2.6-2.7 Quiz

B

A North Carolina timber company proposes to clear-cut 45 hectares of oak-hickory deciduous forest in the Appalachian Mountains. The company has said that the forest will regrow naturally, and 50 years after the clear-cutting the company plans to harvest again, cutting all the oaks and hickories that have at least a 40-centimeter diameter. A local citizens' group claims that this is not a realistic plan. Which of the following, if true, best supports the claim of the citizens' group? A Harvesting oak and hickory will disrupt the soil in the first year after clear-cutting; oaks and hickories cannot germinate that first year. B Oak and hickory are late-successional species; pioneer species will dominate for many decades before the oaks and hickories are reestablished. C Coniferous forests can regrow after having been clear-cut; the biome will change to a boreal forest after clear-cutting. D Populations of large carnivores in the forest will decline after clear-cutting occurs; deer hunting will suffer as a result. E Erosion rates on the slopes of the Appalachian Mountains will decrease after clear-cutting; many new species will move into the forest.

Adaptation

A new trait that increases an organisms fitness

ecological succession

A series of predictable stages of growth that a forest goes through

B

Based on the data in the table, which ecosystem is in the earliest stages of succession? Refer to question 5 A Ecosystem A B Ecosystem B C Ecosystem C D Ecosystem D

B

Based on the data shown in the graph, when would the species richness of the ecosystem have been the lowest? Refer to question two on AP classroom A Before the volcanic eruption occurred B One to four years after the volcanic eruption C Four to ten years after the volcanic eruption D Ten to fourteen years after the volcanic eruption

C

Based on the data shown in the graph, which of the following best describes how ecologists could determine when this ecosystem is approaching a climax community? Refer to question 1 A Determine if the keystone species in the ecosystem is present two years after the volcanic eruption B Measure the biomass of the pioneer species present before and after the volcanic eruption C Record the number and type of producers present every year after the eruption D Calculate the net primary productivity of a specific indicator species every year after the eruption

White and black moths

Classic natural selection

selective pressure

Environmental condition that kills individuals without adaptation

C

In England approximately 250 years ago, the peppered moth had light-colored wing patterns that camouflaged them against the light-colored trees. Over time in urban areas, the number of peppered moths with dark-colored wings increased as pollution from the Industrial Revolution darkened the trees the moths rested on. Which of the following statements best describes how the moths adapted to the new environment over time? A The moths adapted to the new environment through isolation. B The moths adapted to the new environment through primary succession. C The moths adapted to the new environment by changes in the genetics of the population. D The moths adapted to the new environment by becoming a generalist species.

D

In North America, native pollinators often increase the quantity and quality of crops of native plants that are insect pollinated more effectively than European honeybees do. The most likely reason for the phenomenon is that native pollinators A are unaffected by commercial pesticides B are uniformly smaller than European honeybees C have no known native predators D have coevolved with native plant species E mature quickly without undergoing metamorphosis

artificial selection

Intentional selection of organisms for mating to produce desirable traits

Algae and fungi. The algae provided food and fungi traps water

Mutualism for lichens?

Annuals

Only plants that survive one season

Natural Selection

Organisms that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more offspring

Indicator species

Organisms that the presence or lack thereof provides a clear signal about the environmental conditions

Adaptation

Small genetic changes

Keystone species

Species that have a disproportionally large affect on an ecosystem relative to their abundance

Primary Succession

Starts with rock, Pioneer Species = Lichen

B

The Devils Hole pupfish is one of the world's rarest fishes, spending most of its life in the top few meters of very warm waters of a cavern located in the middle of the Mojave Desert. Devils Hole, a geologic pool, is the only naturally occurring habitat for the endangered Devils Hole pupfish. This fish's habitat is one of the smallest natural ranges known for any vertebrate. Devils Hole is an extreme environment, with water temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations near the lethal limits for most fish species. Which of the following statements best explains why the Devils Hole pupfish are able to live in this environment? A Climate change led to the death of other organisms at Devils Hole, reducing competition for the pupfish. B Thermal inversions have limited the species diversity at Devils Hole, and only a few fish species can survive the high temperatures. C A trophic cascade in the Devils Hole food chain decreased the number of pupfish predators. D The pupfish are well adapted to the habitat of Devils Hole and can thrive in conditions that are outside of the range of tolerance for most other species.

Climax community

The end community

E

The table below shows measurements of the beak size of a sample of ten ground finches on each of two islands in the Galápagos archipelago. The two islands are about ten kilometers apart, and all the birds are the same species. Given that beak size is genetically determined, which of the following hypotheses is the most likely explanation for the differences in data between the islands? A Egg mortality differs B Beak size exerts selective pressure on prey size. C Birds on Daphne Island live longer than birds on Santa Cruz Island. D Large-beaked birds move to Santa Cruz Island and small-beaked birds move to Daphne Island. E The types of food found on the two islands exert selective pressure on beak size.

secondary succession

We have soil already, some disturbance interrupted

Flattened body to swim better, big lung and oxygen going through the skin

What are the sea snake adaptations?

Lichens algae and moss

What is primary succession started by

B

Which of the following best describes the role of moss in the transition to stage III of the process? Refer to question 11 A It serves as a soil seed bank in the leaf litter. B It breaks down rock and adds organic nutrients to the soil. C It provides shade and reduces surface temperatures. D It provides habitat for birds and mammals.

B

Which of the following best describes why secondary succession generally occurs more quickly than primary succession? A Secondary succession is not hindered by the presence of any existing vegetation, but primary succession is. B Secondary succession takes place in areas that already have soil and nutrients in place, whereas primary succession occurs in areas that lack soil. C Secondary succession includes the return of plants and animal species, whereas primary succession includes only the return of plants. D Secondary succession requires pioneer species, including lichen and mosses, in the earliest stages, but primary succession does not.

B

Which of the following best identifies and describes the process that is illustrated in the diagram above? Refer to question 10 A Primary succession, because the result is a mature forest with a variety of shade-intolerant shrubs and grasses B Primary succession, because the process in the diagram begins with bare rock. C Secondary succession, because intermediate plant species like grasses and weeds are present D Secondary succession, because the result is a mature forest with a variety of shade-tolerant trees

D

Which of the following best shows the process of evolution? A A lizard's color becomes brown as it sits on a log. B A bear goes into hibernation. C A plant loses its leaves in a drought. D A population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide. E A population of foxes increases as more prey becomes available.

Low soil nutrients

Why did carnivorous plants come about?

Because it probably had limited resources

Why did the sea snake move to the water

Seasons

Why will Australia do secondary succession faster then NJ