26-31 Apush Final
Cesar Chavez
Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers. He helped to improve conditions for migrant farm workers and unionize them
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Federal agency created by Congress and President Nixon in 1970 to enforce environmental laws, conduct environmental research, and reduce human health and environmental risks from pollutants.
Which of the following statements describes the feminist movement in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s?
Feminist activism addressed many issues, took a variety of forms, and affected millions of women.
Thurgood Marshall
Filed briefs in case Mendez v. Westminster, developed legal strategy to strike at racial segregation in South, first African American on Supreme Court, won a state case that forced the University of Maryland Law School to admit qualified African Americans
What accounted for the tremendous rise in the profits of the American financial industry, from less than 10 percent of total business profits in the 1950s to more than 40 percent in the 1990s?
Financial deregulation
Why did profits of the American financial industry rise from less than 10 percent of total national business profits in the 1950s to more than 40 percent in the 1990s?
Financial deregulation
The resurgence of Christian faith in the United States during the 1970s and 1980s has been labeled by historians as the
Fourth Great Awakening
In 1972, the Democratic nominee for the presidency was
George McGovern.
The presidential candidate most explicitly identified with the issue of segregation in 1968 was
George Wallace.
Black neighborhoods in the downtown areas of northern cities were known as?
Ghettos
Chicano Moratorium Committee
Group founded by activist Latinos to protest the Vietnam War.
Who was the famous, openly gay supervisor from San Francisco who was assassinated after helping win passage of a gay rights ordinance?
Harvey Milk
Which of the following statements characterizes the emergence of César Chavez as a national figure during the 1960s?
He and the United Farm Workers union won national attention by organizing a grape pickers' strike in 1965.
Which of the following actions did President Truman take in support of African American civil rights?
He appointed a presidential commission on civil rights.
How did George W. Bush justify his desire to invade Iraq in 2003?
He argued that it would be a preventative war against a "grave and gathering danger." Bush and his advisers articulated a new policy of "anticipatory self-defense" in 2002 naming Iran, North Korea, and Iraq as an "axis of evil." The Bush administration moved deliberately to apply this doctrine of preventative war to Iraq in 2003. See "The Ascendance of George W. Bush," pp. 1025-1030/pp. 931-936 Concise
William F. Buckley
He launched the conservative National Review magazine in 1955, founded Young Americans for Freedom in 1960, and started a conservative tv talk show "Firing Line" in 1966 as part of the roots of conservative resurgence.
George W. Bush
He was the Republican nominee in the election of 2000. He was the eldest son of George H. W. Bush. Many people found him to be reckless and more of a divider rather than a uniter. He challenged research on global warming, didn't support abortions, limited research on embryonic stem cells, and allowed Vice President Cheney to hammer out his administration's energy policy behind closed doors.
Why did President Ford pardon Nixon a month after Ford took office in 1973?
He wished to spare the country the agony of rehashing Watergate.
Which of the following War on Poverty programs provided free nursery schools to prepare disadvantaged preschoolers for kindergarten?
Head Start
Which of the following describes Alan Freed, who made his mark on American culture in the 1950s?
His Cleveland radio show introduced white America to black music.
Which element of Barry Goldwater's campaign platform did American voters find particularly alienating in the election of 1964?
His approach to foreign policy
Which of the following statements characterizes the innovations in housing construction pioneered by William Levitt after World War II?
His company pioneered the application of mass-production techniques to home construction.
Which of the following was a lasting legacy of Ronald Reagan?
His conservative judicial appointments
Which of the following was the cause of President Nixon's downfall?
His obstruction of justice in the Watergate matter
Which of the following was one of the factors leading to Ronald Reagan's Republican victory in 1980?
His positive attitude and decisive demeanor
Which of the following factors made it possible for Barry Goldwater to capture the Republican Party nomination for president in 1964?
His publication of two books, widely read and praised by conservatives
Which of the following was a lasting outcome of Johnson's Great Society programs?
Improving access to health care for the poor and elderly Americans
Which of the following was a goal of President Johnson's environmental reform?
Improving the nation's air and water
Which of the following was a goal of President Johnson's environmental reforms?
Improving the nation's air and water
Which of the following statements accurately characterizes U.S. immigration laws between World War II and the mid-1960s?
In 1952, the McCarran-Walter Act ended the exclusion of immigrants from China, Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia.
Equal Pay Act
In 1963 law that established the principle of equal pay for equal work. Trade union women were especially critical in pushing for, and winning, congressional passage of the law.
What major change occurred in Mexican American activism during the 1960s?
In 1969, a large group of Mexican American students met in Denver to hammer out a national Chicago agenda
Before his appointment to the vice presidency, Gerald Ford--who became president on Richard Nixon's resignation and was the nation's first non-elected vice president--had been
House minority leader
Before his appointment to the vice presidency, Gerald Ford--who became president on Richard Nixon's resignation and was the nation's first non-elected vice president--had been
House minority leader.
Osama bin Laden
(1957-2011) Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks.
Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
Hugh Hefner—founder of Playboy magazine
During the 1950s, military spending amounted to what percentage of U.S. gross national product?
10 percent
In 1950, African Americans accounted for what percentage of the U.S. population?
10 percent
Barry Goldwater
1964 Republican contender against LBJ for the presidency. His platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; he lost by largest margin in history.
Economic Opportunity Act
1964 act which created a series of programs, including Head Start to prepare disadvantaged preschoolers for kindergarten and the Job Corps and Upward Bound to provide young people with training and employment, aimed at alleviating poverty and spurring economic growth in impoverished areas.
Barry Goldwater
1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history.
Bakke v. University of California
1978 Supreme Court ruling that limited affirmative action by rejecting a quota system.
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
1989 Supreme Court ruling that upheld the authority of state governments to limit the use of public funds and facilities for abortions.
Monica Lewinsky
1990s; had affair with Clinton who denied it under oath, but there was physical evidence; he was impeached for perjury and his resulting political battles kept him from being productive in his final term paving way for the seemingly moral Bush in 2000.
Nuclear reactors account for what percentage of all U.S. power generation today?
20 percent
Barack Obama #bae
2008; Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell; New Start treaty with Russia.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
34th President of the United States from 1953-1961, successful army general in WWII, first Supreme Commander of NATO, President of Columbia University, republican who fought Soviet communism and Korea
At the height of the Vietnam War, the United States stationed approximately how many troops in Vietnam?
500,000
Which of the following was an outcome of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981?
A $200 billion cut in the federal government's annual revenue
The Conscience of a Conservative
A 1960 book that set forth an uncompromising conservatism and inspired a Republican grassroots movement in support of its author, Barry Goldwater.
Port Huron Statement
A 1962 manifesto by Students for a Democratic Society from its first national convention in Port Huron, Michigan, expressing students' disillusionment with the nation's consumer culture and the gulf between the rich and poor, as well as a rejection of Cold War foreign policy, including the war in Vietnam.
Immigration and Nationality Act
A 1965 law that eliminated the discriminatory 1924 nationality quotas, established a slightly higher total limit on immigration, included provisions to ease the entry of immigrants with skills in high demand, and allowed immediate family members of legal residents in the US to be admitted outside of the total numerical limit.
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey
A 1992 Supreme Court case that upheld a law requiring a twenty-four-hour waiting period prior to an abortion. Although the decision upheld certain restrictions on abortions, it affirmed the "essential holding" in Roe v. Wade (1973) that women had a constitutional right to control their reproduction.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
A 1993 treaty that eliminated all tariffs and trade barriers among the USA, Canada, and Mexico.
Stonewall Inn
A 2 day riot by patrons after the police raided a gay bar in New York's Greenwich Village on 1969; the event contributed to the rapid rise of a gay liberation movement.
USA PATRIOT Act
A 2001 law that gave the government new powers to monitor suspected terrorists and their associates.
Lawrence v. Texas
A 2003 landmark decision by the Supreme Court that limited the power of states to prohibit private homosexual activity between consenting adults.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
A cartel formed in 1960 by the Persian Gulf states and other oil-rich developing countries that allowed its members to exert greater control over the price of oil.
Reagan coalition
A coalition supporting Ronald Reagan that included the traditional core of Republican Party voters, middle-class suburbanites and migrants to the Sunbelt states, blue-collar Catholics, and a large contingent of southern whites, an electorally key group of former Democrats that had been gradually moving toward the Republican Party since 1964.
World Wide Web
A collection of interlinked computer servers that debuted in 1991, allowing access by millions to documents, pictures, and other materials.
Which of the following was the central theme of Carter's foreign policy throughout his administration?
A commitment to human rights
Howard Jarvis
A conservative activist who launched the first successful tax revolt in California with Proposition 13, a referendum on the state ballot that greatly reduced property taxes.
Phyllis Schlafly
A conservative female political activist. She stopped the ERA from being passed, saying that it would hinder women more than it would help them.
National Review
A conservative magazine founded by editor William F. Buckley in 1955, who used it to criticize liberal policy.
Counterculture
A culture embracing values or lifestyles opposing those of the mainstream culture. Became synonymous with hippies, people who opposed and rejected conventional standards of society and advocated extreme liberalism in their sociopolitical attitudes and lifestyles.
HIV / AIDS
A deadly disease that killed nearly a hundred thousand people in the United States in the 1980s.
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
A decentralized computer network developed in the late 1960s by the US Department of Defense in conjunction with MIT.
American GI Forum
A group founded by WWII veterans in Corpus Christi, TX in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans
Medicare
A health plan for the elderly passed in 1965 and funded by a surcharge on Social Security payroll taxes.
Medicaid
A health plan for the poor passed in 1965 and paid for by general tax revenues and administered by the states.
Defense of Marriage Act
A law enacted by Congress in 1998 that allowed states to refuse gay marriages or civil unions formed in other jurisdictions. The Supreme Court declared this unconstitutional in 2013.
Title IX
A law passed by Congress in 1972 that broadened the 1964 Civil Rights Act to include educational institutions, prohibiting colleges and universities that received federal funds from discriminating on the basis of sex. By requiring comparable funding for sports programs, it made women's athletics a real presence on college campuses.
War Powers Act (1973)
A law that limited the president's ability to deploy U.S. forces without congressional approval.
Which of the following additions to the Republican platform reflected the influence of the Religious Right in 1980?
A mandatory death penalty for certain crimes
Proposition 13
A measure passed overwhelmingly by Californians to roll back property taxes, cap future increases for present owners, and require that all tax measures have a two-thirds majority in the legislature.
Black Panther Party
A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence, founded in Oakland, CA in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities, where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects, but radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police
Operation Rescue
A movement founded by religious activist Randall Terry in 1987 that mounted protests outside abortion clinics and harassed their staffs and clients.
tax revolt
A movement to lower or eliminate taxes. California's Proposition 13 resulted from this, inspiring similar movements across the country.
Al Qaeda
A network of radical Islamic terrorists organized by Osama bin Laden, who issued a call for a holy war against Americans and their allies. Members were responsible for the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
Vietnamization
A new US policy, devised under President Nixon in the early 70s, of delegating the ground fighting to the South Vietnamese in the Vietnam War. American troop levels American casualties dropped correspondingly, but the killing in Vietnam continued.
Women's Liberation
A new brand of feminism in the 60s that attracted primarily younger, college-education women fresh from the New Left, antiwar, and civil right movements who sought to end the denigration and exploitation of women.
Three Mile Island
A nuclear plant near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, where the reactor core came close to a meltdown in March 1979.
energy crisis
A period of fuel shortages in the United States after the Arab states in the OPEC declared an oil embargo in October 1973.
Moral Majority
A political organization established by evangelist Jerry Falwell in 1979 to mobilize conservative Christian voters on behalf of Ronald Reagan's campaign for president.
Abu Ghraib Prison
A prison outside of Baghdad, Iraq, where American guards were photographed during Iraq War abusing and torturing suspected insurgents.
Proposition 209
A proposition approved by California voters in 1996 that outlawed affirmative action in state employment and public education.
Tea Party
A set of far-right opposition groups that emerged during President Obama's first term and gave voice to the extreme individualism and antigovernment sentiment traditionally associated with right-wing movements in the US.
What was the Southern Manifesto, issued in 1956?
A statement by 101 congressmen denouncing the U.S. Supreme Court's Brown decision as "a clear abuse of judicial power"
Double V Campaign
A strategy that originated by James G. Thompson through the Pittsburg Courier that urged colored Americans to strive for victory over fascism abroad and victory over racism at home.
New Left
A term applied to radical students of the 60s and 70s, distinguishing their activism from the Old Left - the communists and socialists of the 30s and 40s who tended to focus on economic and labor questions rather than culture issues.
culture war
A term used by Patrick Buchanan in 1992 to describe a long-standing political struggle, dating to the 1920s, between religious traditionalists and secular liberals. Social issues such as abortion rights and the rights of lesbians and gay men divided these groups.
Which of the following developments was an outgrowth of the rights revolution of the 1960s and 1970s?
A widening belief in the federal government's responsibilities
environmentalism
Activist movement begun in the 1960s that was concerned with protecting the environment through activities such as conservation, pollution control measures, and public awareness campaigns.
n the case of Bakke v. University of California (1978), which of the following issues was under review?
Affirmative action
Which of the following characterizes racial segregation in the US during the 1950s?
African Americans were frequent targets of police harassment in many northern cities
How did the Kennedy administration respond to the Freedom Rides in 1961
After hesitating, Kennedy gave support to the freedom riders by sending federal marshals to protect them.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
After the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders formed this in 1957 to coordinate civil right activity in the South
Newt Gingrich
After the disagreement in the federal government over the budget between Republican leaders and the president, Public opinion turned quickly and powerfully against the Republican leadership and against much of its agenda. This controversial Republican Speaker of the House, quickly became one of the most unpopular political leaders in the nation, while President Clinton slowly improved his standing in the polls.
In 1998, Congress enacted the Defense of Marriage Act, which had what effect?
Allowing states to refuse to recognize gay marriages or civil unions
What legislation did Congress and the Obama administration enact to relieve the economic crisis that began in 2008?
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
Rachel Carson
American conservationist whose 1962 book "Silent Spring" galvanized the modern enviornmental movement that gained significant traction in the 1970s.
Milton Friedman
American economist who strongly promoted the idea of free trade and condemned government regulation and socialism.
Which of the following statements is true about the post-World War II U.S. economy?
American prosperity was beyond the reach of many poor and nonwhite Americans.
George H. W. Bush
American republican politician who served as the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1992 and continued Reagan's policies and Reaganomics.
Which of the following precipitated a crisis in American-Iranian relations in 1979?
American support for the deposed shah of Iran
Which of the following statements describes post-World War II America?
Americans enjoyed the highest standard of living in the world.
The space race began after
Americans learned that the Soviet Union had launched the first space satellite.
In the 1968 election and during the Nixon administration, the expression "silent majority" was used to refer to
Americans who were hardworking and avoided protest activities.
Ronald Reagan's 1980 victory can be attributed to
Americans' frustrations over the nation's declining prosperity and power.
Billy Graham
An Evangelist fundamentalism preacher who gained a wide following in the 1950s with his appearances across the country and overseas during and after the war. He would commonly appear at religious rallies and allowed people to connect with and appreciate religion even more, causing thousands to attend his sermons. His prominence was so large that in 1996, he was also awarded the Congressional Gold Medal.
Earth Day
An annual event honoring the environment that was first celebrated on April 22, 1970, when 20 million citizens gathered in communities across the country to express their support for a cleaner, healthier planet.
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
An economic stimulus bill passed in 2009, in response to the Great Recession, that provided $787 billion to state and local governments for schools, hospitals, and transportation projects
stagflation
An economic term coined in the 1970s to describe the condition in which inflation and unemployment rise at the same time.
Group of Eight (G8)
An international organization of the leading capitalist industrial nations: the USA, Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Canada, and Russia. This organization largely controlled the world's major international financial organizations: the World Bank, the IMF, and the GATT.
Contras
An opposition group in Nicaragua that President Reagan ordered the CIA to assist.
Students for a Democratic Society
An organization for social change founded by college students in 1960.
STOP ERA
An organization founded by Phyllis Schlafly in 1972 to fight the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA).
The person who contributed most directly to the rise of conservatism in American politics after World War II was
Barry Goldwater.
Which of the following economic statistics represented the U.S. economy in the post-World War II period?
Between 1947 and 1975, the productivity of America's workers more than doubled.
The great resurgence of evangelical religion in 1950s America was most evident in the dramatic rise in popularity of
Billy Graham.
Who was Eugene "Bull" Connor, who made national news in 1963?
Birmingham's commissioner of public safety
Women's liberation activists modeled their ideas, goals, and tactics after the
Black Power movement.
Who pioneered the sit-in method of civil rights protest that began in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960?
Black college students
How did the black-led civil rights movement redefine the meaning of liberalism?
Blacks demanded state protection from discrimination for individuals.
Reagan Democrats
Blue-collar Catholics from industrialized midwestern states such as Michigan, Ohio, and Illinois who were dissatisfied with the direction of liberalism in the 1970s and left the Democratic Party for the Republicans.
Silent Spring
Book published in 1962 by biologist Rachel Carson. Its analysis of the pesticide DDT's toxic impact on the human and natural food chain galvanized environmental activists.
Which of the following Supreme Court cases was hailed by most conservatives?
Bowers v. Hardwick (1987)
States' Right Democratic Party
Breakaway party of white Democrats from the South, formed for the 1948 election. Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats
What was President Carter's major achievement for world peace in 1978?
Brokering a "framework for peace" for Egypt and Israel
What impact did George W. Bush's presidency have on the federal deficit in the first decade of the twenty-first century?
Bush turned a budget surplus into a massive $8 trillion deficit by 2006.
Which of the following statements characterizes the economic consequences of the Vietnam War?
By 1968, the U.S. economy was entering a severe inflationary spiral that would last more than a decade.
Which of the following is true about the Vietnam War?
By the late 1960s, many Americans believed it was unwinnable.
Which pair is properly matched?
CORE- organized freedom rides
How did President Carter respond to the energy crisis of the 1970s?
Carter advocated for energy conservation efforts as "the moral equivalent of war."
During the Reagan administration, the CIA funded an anticommunist movement in
Central America.
Stokely Carmichael
Chairman of the SNCC that coined the slogan "Black Power" and all that it represents
Why do some economists say that the share of U.S. national debt owned by China is a problem?
China owns such a large share of the U.S. national debt that it could exercise influence over the economy of the United States.
Billy Graham
Christian evangelist, Southern Baptist minister, held many rallies, sermons, radio and television broadcasts, spiritual advisor to Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon Johnson, and Richard Nixon
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) that espoused nonviolent direct action. In 1961 CORE organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce
How did the conservatives of the Cold War era differ from the American conservatives of the early twentieth century?
Cold War conservatives reversed their earlier isolationism.
Which of the following exemplified the sexual conservatism that characterized the period from 1945 to the mid-1960s?
College women had curfews and needed permission to entertain male visitors.
Christian activists in the late 1970s and early 1980s made which of the following issues a high priority?
Combatting the proliferation of pornography in American society
Presidential Commission on the Status of Women
Commission appointed by President Kennedy in 1961, which issued a 1963 report documenting jobs and educational discrimination.
What significant foreign policy move did Bill Clinton make during his presidency?
Committing American forces to the Balkans
Why was the 1963 March on Washington significant in the history of the civil rights movement?
Conflicts between moderate and militant activists signaled an emerging rift in the larger civil rights movement.
How did the United States respond to the OPEC oil embargo in the early 1970s?
Congress passed a law limiting highway speeds to 55 miles per hour.
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
Constitutional Amendment passed by Congress in 1972 that would require equal treatment of men and women under federal and state law.
Which of the following American groups benefited the most from China's turn toward capitalism?
Consumers
Which of the following describes the economic changes taking place in the United States during the 1950s?
Consumption came to be seen as a social responsibility.
Which of the following describes the conflict over abortion rights in the United States during the 1990s?
Controversies over abortion became more politicized.
multinational corporations
Corporations with offices and factories in multiple countries, which expanded to find new markets and cheaper sources of labor.
hostage crisis
Crisis that began in 1979 after the deposed shah of Iran was allowed into the United States following the Iranian revolution.
Which of the following statements characterizes the pressure felt by middle-class American women during the 1950s?
Cultural messages indicated that domesticity should be women's highest priority.
Which of the following factors accounted for the demographic growth of the Sunbelt in the 1970s and 1980s?
Deindustrialization
The development described in the excerpt most strongly suggests which of the following about that time?
Despite their critique of big government, American corporate leaders depended on federal power to protect them, their interests, and their markets.
Which of the following statements describes the status of Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans in the Southwest in the 1940s?
Discrimination against people of Mexican descent had much in common with that of African Americans in the South.
Who was the lesser-known cofounder of the United Farm Workers, who was a brilliant organizer?
Dolores Huerta
What was the name of black activist's strategy for defeating American racism during WWII?
Double V Campaign
Sharon Statement
Drafted by founding members of the Young Americans for Freedom, this manifesto outlined the group's principles and inspired young conservatives who would play important roles in the Reagan administration in the 80s.
Which justice led the U.S. Supreme Court as it shifted toward advocacy of civil rights and civil liberties after 1954?
Earl Warren
The overwhelming majority of immigrants to the United States between 1970 and 2000 came from
East Asia and Latin America.
Which of the following occurred during the Reagan and Clinton presidencies?
Economic prosperity
supply-side economics (Reaganomics)
Economic theory that tax cuts for individuals and businesses encourage investment and production (supply) and stimulate consumption (demand) because individuals can keep more of their earnings.
Which of the following statements characterizes President Eisenhower's view of segregation and civil rights in the 1950s?
Eisenhower thought the Brown decision was a mistake but reluctantly enforced it because it was the law of the land.
Richard M. Nixon
Elected President in 1968 and 1972 representing the Republican party. He was responsible for getting the United States out of the Vietnam War by using "Vietnamization", which was the withdrawal of 540,000 troops from South Vietnam for an extended period. He was responsible for the Nixon Doctrine. Was the first President to ever resign, due to the Watergate scandal.
Which of the following is paired correctly?
Elementary and Secondary Education Act— federal funds for teacher training
Which of the following accurately describes the philosophy of participatory democracy, passed on by Ella Baker to an influential group of young SNCC activists?
Encouraging ordinary people to stand up for their rights rather than relying on charismatic leaders
Which of the following correctly links a law or a court decision to the benefit that it accorded women?
Equal Credit Opportunity Act (1974)—significantly increased women's access to credit
Which of the following statements characterizes President Lyndon Johnson?
In many ways, especially his personal history and political style, Lyndon Johnson was John F. Kennedy's opposite.
On which of the following issues would the conservative Cato Institute and Heritage Foundation have registered fierce opposition in the 1980s?
Increasing corporate regulation
Which of the following issues did the New Right reject during the 1980 presidential election?
Increasing federal spending on social welfare programs
Which of the following issues did evangelicals disregard as they fought against the influences of what they believed to be an immoral society?
Individual rights
Contract with America
Initiatives by Representative Newt Gingrich of Georgia for significant tax cuts, reductions in welfare programs, anticrime measures, and cutbacks in federal regulations.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
International economic body established in 1995 through the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade to enforce substantial tariff and import quota reductions.
How did the cold war affect the civil rights movement?
It both constrained and led to support for reforms
What was the outcome of Operation Rolling Thunder in 1965?
It intensified North Vietnamese nationalism and hardened their will to fight.
Which of the following statements describes the achievements of the 1972 National Black Political Convention?
It issued a political agenda calling for national health insurance and elimination of the death penalty.
Which of the following statements describes the Voting Rights Act of 1965?
It outlawed discriminatory voter registration measures and was highly effective in the South.
Why did the World Wide Web prove instantly democratic when it became widely available in the 1990s?
It provided ordinary people with easy access to knowledge.
Which of the following describes the famous kitchen debate of 1959?
It settled no greater political purpose, but it revealed the commercialism of the postwar American dream.
Which of the following describes the 1968 Democratic Party National Convention
It took place in Chicago alongside major antiwar protests.
Which of the following describes the 1968 Democratic Party National Convention?
It took place in Chicago alongside major antiwar protests.
Which of the following statements describes television in the United States during the late 1940s and 1950s?
It transformed American culture as much as the automobile had in the 1920s.
Which of the following statements describes the state of racial segregation in the United States at the dawn of the postwar civil rights movement?
It was a nationwide problem.
Which of the following describes the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)?
It was ratified by thirty-four states by the end of 1974, but its progress stalled.
Which of the following describes the group known as the Young Americans for Freedom (YAF)?
It was the largest student group in the nation in the 1960s.
During the 1970s and 1980s, which of the following nations became the second largest economy in the world?
Japan
The Moral Majority was founded by which of the following evangelical Christians?
Jerry Falwell
The practice of racial segregation in the American South in the twentieth century was commonly known
Jim Crow.
Who was the presidential candidate who ran as a Washington outsider and promised to clean up government?
Jimmy Carter
Which of the following describes the 1964 U.S. presidential election?
Johnson's landslide victory gave him a mandate to fulfill his political program.
Which of the following contributed to the powerful mystique that followed the presidency of John F. Kennedy?
Kennedy's 1963 assassination
At the end of the twentieth century, the largest minority group in the United States was
Latinos.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment, education, and public accommodation illegal. It was the strongest measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.
A. Philip Randolph
Leader of black trade union Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, called for march on Washington early 1941, planned to bring protester to nation's capital if African Americans weren't given equal opportunity in war jobs, cancelled march w/ Executive Order 88002, efforts showed that white leaders and institutions could be swayed by concerted African American action
In 1985, over two hundred American marines were killed in an explosion in
Lebanon.
Economic Recovery Tax Act (ERTA)
Legislation introduced by President Reagan and passed by Congress in 1981 that authorized the largest reduction in taxes in the nation's history.
Economic Growth and Tax Relief Act
Legislation introduced by president George W. Bush and passed in Congress in 2001 that slashed income tax rates, extended the earned tax to be phased out by 2010.
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act
Legislation signed by president Clinton in 1996 that replaced Aid to Families with dependent Children, the major welfare program dating to the New Deal Era, with temporary Assistance for Needy Families.
Which of the following became a symbol of the postwar housing boom in the United States?
Levittown
The philosophy of nonviolent direct action was first espoused by..
Mahatma Ghandi
Tet Offensive
Major campaign of attacks launched throughout South Vietnam in January 1968 by the North Vietnamese and Vietcong. A major turning point in the war, it exposed the credibility gap between official statements and the war's reality, and it shook Americans' confidence in the government.
black nationalism
Major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy. Present in black communities for centuries, it periodically came to the fore, as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early 20th century and in various organization in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party
Which of the following characterizes the 1968 Tet offensive?
Many Americans changed their opinions of the war after the Tet offensive.
What was a political consequence of the national Democratic Party's embrace of civil rights in the 1960s?
Many southern whites left the Democratic Party to join the Republican Party in the 1970s and 1980s.
Malcolm X and the Black Muslims pursued a philosophy that differed dramatically from that of
Martin Luther King Jr.
Operation Rolling Thunder
Massive bombing campaign against North Vietnam authorized by President Johnson in 1965; against expectation, it ended up hardening the will of the North Vietnamese to continue fighting.
James Farmer
Member of the Fellowship of Reconciliation, founded Congress of Racial Equality
Who masterminded the 1972 break-in at the Democratic National Headquarters in the Watergate complex?
Members of the Committee to Re-elect the President
Beginning in the 1960s, the influx of Cuban refugees rapidly changed the character of
Miami.
In the 1988 presidential election, George H. W. Bush defeated
Michael Dukakis
In 1975, Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded
Microsoft.
American foreign policy changed dramatically as a result of President Reagan's rapport with
Mikhail Gorbachev.
Which is true of the AIDS crisis of the 1980s and 1990s?
More Americans died of AIDS than were killed in the Korean and Vietnam Wars combined.
Which of the following statements describes women and their relationship to work and family life in the postwar decades?
Most "women's jobs" were in teaching, nursing, or the service sector.
What was the outcome of the Bill Clinton's impeachment and Senate trials in 1998?
Most of the country's remaining Democrats joined the Republican Party.
Henry Kissinger
National Security Advisor and Secretary of State during the Nixon Administration, he was responsible for negotiating an end to the Yom Kippur War as well as the Treaty of Paris that led to a ceasefire in Vietnam in 1973.
Johnson's Great Society program had a great deal in common with the
New Deal.
n the 1950s, most Puerto Rican immigrants settled in
New York City.
In the 1970s, the phenomenon of deindustrialization in the United States was most visible in the
Northeast and the Midwest.
March on Washington
On August 28, 1963, a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities
Which of the following statements characterizes affirmative action?
Opponents, many of whom had opposed civil rights, charged that it was reverse discrimination.
American Indian Movement
Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities, including poverty and police harassment. AIM organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities
Young Lords Organization
Organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the US and in the Caribbean. Though immediate victories were few, their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness
Dolores Huerta
Organized Union Farm Workers (UFW) with Cesar Chavez; helped Mexican farm workers gain better pay & working conditions
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964. Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, NJ, as the legitimate representatives of their state, but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party
Freedom of Information Act
Passed in the wake of the Watergate scandal, the 1974 act gave citizens access to federal records.
Ethics in Government Act
Passed in the wake of the Watergate scandal, the 1978 act forced political candidates to disclose financial contributions and limited the lobbying activities of former elected officials.
Which of the following was detrimental to expanding women's rights in the 1970s and 1980s?
Phyllis Schlafly's STOP ERA
affirmative action
Policies established in the 1960s and 1970s by governments, businesses, universities, and other institutions to overcome the effects of past discrimination against specific groups such as racial and ethnic minorities and women.
Religious Right
Politically active religious conservatives, especially Catholics and evangelical Christians, who became particularly vocal in the 1980s against feminism, abortion, and homosexuality and who promoted "family values."
Great Society
President Lyndon B. Johnson's domestic programs, which included civil rights legislation, antipoverty programs, government subsidy of medical care, federal aid to education, consumer protections, and aid to the arts and humanities.
Ronald Reagan
President elected in 1980 and again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs
Jimmy Carter
President of the United States who was a peanut farmer and former governor of Georgia, he defeated Gerald Ford in 1976. As President, he arranged the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel in 1978 but saw his foreign policy legacy tarnished by the Iranian Revolution and hostage crisis in 1979. Domestically, he tried to rally the American spirit in the face of economic decline, but was unable to stop the rapid increase in inflation. After leaving the presidency, he achieved widespread respect as an elder statesman and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002.
Gerald Ford
President of the United States who was appointed Vice President when Spiro Agnew resigned in the fall of 1973. He succeeded to the presidency upon Nixon's resignation in August 1974 and focused his brief administration on containing inflation and reviving public faith in the presidency. He was defeated narrowly by Jimmy Carter in 1976.
Hillary Rodham Clinton #CHILLARY #justchillininCedarRapids
Prominent child care advocate and health care reformer in Clinton administration; won U.S. senate seat in 2000; director of a task force charged with redesigning the medical-service industry.
Iran-Contra affair
Reagan administration scandal that involved the sale of arms to Iran in exchange for its efforts to secure the release of hostages held in Lebanon and the redirection of the sales to the Nicaraguan Contras.
David Stockman
Reagan's budget director. He wanted to reduce federal expenditures. He proposed cuts in Social Security and Medicare, but was met with rejection by Congress and Reagan. He announced in a 1982 article in Atlantic magazine that supply-side theory was based on faith and was modeled after the "trickle down" notion. He believed that helping the rich would benefit the lower and middle classes.
Nation of Islam
Religion founded in the US that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s. Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of Islam, anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Resolution passed by Congress in 1964 in the wake of a naval confrontation in the Gulf of Tonkin between the US and North Vietnam. It gave the president virtually unlimited authority in conducting the Vietnam War. The Senate terminated the resolution in 1971 following outrage over the US invading Cambodia.
What was the outcome of the 1968 presidential election?
Richard Nixon won the presidency by a narrow margin of the popular vote.
By increasing America's arms buildup in its defense against communism, President Reagan abandoned the diplomatic policy of
Richard Nixon.
In 1968, the liberal who presented the Democratic Party's best chance for reunification was
Robert F. Kennedy.
Which of the following was the most polarizing Supreme Court decision of the 1970s?
Roe v. Wade
Which of the following describes Ronald Reagan's showing in the 1984 election?
Ronald Reagan won a landslide victory
Two of Nixon's greatest foreign policy successes were
SALT I and restoring relations with Communist China.
Who did President Reagan christen as the "heroes for the eighties"?
Self-made entrepreneurs
Which of the following describes Sandra Day O'Connor?
She was the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court.
Which of the following was the largest Protestant denomination, which grew 23 percent between 1970 and 1985?
Southern Baptist
George C. Wallace
Southern populist and segregationist, as governor of Alabama, he famously defended his state's policies of racial segregation. He ran for president several times as a Democrat, but achieved his greatest influence when he ran as a third-party candidate in 1968, winning five states.
Why did the Russian economy fall further behind that of capitalist societies in the postwar years?
Soviet businesses lacked market incentives to improve and innovate.
Which of the following phenomena served as an engine of postwar economic growth?
Spending on national security
Which of the following developments accounted for the dramatic increase in the number of women working outside the home in the 1970s?
Stagflation
Furious with the national Democratic Party's endorsement of civil rights goals in its 1948 platform, southern Democrats set up a new party called the
States' Rights Democratic Party.
Which of the following U.S. industries was most badly hurt by deindustrialization in the 1970s?
Steel
Which of the following civil rights supporters lived beyond the 1960s?
Stokely Carmichael
In 1966, the slogan "black power" was first used by
Stokely Carmichael.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Student civil rights group founded 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker. It initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr. As violence toward civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s, it expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X
Sandra Day O'Connor
Supreme Court Justice appointed by President Reagan. She was a brilliant, public-spirited Arizona judge. When she was sworn in on September 25, 1981, she became the first woman to ascend to the high bench in the Court's nearly two-hundred year history.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Sweeping 2010 health-care reform bill championed by President Obama that established nearly universal health insurance by providing subsidies and compelling larger businesses to offer coverage to employees.
Jim Crow
System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century, from after the Civil War until the 1960s
silent majority
Term derived from the title of a book by Ben J. Wattenberg and Richard Scammon (called The Real Majority) and used by Nixon in a 1969 speech to describe those who supported his positions but did not publicly assert their voices, in contrast to those involved in the antiwar, civil rights, and women's movement.
Watergate
Term referring to the 1972 break-in at Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate complex in Washington D.C., by men working for President Nixon's reelection campaign, along with Nixon's efforts to cover it up. The Watergate scandal led to President Nixon's resignation.
service industries
Term that includes food, beverage, and tourist industries, financial and medical service industries, and computer technology industries, which were the leading sectors of US growth in the second half on the 1980s.
"To Secure These Rights"
The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans. President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendation- including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practices Commission- into law, leading to discord in the Democratic Party
My Lai
The 1968 execution by US Army troops of nearly 500 people in a South Vietnamese village, including a large number of women and children.
Roe v. Wade
The 1973 Supreme Court ruling that the Constitution protects the right to abortion, which states cannot prohibit in the early stages of pregnancy. The decision galvanized social conservatives and made abortion a controversial policy issue for decades to come.
Persian Gulf War
The 1991 war between Iraq and the US, sparked by 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. A forty-day bombing campaign against Iraq followed by coalition troops storming into Kuwait brought a quick coalition victory.
Which of the following is an important conservative organizational think tank that gave institutional support to the New Right?
The American Enterprise Institute
Which of the following describes the death rate of American soldiers in Vietnam by 1968?
The American death rate had reached several hundred per week.
What law passed during the Obama administration fulfilled a long-standing goal of Democrats?
The Automobile Industry Recovery Act
How did the Supreme Court led by Warren Burger compare to that led by Earl Warren?
The Burger Court refused to scale back the Warren Court's liberal precedents.
Which of the following factors spurred congressional approval of the Interstate Highway Act?
The Cold War
Which of the following events in the twentieth century represents an embracing of the ideals laid out in the passage above?
The Cold War strategy of containment
Which of the following statements describes the Nixon administration's domestic policies?
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was signed into law by Nixon and had broad bipartisan support.
What was the name of the organization formed by more than twenty member nations in Europe in 1992?
The European Union
Which of the following was a popular television program of the 1950s that depicted American working-class lives?
The Honeymooners
Which of the following events was an outcome of Rosa Parks's 1955 arrest?
The Montgomery bus boycott
Which of the following was an achievement of the Johnson administration?
The National Endowment for the Humanities
The women's liberation movement emerged out of
The New Left.
What law passed during the Obama administration fulfilled a long-standing goal of Democrats?
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
After the 1980 election, which of the following parties gained control of the U.S. Senate for the first time since 1954?
The Republicans
Mikhail Gorbachev
The Soviet leader that was installed as chairman of the Soviet Communist Party in March 1985. He was amicable, energetic, and most of all committed to reforming the Soviet Union. He championed two policies: glasnost and perestroika. These measures would promote "openness" and "restructuring" of the economy. These measures, however, required that the Cold War be put to an end. His cooperation with Ronald Reagan has earned the two leaders great praises.
Warren Court
The Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren (1953-1969), which expanded the Constitution's promise of equality and civil rights. It issued landmark decisions in the areas of civil rights, criminal rights, reproductive freedom, and separation of church and state.
Which of the following is true regarding the 1991 Persian Gulf War?
The United States acted with the approval of the UN Security Council.
Which of the following was true of the United States in the mid-1980s?
The United States registered a negative balance of international payments
Which of the following statements characterizes the energy needs and resources that the United States faced in the late 1960s and early 1970s?
The United States, once the world's leading producer of oil, had become heavily dependent on imported oil.
Which of the following caused the death of Johnson's War on Poverty?
The Vietnam War
Which of the following is true of Lyndon Johnson's administration?
The Vietnam War undermined his commitment to the War on Poverty and his presidency.
Which of the following describes the Christmas bombings of 1972?
The attacks were the most intense of the Vietnam War.
Which of the following phenomena served as a major engine for consumption in the United States during the 1950s?
The baby boom
Which of the following made a critical contribution to the emergence of the sexual revolution of the 1960s?
The birth control pill
Which group of African Americans played a critical role in prompting the emergence of a national civil rights movement after World War II?
The black middle class
Which of the following was the predominant tendency in business during the twenty years following World War II?
The consolidation of economic power into big corporate firms
rights liberalism
The conviction that individuals require gov't protection from discrimination. This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities such as race and gender rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism
national debt
The cumulative total of all budget deficits.
Which of the following was an impetus for the post-World War II baby boom?
The declining average age of marriage for women and men
Sandinistas
The democratically elected group in Nicaragua that President Reagan accused of threatening US business interests. Reagan attempted to overthrow them by ordering the CIA to assist an armed opposition group called the Contras.
deindustrialization
The dismantling on manufacturing--especially in the automobile, steel, and consumer-goods industries--in the decades after World War II, representing a reversal of the process of industrialization that had dominated the American economy from the 1870s through the 1940s.
Détente
The easing of conflict between the US and the Soviet Union during the Nixon Administration, which was achieved by focusing on issues of common concerns, such as arms control and trade.
perestroika
The economic restructuring policy introduced by Soviet President Gorbachev during the 1980s that contributed to the breakup of the Soviet Union.
Which of the following hurt President George H. W. Bush's reelection efforts in 1992?
The economy had been weak during his term.
The most direct causes of the events and ideas in the excerpt were which of the following?
The end of the Cold War and globalization
Harvey Milk
The first openly gay man to be elected to public office. Was elected to serve in the SF Board of Supervisors. Assassinated in 1978, he will be remembered as someone who pushed the envelope and strove to reach positions openly gay people did not get. He was an advocate for gay rights, though his political career did not begin like that.
Which of the following factors precipitated the urban crisis of the 1950s and 1960s?
The flight of white urban residents to the suburbs
Why did the federal deficit grow dramatically in the late 1960s?
The government had spent huge sums on the Great Society programs and the Vietnam War.
Why has it been so difficult for conservative politicians to shrink the size and scope of the federal government?
The government is entrenched in the social, economic, and defense welfare of Americans.
Which describes the Nation of Islam in the early 1960ss?
The group had a strong emphasis on personal self-improvement
Young Americans for Freedom
The largest student political organization in the country, whose conservative members defended free enterprise and supported the war in Vietnam.
Which of the following describes Title IX?
The legislation benefited women athletes.
deregulation
The limiting of regulation by federal agencies of prices in the trucking, airline, and railroad industries had begun under President Carter in the late 1970s, and Reagan expanded it to include cutting back on government protections of consumers, workers, and the environment.
deregulation
The limiting of regulation by federal agencies of prices in the trucking, airline, and railroad industries. Began under President Carter in the late 1970s, and Reagan expanded it to include cutting back on government protections of consumers, workers, and the environment.
Malcom X
The most celebrated of black Muslims. He died in 1965 when black gunmen, presumably under orders from rivals within the Nation of Islam, assassinated him. He was originally for segregation, but after his trip to Mecca he wanted integration and spoke of the brotherhood of mankind.
Which of the following is true of the Reagan presidency?
The national debt tripled.
Rust Belt
The once heavily industrialized regions of the Northeast and Midwest that went into decline after deindustrialization.
glasnost
The policy introduced by Soviet President Gorbachev during the 1980s that involved greater openness and freedom of expression that contributed to the breakup of the Soviet Union.
What accounted for the dramatic decline of the American labor movement in the 1970s and 1980s?
The process of deindustrialization
Which of the following describes Johnson's War on Poverty?
The program was Johnson's highest political priority, even more than civil rights advances.
Multiculturalism
The promotion of diversity in gender, race, ethnicity, religion, and sexual preference.
Which of these developments spurred the birth of the modern environmentalist movement?
The publication of Silent Spring in 1962
globalization
The spread of political, cultural, and economic influences and connections among countries, businesses, and individuals around the world through trade, immigration, communication, and other means.
What was the U.S. Congress trying to achieve when it passed the USA Patriot Act in 2001?
The suspension of certain civil liberties protections
What was the U.S. Congress hoping to achieve when it passed the USA PATRIOT Act in 2001?
The suspension of certain civil liberties protections in the interests of national security
The Feminine Mystique
The title of an influential book written in 1963 by Betty Friedan criticizing the ideal whereby women were encouraged to confine themselves to roles within the domestic sphere.
evangelicalism
The trend in Protestant Christianity that stresses salvation through conversion, repentance of sin, and adherence to scripture; it also stresses the importance of preaching over ritual.
Which of the following was true of Republicans in the 1980s?
Their core was upper-middle-class white Protestants.
How did the new immigrants from the Western Hemisphere help shape the emerging global economy in the late twentieth century?
Their willingness to work for less undermined unions everywhere.
Why did conservative Republicans favor a much lower standard for Clinton's impeachment in 1998 than they had in the past?
They did not accept the legitimacy of Bill Clinton's presidency.
How did middle-class wives and mothers seek to justify their work outside the home in the 1950s?
They explained their work in family-oriented terms and maintained their domestic responsibilities.
Why did the United States, Canada, and Mexico sign the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1993?
They hoped to offset the economic power of the European bloc.
Which of the following characterizes many of the newly built suburban communities in the 1950s?
They were generally homogeneous in their population.
William (Bill) Clinton
This Democrat served as president from 1993 to 2001, during a period of intense partisanship in the US government. His plan to provide universal health care to all Americans was defeated by Republican Newt Gingrich's "Contract with America" movement and a well-organized opposition from the doctors' lobbying organization (the American Medical Association). His few domestic and international successes were overshadowed by the Monica Lewinsky sex scandal that led to his impeachment and eventual acquittal.
A nuclear reactor came close to meltdown in 1979 at
Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania.
Who became the first African American justice on the Supreme Court in the late 1960s?
Thurgood Marshall
Which of the following was the purpose of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?
To authorize the president to take any action necessary to prevent further aggression in Vietnam
Which group of American women had continued to organize around feminist issues in the 1950s?
Trade union women
Which of the following pairs is properly combined?
Twenty-Fourth Amendment—outlawed the poll tax
Martin Luther King Jr.
U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)
United Farm Workers
Union of farm workers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions, especially in the Southwest.
Rosa Parks
United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)
Which of the following describes the 1955 murder of Emmett Till in Mississippi?
Unlike most murders of black men in the South, Till's gained national attention.
Which of the following describes the urban renewal projects that took place in U.S. cities in the 1950s?
Urban renewal efforts coincided with an increase in cities' black, Latino, and Native American populations.
family values
Values promoted by the Religious Right, including support for traditional nuclear family and opposition to same-sex marriage and abortion.
What was the outcome of the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam in 1973 and 1974
Vietnam became communist but remained an independent nation.
What happened to the typical American worker's real wages between 1973 and the early 1990s?
Wages declined by 10 percent.
Saddam Hussein
Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction.
1968 Democratic National Convention
Was held in Chicago. Purpose was to elect a suitable nominee to run as the Democratic Party's choice for president in the 1968 election. Events that led to convention were: assassination of Martin Luther King and JFK. Riots broke out from Anti-Vietnam war protesters during the time of the convention. These riots turned into bloody battles after the Chicago police tried to stop the protesters. Democrats settled on Hubert Humphrey but lost to Richard Nixon. Shows a large split in the party over the Vietnam War.
America's main economic competitors in the world market in the 1980s were
West Germany and Japan.
Which of the following job categories grew explosively in the United States in the 1950s and came to symbolize the
White-collar managers
Which of the following job categories grew explosively in the United States in the 1950s and came to symbolize the era?
White-collar managers
National Organization for Women
Women's civil rights organization formed in 1966. Initially, it focused on eliminating gender discrimination in public institutions and the workplace, but by the 70s it also embraced many of the issues raised by more radical feminists.
Which group established the first rape crisis centers in the early 1970s?
Women's liberationists
Two hundred Sioux, organized by AIM to dramatize their cause, engaged in several gun battles with the FBI for over two months in 1973 at
Wounded Knee.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Yearlong boycott of Montgomery's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population. The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr. to nat'l prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional
Shelley v. Kraemer
a 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans, Asian Americans, and other minorities
National Interstate and Defense Highways Act
a 1956 law authorizing the construction of a national highway system
The Affluent Society
a 1958 book by John Kenneth Galbraith that analyzed the nation's successful middle class and argued that the poor were only an "afterthought" in the minds of economists and politicians
The Other America
a 1962 book by left-wing social critic Michael Harrington, chronicling "the economic underworld of American life". His study made it clear that in the economic terms the bottom class remained far behind
The Moral Majority favored
a ban on abortion
Richard Nixon's 1968 campaign for the presidency emphasized
a claim to represent the "quiet voice" of "forgotten Americans.
Ngo Dinh Diem
a conservative anti-communist who overthrew Bao Dai, the emperor of southern Vietnam, when it seemed likely that a communist leader would be elected in the upcoming elections.
Veterans Administration
a federal agency that assists former soldiers. Following WWII, the VA helped veterans purchase new homes with no down payment, sparking a building boom that created jobs in the construction industry and fueling consumer spending in home appliances and automobiles
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
a fund established to stabilize currencies and provide a predictable monetary environment for trade, with the US dollar serving as the benchmark
The broadly based postwar labor-management accord brought
a general acceptance of collective bargaining.
Richard Nixon's landslide victory in the election of 1972 signaled
a major political realignment in the United States.
When Patrick Buchanan referred to "a culture war" in the 1980s, he was talking about
a national struggle between rights liberalism and Christian family morality.
Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost and perestroika resulted in
a new willingness to tolerate significant changes in Soviet society.
collective bargaining
a process of negotiation between labor unions and employers, which after WWII translated into rising wages, expanding benefits, and an increasing rate of home ownership
Beats
a small group of literary figures based in NYC and San Francisco in the 1950s who rejected mainstream culture and instead celebrated personal freedom, which often included drug consumption and casual sex
Military-Industrial Complex
a term President Eisenhower used to refer to the military establishment and defense contractors who, he warned, exercise undue influence over the national government
teenager
a term for young adult. American youth culture, focused on the spending power of the teenager
The profits from the secret sale of arms to Iran in the 1980s were used to
aid the Contras, an opposition group in Nicaragua.
National Defense Education Act
an 1958 act, passed in response to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite, that funneled millions of dollars into American universities, helping institutions such as the University at Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, among others, become the leading research centers in the world
kitchen debate
an 1959 debate over the merits of their rival systems between US VP Richard Nixon and the Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of an American exhibition in Moscow
World Bank
an international bank created to provide loans for the reconstruction of the war-torn Europe as well as for the development of former colonized nations in the developing world
Bretton Woods
an international conference in New Hampshire in July 1944 that established the World Bank and IMF
In his famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail," Martin Luther King Jr.
appealed to Christian and democratic beliefs, and argued that Americans had to make a moral choice about segregation.
The Affluent Society (1958) was one of the most influential books about the U.S. economy in the twentieth century because it
argued that the poor had been neglected by economists and politicians.
In March 1965, the effort to pass the Voting Rights Act gained impetus after the
attack of civil rights marchers in Selma, Alabama, by state troopers.
in March 1965, the effort to pass the Voting Rights Act gained impetus after the
attack of civil rights marchers in Selma, Alabama, by state troopers.
Under the banner of Black Power, African American activists worked for..
back access to the traditionally white fields of firefighting, police work, and construction
The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case triggered a judicial revolution in which the Court began to focus on suits related to
civil liberties.
In the case of Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), the Supreme Court struck down an 1879 state law prohibiting the purchase and use of
contraception.
Reaganomics increased the share of wealth held by
corporations and wealthy Americans.
Elvis Presley, Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and Charlie Parker were all associated with
cultural rebellion.
In the years from 1973 to 1975, the oil-exporting nations of OPEC
declared an oil embargo against the United States.
In his third-party presidential campaign in 1968, George Wallace
defined several hot-button issues that Republicans would exploit in future elections
In his third-party presidential campaign in 1968, George Wallace
defined several hot-button issues that Republicans would exploit in future elections.
Economic competition from West Germany and Japan led to
deindustrialization.
President Kennedy asked for civil rights legislation after the..
demonstrations in Birmingham
In an attempt to combat stagflation, President Carter
deregulated the transportation industries.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 addressed
discrimination in many areas of American society.
The 1963 report of the President's Commission on the Status of women
documented discrimination against women in the workplace and in education
The 1963 report of the President's Commission on the Status of Women
documented discrimination against women in the workplace and in education.
President Dwight Eisenhower promoted civil rights by
ending federal troops into Little Rock, Arkansas.
The four college students killed by National Guardsmen at Kent State University been protesting
expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia.
the four college students killed by National Guardsmen at Kent State University been protesting
expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia.
Conservative Protestants and Catholics joined together as part of the Religious Right and condemned
feminism.
Betty Friedan
feminist author of The Feminine Mystique in 1960. Her book sparked a new consciousness among suburban women and helped launch the second-wave feminist movement.
The National Environmental Policy Act (1970) required developers to
file environmental impact statements on the effect of projects on ecosystems.
Post-Cold War globalization differed from earlier forms of globalization because
global financial markets integrated to an unprecedented degree, thus allowing capital to flow between them.
The well-known movie actor Ronald Reagan gained political experience after World War II in
he Screen Actors Guild.
In 1941, President Roosevelt issued an executive order banning racial discrimination in defense industries primarily because..
he wanted to avoid a black protest march in Washington, DC
Vice President Spiro Agnew was forced out of office in 1973 because
he was indicted for accepting kickbacks while governor of Maryland.
President Johnson shocked the American public on March 31, 1968, by announcing that
he would not seek reelection.
Between 1973 and 1992, the productivity of American workers
increased by 1 percent a year.
Kerner Commission
informal name for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, formed by the president to investigate the causes of the 1967 urban riots. Its 1968 report warned that "our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white, separate and unequal."
Why did the U.S. economy suffer from inflation in the mid-1970s?
it was brought on in part by military spending in Vietnam.
Which of the following describes the New Right in 1980?
its leaders opposed big government and feared declining social morality.
Miles Davis
jazz musician whose 1959 album, Kind of Blue, was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and recognized by the US House of Representatives
The post-Watergate political reforms passed by Congress
made government more transparent.
When Eisenhower said, "We must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought," he was referring to the
military-industrial complex.
Sunbelt
name applied to the Southwest and South, which grew rapidly after World War II as a center of defense industries and non unionized labor
The ideal family, as presented in the media of the 1950s, with a stay-at-home mom and a father as the breadwinner, was
not representative of diverse American culture.
Jack Kerouac
novelist and poet, pioneer of the Beat Generation, known for his spontaneous prose, progenitor of the hippie movement, died of alcohol abuse
Iran released the American hostages and ended the long hostage crisis
on the day Carter left office after the 1980 presidential election.
Dr. Benjamin Spock
pediatrician whose book Baby and Child Care was one of the best-sellers of all time, first pediatrician to study psychoanalysis to understand children and family dynamics, was involved in the anti-Vietnam War movement, won an Olympic gold medal
President Bill Clinton was officially impeached in 1998 for
perjury and obstruction of justice.
Allen Ginsberg
poet and leading figure in the Beat generation and culture, opposed militarism, economic materialism, and sexual repression, his poem "Howl" sparked widespread controversy, Buddhist, won US National Book Award for Poetry, won the National Arts Club gold medal, was inducted into the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, Pulitzer Prize finalist
The Beat generation of the 1950s rejected
political activism.
Michael Harrington's 1962 book The Other America exposed
poverty in America.
An unexpected result of building the interstate highway system was that it
precipitated the decay of American urban areas.
The term restrictive covenants in this period usually refers to
prohibitions on black residents in some communities.
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company
President Bill Clinton's strategy for getting elected in 1992 was to
promote centrist "New Democrat" policies that reflected
William J. Levitt
real-estate developer who was president of a real-estate successful business, the father of modern America suburbia, named in Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People of the 20th Century
The Federal Housing Authority and American banks excluded African American home buyers from white suburbs through a process known
redlining.
From 1969 to 1972, Richard Nixon's strategy to end the Vietnam War was to
reduce American troop involvement and turn over most of the ground fighting to the South Vietnamese army.
The Immigration Act of 1965
replaced the national quotas system of the 1920s with nondiscriminatory numerical limits.
In 1978, California voters began a national trend by enacting a ballot initiative called Proposition 13 that
rolled back property taxes and required future tax measures to pass the legislature with a two-thirds vote.
Between 1940 and 1960, church membership in the United States
rose to 70 percent.
Globalization advanced in the 1990s due to corporations' quest for new markets and their
search for cheaper sources of labor.
Lyndon B. Johnson
signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy families. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably Medicare and Medicaid.
The impact of the Supreme Court's decision in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services was that
states won the right to restrict the use of public funds and institutions for abortions.
The GI Bill (1944) stimulated the American economy by
subsidizing higher education and financing millions of mortgages.
By the 1970s, schools in northern cities were more racially segregated than schools in the South because of
suburbanization.
The domestic issue that most engaged both Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush was
taxes.
Evangelical Protestantism failed to embrace
the "Social Gospel.
The election of 2000 was historically significant because
the Supreme Court intervened and decided the outcome.
The Kerner Commission Report, released in 1968, analyzed
the context and causes of racial violence in American cities in the 1960s.
Nearly every American city struggled to pay its bills in the 1970s because of
the continuing process of suburbanization.
Immigration policy in the 1950s led to
the legal resumption of Asian immigration.
In the 1960s, black nationalism gained adherents because of
the movement's advocacy of militant protest rather than nonviolence
Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin are both associated with
the polio vaccine.
Rachel Carson is associated with
the rebirth of environmental activism.
The Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade was based on
the right to privacy.
My Lai became a national issue in the United States in 1969 and was
the site of the massacre of nearly 500 villagers by American soldiers.
baby boom
the surge in the American birthrate between 1945 and 1965, which peaked in 1957 with 4.3 million births
In the 1950s, evangelist Norman Vincent Peale preached
the therapeutic use of religion.
n the 1950s, evangelist Norman Vincent Peale preached
the therapeutic use of religion.
The Free Speech Movement at Berkeley began in response to
the university ban on political activities by students on university property.
Sputnik
the world's first satellite, launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. After its launch, the Untied States funded research and education to catch up in the Cold War space competition
In "Brown vs. Board of Education," the supreme court ruled against segregated schools on the grounds that
they denied black children "equal protection of the laws"
Muslim fundamentalists began to target Americans in the 1990s because
they objected to the American presence in Saudi Arabia.
Supply-side economics, as practiced by the Reagan administration, rested on
using tax cuts to stimulate investment, which would eventually result in higher tax revenues.
NAFTA was created in 1993 because it
was signed to offset the economic clout of the European Union.
Robert Kennedy
younger brother of JFK who entered public life as U.S. Attorney General during the Kennedy Administration. Later elected senator from New York, he became an anti-war, pro-civil rights presidential candidate in 1968, launching a popular challenge to incumbent President Johnson. Amid that campaign, he was assassinated in California on June 6, 1968.