26 - Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

25 All of the following would cause edema EXCEPT __________. liver disease hypotension hypoproteinemia incompetent venous valves

hypotension

22 All of the following factors would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center EXCEPT __________. input from baroreceptors angiotensin II a decline in blood volume hypotonic extracellular fluid

hypotonic extracellular fluid

12 Which condition would cause a drop in pH? hypovolumemia hypernatremia hyperventilation hypoventilation hypokalemia

hypoventilation

4 Most water is excreted via the __________. intestines lungs kidneys skin

kidneys

5 ADH acts on the ____________ to ___________ water excretion. intestines; increase intestines; decrease kidneys; decrease kidneys; increase

kidneys; decrease

23 Diuresis peaks __________ after drinking water. one hour three hours ten minutes half an hour

one hour

21 All of the following would occur if there was an increase in plasma osmolality EXCEPT __________. release of ADH concentrated urine production of large amounts of urine thirst

production of large amounts of urine

2 Chloride balance is directly tied to sodium balance. True False

true - Chloride passively follows sodium.

30 Any arterial pH between __________ is considered physiological acidosis. 6.5 and 7.0 6.5 and 7.35 7.0 and 7.35 7.35 and 7.45

7.0 and 7.35

4 Normal arterial blood pH is __________. highly acidic 6.45 7.4 strongly alkaline neutral

7.4

1 Most fluid in the body is in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment. True False

False

11 Abnormally high levels of CO2 in the blood would result in respiratory alkalosis. True False

False

13 The most important source of acids in the body is ingestion of acidic foods such as oranges, lemons, and other citrus fruits. True False

False

3 The most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is potassium. True False

False

5 Insensible water loss occurs through urination. True False

False

6 Metabolic acidosis may be caused by vomiting and excessive aldosterone secretion. True False

False

8 Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases Ca2+ deposition in the bones. True False

False

8 The alkaline reserve represents the available proteins for buffering. True False

False

9 Most of the hydrogen ions in the body come from acidic substances in the foods we ingest. True False

False

3 Currently, many states perform capital punishment (execution) using potassium chloride injection. Why would this kind of an injection cause death? It would cause hyperkalemia, which can lead to cardiac arrhythmias, depression, and arrest. Potassium chloride is an adrenergic receptor mimic. Hypokalemia causes dehydration. Hyperkalemia results in acidosis, which is lethal. Increased K+ causes hyperpolarization of membranes.

It would cause hyperkalemia, which can lead to cardiac arrhythmias, depression, and arrest.

14 The only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure in the ECF is __________. Mg2+ K+ Na+ Fe2+ Ca2+

Na+

28 Renal acid-base control mechanisms are coupled to __________. water intake Na+ transport plasma protein levels ADH secretion

Na+ transport

19 __________ circulates throughout the body and links the internal and external environments. Lymph Intracellular fluid Plasma Interstitial fluid

Plasma

10 A blood pH < 7.35 indicates acidosis, but it does NOT tell you the cause. True False

True

12 An important means of regulating Na+ and H2O balance in the body is through secretion of aldosterone. True False

True

14 Hemoglobin is an important protein buffer that absorbs hydrogen ions released from carbonic acid as oxygen is unloaded in tissue capillaries. True False

True

15 When water intake equals water output, water balance is achieved. True False

True

3 Edema is caused by increased movement of fluid from the plasma into the interstitial fluids. True False

True

4 Hyperventilation causes the pH to elevate. True False

True

7 Proteins are the most abundant buffers in the body. True False

True

9 Water accounts for about half of an adult's body weight. True False

True

13 Which statement about acids is true? When high in the body, they cause alkalosis. Weak acids only dissociate partially in solution. Most acid is a result of ingestion with food. They have little physiological effect on chemical reactions in cells. Our bodies have few ways to deal with excess amounts of acids.

Weak acids only dissociate partially in solution.

1 A major stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone is __________. stimulation of the baroreceptors a rise in plasma osmolality an increase in ECF water concentration an increase in potassium levels in the ICF inhibition of the osmoreceptors

a rise in plasma osmolality

17 Which of the following tissues is the least hydrated? adipose tissue nervous tissue muscle tissue bone

adipose tissue

29 Estrogens are chemically similar to __________ and are therefore associated with water retention. ANP ADH aldosterone rennin

aldosterone

18 Which of the following individuals would have the most body water? a healthy young female an older obese person a healthy young male an infant

an infant

5 Parathyroid hormone __________. is released when aldosterone levels climb enhances release of calcium from bone targets the thyroid gland results in a lowering of calcium levels activates osteoblasts

enhances release of calcium from bone

1 Aldosterone directly causes facultative K+ reabsorption at the kidney. True False

false - It is the lack of aldosterone that encourages K+ conservation.

13 One way the kidneys maintain HCO3- balance is by __________. generating Na+ ions generating new HCO3- reabsorbing H+ reabsorbing CO2

generating new HCO3-

2 Which of the following is NOT an electrolyte? sodium chloride glucose potassium

glucose

2 Acidosis results in increasing levels of what ion? sodium calcium chloride hydrogen phosphorus

hydrogen

6 The condition in which sodium levels are too low is referred to as __________. Cushing's disease hypernatremia hyponatremia hypokalemia aldosteronism

hyponatremia

6 Which of the following is associated with a swelling of cells? hypotonic hydration edema hypoproteinemia dehydration

hypotonic hydration

16 Infants are more likely to experience problems regulating acid-base balance because of several factors, including __________. decreased surface area relative to body volume lower amount of fluid intake and output in infants high residual volume of infant lungs low rate of insensible water loss from skin inefficiency of infant kidneys

inefficiency of infant kidneys

20 Water lost through expired air is referred to as __________. insensible water loss water intake water of oxidation metabolic water

insensible water loss

24 Edema is accumulation of fluid in the __________. intracellular space plasma interstitial space special fluid compartments

interstitial space

7 The largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment? blood plasma extracellular fluid intracellular fluid interstitial fluid

intracellular fluid

10 The only organ of the body that can remove excess fixed acids is the __________. sweat glands liver lungs spleen kidney

kidney

27 Pica occurs when there is a deficiency of __________ in the body. salt water electrolytes minerals such as iron

minerals such as iron

7 Which of the following would INCREASE sodium excretion? estrogen aldosterone glucocorticoids progesterone

progesterone

15 The most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment (ICF) is the __________. bicarbonate buffer system phosphate buffer system sulfate buffer system chloride buffer system protein buffer system

protein buffer system

14 Someone who is suffocating would develop __________. respiratory acidosis metabolic alkalosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis

respiratory acidosis

12 Hyperventilation can lead to __________. metabolic acidosis respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic alkalosis

respiratory alkalosis

26 Electrolyte balance in the body usually refers to the balance of __________. acids organic molecules bases salts

salts

9 The most prevalent electrolyte in the extracellular fluid is __________. magnesium sodium chloride potassium phosphate calcium

sodium

10 The most important factor that influences K+ secretion is __________. the concentration of Na+ in blood plasma the concentration of K+ in the ECF the level of aldosterone in the plasma water balance in the body

the concentration of K+ in the ECF

11 Which of the following has the LEAST influence over the pH of blood plasma? the protein buffer system the bicarbonate buffer system respiratory rate the phosphate buffer system

the phosphate buffer system

15 Which of the following puts infants at increased risk for dehydration? their high residual lung volume their low metabolic rate their inefficient kidneys their low surface area to volume ratio

their inefficient kidneys

11 When the concentration of Na+ in the ECF decreases __________. a person experiences an increased thirst there is an increase in the level of aldosterone more ADH is released osmoreceptors are stimulated there is an increase in the level of ANP

there is an increase in the level of aldosterone

8 The major source of water loss from the body is __________. insensible respiratory loss insensible skin loss sweat feces urine

urine