RPM package file with the rpm command?
You must use the full filename when querying the package. To query the package file, you have to add the -p option.
What is the reason you would use the grep command with a quiet -q option?
You want to use the logical outcome of the command
To save and then quit, you can type in command mode:
ZZ
Which two characters match a single character from a set of specified characters?
[ ]
To go to the beginning of a line in the vi command mode, you press:
^
Which of the following characters can be used to negate (indicate NOT matching the following characters), when placed as the first of a set of characters enclosed in square brackets [ ] ?
^ !
Hosted hypervisor systems require:
a host operating system
Which of the following is not a function of the dmesg command?
add a new network interface
How can you remove a package but not its configuration files with Debian package management?
apt-get remove
Which command will update the list of available packages for APT?
apt-get update
The regular expression a? is equivalent to:
a{0,1}
The regular expression a* is equivalent to:
a{0,}
The regular expression a+ is equivalent to
a{1,}
In GRUB Legacy, which directive is not typically used after a title directive?
boot
The program that loads the kernel is called the _____
bootloader
Which option to the bzip2 command can be used for recursive compression?
bzip2 doesn't support recursive compression
If you want to see the entire contents of a text file, you can use the _____ command:
cat
Which of the following is not a characteristic of firmware?
change runlevels
Which command will allow you to change the group ownership of a file that you own?
chgrp
Which commands can be used to change the ownership of a file?
chgrp chown
Which of the following is not an advantage of GRUB 2 over GRUB Legacy?
command-line interface
Using the touch command and specifying a nonexistent file
creates a blank file with that name
After running fdisk -cu /dev/sdb, what fdisk command will allow you to delete a partition?
d
Which character at the beginning of a long listing indicates a directory?
d
Which option will mount a filesystem using the default mount options?
defaults
The mkdir command cannot be used to:
delete a directory
To perform cut and paste in a vi document, you actually do:
delete and put
What would typing 4dh do in vi command mode?
delete the four previous characters
How can you determine the Debian package that owns a file?
dpkg -S
The _____ command will display how much space a directory is using
du
A system that contains Linux as well as a Microsoft Windows operating system is called a:
dual boot system
The fifth field in the /etc/fstab file is used to specify:
dump field
some advantages of containerized application development are: (choose two)
easy to control access to shared resources XX decreased use of physical resources
Which of the following commands will take the standard error of the echo command cmd1 and put it into the /tmp/output.txt file:
echo 2> /tmp/output.txt
Which of the following commands will take the standard output of the echo command and put it into the /tmp/output.txt file:
echo > /tmp/output.txt
To view the ASCII text table in Linux, you can use the following command:
echo ACSII
Which of the following will match files that have the string hello somewhere in the file name?
echo Hello*
To use extended regular expressions, you can use
egrep egrep -E
Environment variables can be viewed by running: (choose two)
env export -p
Which mount option mounts a filesystem allowing executable files?
exec
Which permission is necessary on a directory in order for a user to use the cd command to change that directory?
execute
Virtualization does not refer to:
executing programs in containers?
Which of the following filesystems does not support journaling?
ext2
In GRUB Legacy, the _____ directive indicates an operating system to boot if the default operating system fails to boot
fallback=
GRUB cannot be used with UEFI. True or False?
false
In a command pipeline, the output of one command is sent to another command as output. True or False?
false
Interrupts cannot be shared between devices?
false
It is not possible to recursively compress files within directories with gzip
false
The GPT partitioning system is limited to 2 terabytes True or False?
false
The command manual ls will provide detailed information about how the ls command functions. True or False?
false
The cpio command has four modes of operation
false
The ls command can list the contents of only one directory at a time
false
Using the kill command always terminates processes
false
Virtual machine images have all required settings enabled by default. True or False?
false
When you create a soft link, it increases the hard link count by one. T/F
false
bunzip2 and gunzip use identical compression algorithms
false
gzip and bzip are aliases for the same utility. T/F
false
gzip and bzip2 use the same compression algorithm
false
Which command is used from the command line, to edit your disk's partition table?
fdisk
The _____ command will search for files by searching the filesystem in real-time
find
To view statistics on memory availability, you can use:
free
Which command is used to view the summary of the RAM and swap space?
free
Which of the following commands can be used to create an encrypted password that can be used with the password directive in GRUB Legacy:
grub-md5-crypt
Which command is useful for booting a corrupted disk drive?
grub-mkconfig
The primary GRUB 2 configuration is overwritten when the _____ command is executed on Fedora systems
grub2-mkconfig
To decompress the archive example.gz, use the following command:
gunzip example.gz
If you want to move a character to the left in vi command mode, you can press the Left Arrow Key ← or:
h
In GRUB Legacy, the _____ directive prevents GRUB from displaying all but the default bootable title until the user presses a key
hiddenmenu
If you are in the vi command mode and want to begin inserting text before your cursor, you can type:
i
Which of the following is not a valid argument for the dd command
in
Which of the following contents is in the ldconfig configuration file by default?
include ld.so.conf.d/*.conf
The first process that the kernel launches is called the _____ process.
init
Missing files don't have their original file names, instead they are named with their _____ number?
inode
Select the function that the tr command cannot perform
insert characters
To see the list of background processes that you have started in your shell, you can run:
jobs
To specify a runlevel to boot at, add the runlevel to the end of the _____ directive line
kernel
Which open source project provides a container-centric management environment
kubernetes
If you want to move a character to the right in vi command mode, you can press the Right Arrow Key → or
l
When viewing a file with the ls -l command, which character represents a file type of soft link?
l
Which of the following commands would display the libraries used by the /bin/ls command?
ldd /bin/ls
Before installing updates, what zypper option will show the updates available for your system?
list-updates
Which of the following commands will create a soft link to /tmp/test named /tmp/data?
ln -s /tmp/test /tmp/data
Which of the following commands will create a hard link to /tmp/test named /tmp/data?
ln /tmp/test /tmp/data
Which of the following is not a daemon used for logging?
logd
In which directory are "missing" files placed by the fsck utility?
lost+found
To perform a long listing to show file details, use which of the following commands:
ls -l
Which of the following are valid command lines? (choose two)
ls -l /etc ls /etc -l
You want to execute the ls command with two options: -r and -l. Which of the following are valid ways to run this command: (choose three)
ls -r -l ls -rl ls -l -r
Which command can be used to send the output of a command to both stdout and a file?
ls | tee /tmp/output.txt
Which of the following commands is used to view the summary of CPUs in the system?
lscpu
Which of the following commands is used to view the network interface controller connected on the PCI bus?
lspci
Which of the following commands is used to view the details of an external drive connected to a USB port?
lsusb -v
Which of the following can be used to view details about USB devices?
lsusb and usb-devices
Which command is used to create a logical volume?
lvcreate
Which of the following is not a function of the udev subsystem?
maintain log files
Editing the GRUB2 configuration is accomplished by:
making changes to /etc/grub.d?
Which command is used in order to view the manual page for a topic
man
Which command will display more information about globbing?
man 7 glob
Which command will describe the mount options available for different filesystems?
man mount
If you want to create a Fourth Extended Filesystem on a partition, which commands could you use? (choose two)
mke2fs mkfs
If you want to initialize swap space that you've just created, which command would you run?
mkswap
The _____ command is used to load a module along with its dependencies
modprobe
What commands can display a list of mounted file systems? (choose two)
mount df
After running fdisk -cu /dev/sdb, what fdisk command will allow you to create a new partition?
n
Which command will allow you to switch to another group and add files that are group owned by this other group?
newgrp
If you want a file to be displayed with its lines numbered, you can use:
nl
If you want a background process to keep running after log out, you can use:
nohup
If a library is not accessible due to an error, the ldd would report which error message?
not found
If you are in vi command mode and want to add a new line after your cursor, you can type
o
This command displays binary files in a variety of representations:
od
After running fdisk -cu /dev/sdb, what fdisk command will allow you to list the current partition table?
p
Which program will non-destructively resize a partition and its installed filesystem?
parted
Which of the following is not a feature of BTRFS?
partitions limited to 2 terabytes
Environment variables are:
passed into other shells and commands
Which command will merge two files together line by line?
paste
Which command will find all processes owned by user fred?
pgrep -u fred -l
Two or more commands combined with the vertical bar | character between them form a:
pipeline
Which command is used to create a physical volume?
pvcreate
After running fdisk -cu /dev/sdb, what fdisk command will allow you to quit without saving changes?
q
Which command will check the integrity of an RPM file?
rpm -qKp
Which command will show the dependencies of an RPM package?
rpm -qpR
What permissions are typically placed on soft link files?
rwxrwxrwx
Which of the following is a non-interactive editor?
sed
Which of the following commands will allow you to backup a partition table to a file and restore it at a later time?
sfdisk
Which type of link can be made to directories, hard or soft?
soft
Which type of link is easier to visually see, hard or soft?
soft
To put the lines of a file in alphabetical order, you can run:
sort
If you want to break apart a large file into smaller files, you can use:
split
Many commands that read text files will also read from this stream:
stdin
The _____ is a kernel module used by the kernel to manage hardware devices
subsystem
Virtual memory is also referred to as:
swap memory
To activate a swap space that has been initialized, you can execute:
swapon
Which of the following commands will allow you to change the system to another runlevel, on a system with Systemd? (choose two)
systemctl init
Which of the following commands is used to view the status of all services?
systemctl -all
After running fdisk -cu /dev/sdb, what fdisk command will allow you to change a partition type?
t
When typing a command, you can have the bash shell complete the command by pressing which key?
tab
Instead of using traditional runlevels, Systemd uses:
targets
The second stage of the boot process is
the bootloader stage
By default, what does the cp command preserve from the original file?
the contents
Which of the following will find and load shared libraries when a program is executed?
the dynamic linker
The sixth field in the /etc/fstab file is used to specify:
the fsck order
For the rwxr-x--x permission set, the highlighted permissions belong to:
the group owner of the file
The file command uses _____ to determine file types.
the magic file
The syntax [-u|--utc|--universal] means:
these three options mean the same thing
Which of the following is not true about kernel modules?
they are plug and play hardware devices
Which is true about hard links?
they share inodes
In GRUB Legacy, the _____ directive indicates how long to wait before automatically booting the default operating system
timeout=
A primary function of a Linux bootloader is:
to load the kernel
A popular program for monitoring running processes in real-time is
top
A bare-metal hypervisor runs directly on top of physical hardware True or False?
true
CPU virtualization extensions are required for virtual machines to operate on a computer system. True or False?
true
Container technology allows system designers to bypass traditional operating systems. True or False?
true
Each virtual machine requires a unique identity in order to communicate with the outside world. True or False?
true
IaaS provides delivery of on-demand shared computing resources True or False?
true
The bzcat command prints the contents of .bz2 files to standard output:
true
The cpio command will preserve metadata when copying files
true
The dd command can be used to copy entire partitions
true
The dd command can be used to create iso files
true
The dd command can be used to create large files the can be used as swap files
true
The mv command will rename a file when a new directory is not specified
true
The only user with the capability to change the owner of a file is root. True or False?
true
The unzip command can be used without options to extract files from a zip archive. True or False?
true
Virtualization software comes in both paid and open source variants: True or False?
true
When you create a hard link, it increases the hard link count by one.T/F
true
Which of the following commands will display information about the Superblock?
tune2fs
The _____ command will tell you if a command exists as a built-in command, function, alias or a command located within the PATH variable.
type
Which command will remove consecutive duplicate lines from a file?
uniq
To view the contents of foo.gz without uncompressing it, use
untar -u foo.gz
The primary GRUB 2 configuration is overwritten when the _____ command is executed on Ubuntu systems
update-grub
To see how long the system has been running, you can use the _____ command
uptime
To use regular expression characters to match themselves, you cannot:
use the slash in front of the character
Which of the following will create a variable?
variable=value
Which command is used to create a volume group?
vgcreate
Which of the following commands will allow you to add a physical volume to an existing volume group?
vgextend
Which virtualization platform runs on top of Windows, Linux, and MacOS
virtual box
Cloud computing does not encompass
virtulization?x automated system deployment?x
After running fdisk -cu /dev/sdb, what fdisk command will allow you to save changes and quit?
w
Having used the xfs_db command to determine an XFS filesystem needs reorganization, what command would be used to accomplish this?
xfs_fsr?
Your system has experienced a crash, and on attempted booting, you see an error message that states mount: Structure needs cleaning. What utility would most effective in fixing this issue?
xfs_repair
In reading the man pages, you discover that the fix for an XFS filesystem issue requires the use of manual repairs in expert mode. Which of the following would you run to accomplish this?
xfs_repair (no)
Which command will print the contents of words.xz to standard output?
xzcat words.xz
If you want to move up a line in vi command mode, you can press the Up Arrow Key ↑ or:
k
To send a signal to a set of processes with the same name, you can run:
killall
The uptime command prints a statistic representing the system load over what three time spans? (choose three)
last minute last five minutes last fifteen minutes
Which of the following commands can be used to scroll through a text file?
less
What option to the kill command will list the signals for the system? (choose two)
pkill -u bob killall -u bob
The _____ command will list the commands that are running in your terminal
ps
The ______ command will display your current working directory.
pwd
What does the vertical bar | character do in a regular expression?
redirects the output from the command? repitition? NOT
To change the niceness value of an existing process, you can use the _____ command.
renice
This stream is the output of a command operating normally:
stdout
User home directories often contain hidden files
true
