2C

Racially pure vs racially hybrid

(from presentations day 2) the global context of racial thinking influenced Japanese understandings of race (Western world perceived the Japanese as inferior) racial ideologies were used to legitimate global relationships, such as colonizer-colonized (ex. Japan colonizing Korea) In summary, race is constructed and reconstructed in the realm of global, through global relationships and connections Race is a social construct that uses ideas of perceived difference to categorize and draw boundaries around people; it is not biologically real. Thus, some historical actors have positioned Koreans as the same race as Japanese, while others have not. Both perspectives were motivated by specific political purposes. The two terms are the two Japanese imperial (during the Empire of Japan) ideas of race Racial purity Japanese as a racially homogenous group Descended from a common bloodline whose senior branch was the imperial family Racial hybridity Japanese people as originating from a mixture of different peoples Hybridity as the source of national strength and of claims to imperial power

Aba Commission Inquiry

-Anti-colonial activism in Nigeria, led by women, became a significant cause of concern and a demonstration of insurgent citizenship. - In the Oweri and Calabar region of Nigeria, women resisted an English effort to expand colonial rule by issuing a new tax. -They wanted women to pay taxes too but they resisted since they did not have the means to pay for it -nearly 10,000 women mobilized over 100s km2 . -Not until the end of December 1929 was the colonial government able to end to the rebellion with the might of British troops

An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians.

-By 1800s, many Europeans came to accept the idea that Christian duty required them to bring their messages of faith and salvation to non-Christians. ● Protestants lagged far behind the efforts of Jesuits and Franciscans who took Catholicism to North America and Asia. ● William Carey (1792) insisted that Protestants spread the gospel globally, highlighting that 420 million people lived in "pagan darkness". ● Carey - as a dissenter - brought mission work to India critiquing Hindu, Muslim, and Sikn cultural practices. Notes from book: which articulated a new obligation for British Protestants to spread the gospel and constructed this task as a global campaign. Carey's text was molded not only by evangelical enthusiasm, but also by Enlightenment empiricism and he provided a global religious demography that highlighted the urgent need for overseas mission work: he noted that some 420 million lived in "pagan darkness" and argued that the gospel had to be carried to all corners of the Earth."

Homosocial Societies

-Homosocial culture fostered same-sex social, emotional, and sometimes, sexual bonds -John Butts reading (explain a lil) -Male homosocial spaces were often much more violent than such communities forged by women and multiracial. - Men would rely on traditionally "manly" things as drinking or gambling to assert power as they rework conventional gender organization.

The "New Woman"

-The New Woman was a response to the patriarchal family, in particular, its limiting roles of wife and mother. ● Like ideas about gender and family, the idea of the New Woman was not static. ● Most often depicted as a young modern woman on a bicycle in bloomers (no long dress) at liberty to go where she wanted, when she wanted, with or without friends. - bicycles were also believed to be bad for women's health. ● Experts and critics feared it could cause physical exhaustion, depression, or worse, sexually aggressive. ● Also something called - "Bicycle Face" - a manifestation of the fear of New Woman (and a dubious way to regulate "unruly women"). -The "new woman" was seen as a threat to public "the image of the "new woman" served a socially conservative nationalist agenda. Embraced by anti-colonial nationalists who characterized the new woman as a modern and patriotic figure, the "new woman" was often also a cast as a "good woman," whose middle-class comportment could serve her nation." ● In 1897, Cambridge students protested a vote that asked whether women should be allowed to enroll at the University. ● The male undergraduates launched rockets, threw eggs, and hanged an effigy of the powerful "New Woman" from a building, later mutilating it in the street The final vote was 1,707 against women receiving degrees, and only 661 in favour ● Cambridge finally accepted women as full members of the University in 1948.

"Indian" Cholera

-The second cholera pandemic (1826-1837), also known as the Asiatic cholera pandemic, was a cholera pandemic that reached from India across western Asia to Europe, Great Britain, and the Americas, as well as east to China and Japan. Cholera caused more deaths, more quickly, than any other epidemic disease in the 19th century.

Patriarchy

-at the end of the 18th century, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, played a big role in shaping the enforcement of gender roles -His writings depicted the ideal woman as a devoted and modest wife and mother, who stayed at home, breast fed her babies, nurtured and educated them, and gave emotional support to her husband. -With the rise of capitalism and spread of colonialism, property rights became increasingly important in propping up Rousseau's idealized patriarchal family and the social structures it required. ● It was especially important that marriage and family life reflect that culture. ● A women's monogamy within marriage was a key issue. ● Sexualized discussions of women were intended to undermine respect for, and the power of women in the public sphere - due to contraceptives, by late-19th century women had a more decisive role in controlling their fertility , indicating a shift in the relationships of power between men and women in sexual behaviour Challenging the patriarchal family -Women who did not marry had several options, but some were not very desirable. - Same-sex families/couples existed. - Convents the most acceptable and familiar form of women-headed communal households. -Nymphomania entered the literature as a socially constructed criminal category for deviant woman who overtly enjoyed sex -Male homosocial spaces were often much more violent than such communities forged by women and multiracial. - Men would rely on traditionally "manly" things as drinking or gambling to assert power as they rework conventional gender organization. - "New Woman"

Olympe de Gouges

A French Playwright who challenged patriarchal ideals that aimed to monitor women's private lives who also tackled ideals of racialized citizenship in their writings

Mangal Pandey

A sepoy named Mangal Pandey fired the first shot of the uprising The first half of the 19th century was a time of considerable imperial expansion in India (led to largest military force in Asia). The East India Company was increasingly acting like a colonial government. From 1840s onward, Lord Dalhousie, sought to remake Indian culture and society Local dissatisfaction with the system of dual government found many outlets• Non-fixed tax system(ryotwari)in new territories • In company armies there was much resentment at British insensitivity By 1850s, the East India Company controlled much of India • TheEICemployedlargenumbersofIndian soldiers, know as Sepoys The British began to call mutineers "Pandies"; Pandy is considered a hero in India, often depicted as a fighting to free his people from the authority of the British Raj

The Malé Revolt

Also known as the Muslim Revolt, occurred in 1835 and targetted those who did not belong to the African-born slave and free population and those who were seen as part of slaveholding society Took place during a chaotic period of frequent revolt, economic downturn, rising poverty, and strong anti-colonial sentiment This was one of the largest and popularized revolts to have occurred in this region

The Great Acceleration

Anthropocene Theory of the anthropocene Sometimes seen as a "second phase" or when the processes set in place in the 1800s intensified. Characterized by dramatic acceleration - or steep upward movement called "hockey sticks" - of change, rather than a moment of "origin". Population growth significant factor: more people ⇒ more agriculture ⇒ more Carbon Dioxide and Methane (b/c clearing forests, livestock, and rice cultivation). "High Consuming" and "High Reproducing" Populations Notes from the book One of the leading theories for the Anthropocene The transformation of the mid-twentieth century "it began with decolonization and American-led economic growth. The Cold War spurred state investment in research and development, fostering a revolution in biotechnology and computing systems and economic expansion. Fossil fuel use and an explosion in consumer goods defined daily life in richer countries." "Human population was among the factors taking a steep upward climb during the Great Acceleration. Population growth has been unprecedented, perhaps even unimaginable. It not only grew, but at greatly increasing rates.

The Yaqui People

Between 1826 and 1833, the Yaqui waged war against Mexican federal authorities. This came as a result of the Yaqui being made citizens after the Mexican War of Independence, which subjected them to taxation. After many violent confrontations, the Yaqui, under Cajeme's leadership, declared themselves Independent from Mexico and was able to exchange 40 of their weapons to get 120 of their members back from colonial hands. The loss of their land and ability to govern themselves made them fight back, strengthening them over time and even resulting in them attacking mexican outposts In the present, Yaqui still struggle for meaningful citizenship, and getting back their land and access to water remain at the core of their demands

Professor Fitrat

Born in 1885/6 in Bukhara, the capital of the emirate of Bukhara Modern day Uzbekistan and Tajikistan One city, three states Was an "above" because his ways a wealthy family and he was a member of the muslim elite in Bhukara Fitrat was a below because he was percuted by the soviet state for his beliefs which were labeled "nationalistic" Fitrat was an "above" in Uzbekistan but a "below in the soviet union was an author, journalist and politician in central asia under Russian and soviet rule. He was a jadid reformer and made a major contribution to modern Uzebk literature with both lyric and prose in Persian, Turki, and late Chagatay Fitrat also became the leader of the jadid movement in Bukhara It was also in Istanbul, where he was exposed to the Pan-Turanist movement, that Feṭrat wrote some of his most influential books, which were widely read among the Jadids of Central Asia. At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Feṭrat, together with many other Bukharan students (Allworth, 1994, p. 200), left Istanbul for Transoxiana, where he continued to cooperate with the Jadids, who were also known as the Young Bukharans (Becker, pp. 208-9). In November 1917 Feṭrat and ʿOṯmān Ḵvāja wrote a reform agenda for the Young Bukharan party which was implemented later when the reformists seized power. Feṭrat became a victim of the nationwide Stalinist purges of the late 1930s, paying for his nonconformist views. He was arrested 22 july 1937 Executed october 1938 Afterlife Rehabilitation reclamation

John Butts

Case demonstrates importance of homosexual behavior and demonstrates how regulations were shaped by context of colonial British Columbia (1860s) Charged for abominable offence b/c was believed that Butts propositioned young working class boys who depended on older men for employed or shelter Think of historiography b/c the trial transcript introduces this case differently (not seen as the bad guy)

"Coolies"

Chinesse coolies came to the United States both as free immigrants looking for work and as contract workers hired to build America's first transcontinental railroad. They worked in Gold Mines, Railroads Work ethic was high During the 19 Century

The Global & The Local

Common theme throughout class It is important to think about how events in history interact on a global and local scale

Quilombos

Community organized and ran by fugitive slaves. Quilombos were located in inaccessible areas and usually consisted of fewer than 100 people who survived by farming and raiding.

Pan-African Conference

Conference relied on anti-colonial congresses around the globe to discuss how best to achieve independence and racial equality, the goal was to liberate people of African descent from racialized oppression across the globe. One committee chaired by DuBoids drafted an address "To the Nations of the World," demanding moderate reforms for colonial Africa The degrading and illegal compound system of labor in vogue in Kimberly and Rhodesia The so-called indenture, i.e., legalized bondage of African men and women and children to white colonists The system of compulsory labor in public works The "pass" or dockey system used for people of color Local by-laws tending to segregate and degrade Africans such as the curfew

Dissent & Disruption

Dissent are actions made in search for change, deviating from the status quo Disruption

Indian Tribute

During the colonial period (1492-1825), indian tribute was widespread It was a tax that indigenous peoples in Latin America had to pay during Spanish rule Age of Revolution (1776-1830): between 1808 and 1826 all of Latin America except the Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico gained independence from Spain Britain's influence in Latin America was enormous after independence came in the 1820s. Britain deliberately sought to replace the Spanish in economic and cultural affairs Same situation, different ruler? Spanish → British Indian Tribute seemed to still exist in the 19th century during the Early Republican period (1825-1850) Most nation states finally abolished Indian Tribute because it went against liberal principles of equality (Liberal Era 1850-1930)

The Great Leap Forward

Economic and social campaign by Communist Party of China (1958 to 1962) led by Mao Zedong Tried to transform country through industrialization and collectivization (steel mills) Resulted in environmental devastation (scientist who warned about it where pursued) & no one could speak out about it Zedong believed that man must use natural resources for own benefit New methods of raising grain yields Build dams and water reservoirs that were poorly constructed (collapse caused more ecological destruction) Lead to "green strategy" to reduce pollution by increasing efficiency of resource use and encouraging clean production

The Ghost Dance Movement

Emerged from the combined effects of American settler-colonialism that disrupted traditional social patterns and altered Indigenous economies. Wovoka - Jack Wilson - fused Indigenous worldviews and Christian worldviews, to advocate for Indigenous lands and lives prophetic movements-such as the ghost dance- often functioned as both powerful rejections of the new orders created by colonialism and capitalism and as a promise of cultural revitalization: they suggested that the wrongs of empire and modernity might be reversed. In the United States, the Ghost Dance movement associated with the teachings of Wovoka, the Northern Paiute prophet, is an excellent example of the ways in which a prophecy could be harnessed against colonialism, drawing powerfully on old ideas and practices as well as new Christian ideas. the Ghost Dance is a circular dance, in a sequence of five-day gatherings. The Ghost Dance itself was a powerful pathway to visions of the dead and promised ordinary people that they could be active agents in summoning the forces that would restore earlier generations and cast out European Americans and their things

Nontetha

Emergence of prophetic movements (20th century) places of colonial domination under deep social and economic duress Nontetha Nkwenkwe emerged as prophet during Spanish Flu outbreak (1918) Interpreted outbreak as divine act of god, stressed obedience, abstinence from alcohol, dancing, and traditional customs Grew movement but ended rapidly until 1922 b/c she was rebranded as subversive by colonial officials for encouraging Africans to strike and boycott white churches Provided food for her follower who attended her meetings by killing sheep and goats Followers discussed overthrowing of Europeans by combination of black races

Bob Marley

For artists like Bob Marley, revolutionary power - or, the power to make change - rested w/ ordinary people. Bob marley's music matters because It is a primary source - a cultural artefact - that shows how ideas transcend the global. It promotes self-assertion, or agency, especially in the quest for political rights His music addressed both the pain of exploitation and the promise of redemption, urging his listeners forward, suggesting that they had to seize their own freedom and cast off those who exploited them, the "downpressors. Bob Marley was optimistic about the ability of ordinary people to bring about change"

"Meaningful Citizenship"

For enslaved persons, citizenship was impossible due to their status as property, yet they performed various acts of resistance that we can interpret as demands for meaningful citizenship Essentially a condensed term refers to the fight for oppressed groups to have equal rights or at the very least most rights that any other citizen has

The Coal Smoke Abatement Society

Formed in britain (1898) in response to smog caused by coal smoke Purpose to protect environment and human health from pollution Created law that required furnaces and fireplaces to consume their own smoke Created cartoons and articles to show the harm smog was causing to increase public awareness

Golden Spikes

Four theoretical phases of anthropocene: agricultural change- human's agricultural practices influenced climate and this has been occurring for centuries(ex. clearing and burning trees to create farms = higher CO2) The columbian "orbis" exchange- focus on collision of old and new worlds in matters of equality and violence European voyages of exploration and creation changed climate New diseases circulated causing death of Indigenous people in America —> decline caused North and South American to reforest —> drop in CO2 (1610) Only golden spike that caused depression of Greenhouse Gas The industrial revolution- Transformed societies, economies, and physical earth Drastically changed human impact on atmosphere (air & water pollution and deforestation) b/c fossil fuels Formed Coal Smoke Abatement Society (1898) Main critique is it locates cause of climate change in only regions undergoing extreme economic transformation The great acceleration- Steep upward movement of called "hockey sticks" (1800s) Focus is on scale, significance, and longevity of changes to earth More people —> more agriculture —> more CO2 and methane "High consuming" and "high reproducing populations Function of global inequality (vulnerable suffer climate change more)

Free and Unfree Migration

Free migration: When people WANT to migrate somewhere ex. People who wanted to come to America for a better life Unfree migration: Is when people are FORCED to leave their home and move somewhere else. Ex: Most slaves are the ones who are forced to migrate as they are being sold constantly.

Historiography

History + ogrophy= historiography Historiography is the study of how historians have written history + how historians shape our understanding of the past through their own work. Difference between history and historiography History: Historians study CHANGE OVER TIME Historiography: how historians over time have understood and wrote about a particular aspect of the past. Studying how historians are studying the past over time. Why do historians write and study historiographies? To set out the main points of historical debate and to situate an author's work within a larger context. To add legitimacy to an argument and to explain areas of disagreements with other historians. To bring the reader up-to-date on the most important debates on the subject.

The Devotional Revolution

In a 1972 article the historian Emmet Larkin argued that in the third quarter of the nineteenth century Irish Catholicism underwent a "devotional revolution" that made "practicing Catholics of the Irish people." Prior to the Great Famine, he maintained, the church lacked the human and material resources to address the spiritual needs of the swollen, nominally Catholic population Critics of the devotional-revolution thesis have taken issue both with its factual claims (including those made by Miller in his analysis of the 1834 mass-attendance data) and with Larkin's interpretation of those facts

The Ghadar Movement (an example of anti-colonial movement)

Indians , multi-enthic mostly punjabi and sikh, hindu, and muslim Indian revolutionaries and nationalists came together to fight for independence from colonial rule founded on nationalist and communist ideologies set foundation for future indian revolutionary movements the Ghadar movement was intensely nationalist in the early years of the twentieth century despite being internationalist in its methods, pan-Islam envisioned a different kind of political organization based on worldwide religious affinity. Pan-Islam was a movement that sought to unite Muslim believers around the world under the authority of the Caliph, or spiritual head of Islam. which was a globally oriented movement that specifically advocated violence in order to achieve its goals. imagined immediate change through violent revolution. Lecture notes The Ghadar party was founded in 1913 not in India, but in San Francisco among Indian expatriates who had migrated to California. It started with a newspaper - the ghadar revolt- written in Urdu, published on 1 November 1913 The ghadar party was a coalition of Punjabi migrant workers and Bengali and Punjabi intellectuals and students. Focus was on secularism and unity despite linguistic, religious, and regional differences. Encouraged readers and members that it was their patriotic duty to circulate copies of the paper among as many Indians as possible. Authorities attempt ban the paper in India. The first world war further expanded the global reach of the Ghadar Party when Germany declared its support for the anti-colonial struggles of Indians. Germans published - Germany - India's Hope - and began to provide Indian activists with funds to fight England. The Ghadar Party benefited (in the short term) as the bulk of the movements funds no longer needed to be raised from eager farmers. Set out to plan a series of covert operations in South Asia that soughtto infiltrate British troops and bring about Indian independence. This alliance was made real through the establishment of a Berlin-Indian Independence Committee that sought to promote anti-colonial sentiment. Such an alliance within the United States garnered the attention of both the FBI and British spies. Three main schemes to organize uprising against British colonial rule ○ The Afghan Scheme ○ The Batavia Scheme ○ The Bangkok Scheme Given the wartime context, it is difficult to draw a clear line between anti-colonial activism and rhetoric of "Hindu-German Conspiracies". In November 1917, San Francisco became the site of a translocal trial that dramatically changed Ghadar anti-colonial activism. Ghadarites were pushed underground, their tactics and contacts exposed, their leaders arrested. Even lost the main source of their funding The press (as you can see) vilified Indians as German puppets and anti-American plotters. Often depicted as a dirty, disorganized, and unruly group fusing it with long history of anti-Asian and anti-migrant history in North America. In spite of a series of post-war predicaments, the Ghadar movement chugged along until Indian Independence in 1948 Continued to fight against colonial rule (in Indian and around the globe), but like many other anti-colonial activists Ghadarites became influenced by two other transnational ideologies: (1) Transnational Anti-Colonial Pan-Movements (2) International Communism

Wovoka

Infused teachings of indigenous worldviews and christian worldviews to advocate for indigenous lands and lives Its prophecy was against colonialism wovoka= jack wilson Wovoka had a vision where he saw the removal of europeans and european things which promised the return of paiute (pg.143) Created the ghost dance

Singh Sabha Movement

Its goal was to revive the teachings of the sikh gurus (spiritual leaders of the singhs), to revive the sikh doctrine in its pristine purity, started in the 1870s in punjab In a way it was to stop the spread of cristianity which was seen as a threat to local religious traditions, it occurred when the brittish empire dissolved the sikh empire To bring back those who had converted to other religions back to to sikhism This can be connected to the above's vs. below, underrepresented people, religion -> they were fighting against the colonial brittish rule who were spreading cristianity, the sikh religion was an underrepresented community that's why they wanted to restore their local traditions

The Haitian Revolution

Leaders of the Haitiain revolution; Toussaint L'Ouverture and Jean Jacques Dessaline. Both former slaves & Petion and Christophe; Black Independent Haiti man series of conflicts between 1791 and 1804 between Haitian slaves, colonists, the armies of the British and French colonizers, and a number of other parties. Through the struggle, the Haitian people ultimately won independence from France and thereby became the first country to be founded by former slaves. The Hatian revolution began in August 1791 with first slave uprising the North Happen in Haiti was the result of a long struggle on the part of the slaves in the french colony by the free Mulattoes who had long faced the trials of being denoted as semicitizie Notes from book: The white ruling elite of Saint-Domingue got involved in these debates in early 1790 while electing representatives to the National Assembly in Paris. But they had been preceded in late 1789 by a delegation of free gens de couleur who went to Paris seeking political equality with whites Even as the Assembly was meeting for the first time, a massive slave revolt was launched in the colony. The slave rebellion emerged in a milieu where print culture played a marginal role; still, new ideas of equality circulated among the rebels and were expanded explicitly to claim racial equality In April 1792, the National Assembly in Paris decreed equality among white citizens, gens de couleur, and free blacks. In the face of the slave insurrection in Saint-Domingue, in 1794 the Assembly passed a decree abolishing slavery in France and its colonies. Although events in Saint-Domingue and France continued to be closely intertwined, the process of revolution in each place was distinct. Emerging from the slave revolt under the leadership of the ex-slave general Toussaint Louverture, the political model followed in Haiti evoked authoritarian kingship more than the republican alternative that briefly followed the overthrow of monarchy in France. Moreover, under Toussaint's rule and that of his successors, distinctive gendered ideals of citizenship were built into family law The Society's agenda grew out of concerns over slaveholding in colonies like Saint-Domingue. The vast majority of the population of the colony's half-million residents (about 90 percent) were enslaved people of African origin. "The remaining 10 percent were either whites or free people of color (gens de couleur). Each of these groups was positioned differently in terms of "French colonial rule, and so the political upheavals in Paris presented each with different opportunities and strategies

"Back to Africa"

Marcus garvey, was known as the rastafarian prophet in the 1930s Were denouncing colonial rule, white supremacy, western culture and capitalism This movement was aiming for the return of the descendants of the enslaved african's to their motherland (pg.147) Wanted to restore their economic prospects and cultural pride

Mary Prince

Mary Prince is an enslaved women from the West indies. The purpose of her primary source was to educate poeple about the horrors of slavery It is the first published account of enslavement written by a woman What are the main terms and/or ideas in the source? Slavery and Gender and Race Patriarchy and Sexual Violence Abolition and The Belows The History of Mary Prince is historically significant because it emphasizes the struggles that subordinated people in society encounter throughout their life, it brings awareness to the unequal treatment of enslaved women, and, perhaps most importantly, it informed the British about the truth of slavery in the West Indies.

Chipko Movement

Nonviolent forest conservation movement in India to help save nature Encouraged similar protests in other parts of country Women sacrificed lives to save khejri trees (1730s, india) Revived in 1970s in wake of large scale deforestation in India 5,000km march resulted in 15 year ban of cutting green trees (1980s)

Jose Antonio Vargus

Notes from lecture: jose antonio vargas says You can not divorce race from immigration According to Jose Antonio Vargas, citizenship is: Not about inclusion, but exclusion Not static, but contested Being challenged from below Has a long history of being connected to ideas of race As vargas makes clear the meaning of citizenship is contested. It is also a process that is constantly being negotiated and redefined In the 18th century, debated over citizenship often focused on how individuals related to governing bodies and challenged ideas of inherited rights to rule The bellows were challenging the above hierarchical systems of authority

Pan-Islam

Pan-Islam envisioned a worldwide movement based on religious affinity. Called for a transnational community of believers that included Muslims all over the world. In other words, pan-Islamism (like anti-colonialism) sought to disrupt state and colonial borders. Pan-Islam was a movement that sought to unite Muslim believers around the world under the authority of the Caliph, or spiritual head of Islam. Pan-Islamists imagined a different kind of solidarity than nationalism, for whereas nationalism imagined unity within the boundaries of the state, pan-Islam imagined, in addition, unity that also included Muslims from all over the world, whether colonized or not. While both pan-Africanism and pan-Asianism were based around loosely conceived ideas of "racial" unity, pan-Islam cut across race by appealing to believers around the world—including both Asians and Africans

Jean Jacque Rousseau

Philosopher, writer, and composer Think of patriarchy (18th century) Played fundamental role in shaping gender norms in Europe (women should be stay at home wives, take care of children, support husband and be subversive) in his writing Influenced others to think property rights were important to create patriarchal family (important for families to reflect that culture and intended to undermine respect for women in public)

Revolutionary Repertoires

Repertoires include such actions as burning a landlord's castle, posting demands, carrying a banner on a march, or occupying a symbolic space. Revolutionary repertoires are also known as ideas and practices Writing documents such as constitutions and petitions became part of revolutionary repertoires(ideas and practices) repeated across the world and over the centuries These transnational revolutionary repertoires often revolved around a particular form of injustice: unfreedom both Religions and Revolutions employ what we might call repertoire. Which of the following repertoire applies only to religion? There are days or times set aside to practice beliefs

Maroons

Runaway slaves that were not recaptured formed "Maroon Communities" that were settlements consisting of upwards of 1000 escaped slaves combined. Jamaica had two large Maroon Communities which were involved in The Maroon war from 1729-1739, and they fought over British colonials who were attempting to enforce traditional slave norms at the time.

Secularism

Secularism is the belief system that rejects religion from government affairs The main principle is separation of church and state An example of this would be keeping religion out of the public school system The term secularism was first used by the British writer George Jacob Holyoake in 1851

North Hall Takeover

Sixteen African American students took over north hall but stopped when they feared suspension The administration granted 7 of the 8 demands that the black student union proposed Demands that were proposed and granted The establishment of a commission designed to investigate problems resulting from personal or individual racism The development of a collage of black studies Reaffirmation of president hitch's directive calling for increased hiring of minority persons The hiring of a vlakc female counselor for the educational opportunity program The appointment of blakc coaches The development of a community relations staff to be accurately prosecuted The demand that was not granted Athletic director was not fired The students demanded total amnesty and wouldn't leave building until they got it Booker banks argued that the black population in california was 22% but the black population at ucsb was .001% He also argued that there aren't a lot of black professors, coaches, or black literature in the library The crowd eventually started supporting the black students protest and the students got about 1,000 people involved

First Fleeters

The "First Fleet" to Botany Bay May 1787 (Australia) Arrived Jan. 1788, the hottest time of the year Found it difficult to raise crops Hundreds of convicts were transported Slavery was not the only form of unfree labor that moved people across the globe All major European powers - Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, British, and French - transported convicts from Europe overseas and from colony to colony Convict migration was a way to remove criminal offenders and use their labor to literally build empires the British established their first penal colony in the Pacific Exploration was proving that Australia (New Holland) was not the mythic and fabulous place it was imagined to be Loss of American colonies meant needed to locale for empire's most unwanted The American Revolution forced Britain to establish alternative penal colonies Hoped to transform convicts into productive colonists who'd ready the land for "free settlers"

Transatlantic Slave Trade

The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people, mainly to the Americas. The slave trade regularly used the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage, and existed from the 16th to the 19th centuries. In the 17th century, however, demand for Slave labour rose sharply with the growth of sugar plantations in the Caribbean and tobacco plantations in the Chesapeake region in North America. The largest numbers of slaves were taken to the Americas during the 18th century, when, according to historians' estimates, nearly three-fifths of the total volume of the transatlantic slave trade took place

Castle Hill

The Battle of Castle Hill of 1804 was a rebellion by convicts against Colonial British rule of the Colony of New South Wales in Australia This rebellion's main focus was to inspire other rebellions that the British have owned so other small colonies can rise up against the British Mainly the Irish ^

The Colonial Gazette

The Colonial Gazette is a newspaper based in London that reported on a variety of different international issues While reading issues of the newspaper that were published in 1842, I noticed that the Colonial Gazette had a prominent focus on the slave-trade, the Negro Emancipation, and the Niger Expedition. it was important for the Colonial Gazette to focus on these topics because it emphasized the difficulties that were faced when trying to abolish slavery and the slave-trade. By focusing on these topics, the Colonial Gazette expresses that there is a close relationship between different people and different places around the world.

Declaration of the Rights of women

The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, also known as the Declaration of the Rights of Woman, was written on 5 September in 1791 by French activist, feminist, and playwright Olympe de Gouges in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. The French Revolution did not lead to a recognition of women's rights, and this prompted de Gouges to publish the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in early 1791 By publishing this document, de Gouges hoped to expose the failures of the French Revolution in the recognition of gender equality The Declaration of the Rights of Woman is significant because it brought attention to a set of feminist concerns that collectively reflected and influenced the aims of many French Revolution activists In the preamble to her Declaration, de Gouges mirrors the language of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and explains that women, just as men, are guaranteed natural, inalienable, sacred rights - and that political institutions are instituted with the purpose of protecting these natural rights. Examples from declaration: Women are born free and remain the equal of man in rights. Social distinctions can only be founded on a common utility. The purpose of all political organisations must be the protection of the natural and imprescriptible rights of Woman and Man: these rights are liberty, property, security and above all the right to resist oppression.

Anthropocene

The current geological age, understood as the period during which human activity has been the dominant influence on climate and the environment. Consisting of 4 "golden spikes:" agricultural change, The Columbian "Orbis" Exchange, The Industrial Revolution, The Great Acceleration Agriculture - crops and the domestication of animals - the earliest ways humans changed Earth's climate and ecosystems Clearing and burning all the trees to create these first farms increases carbon dioxide ice paddies, barley fields, goats, cows, sheep and other livestock increased Methane The Columbian "Orbis" Exchange focused on the "collision" of Old and New Worlds is explicit in matters of human inequality and violence European voyages of exploration and the creation of empires also changed the climate Violence put previously self-sufficient communities into positions of economic dependence and political subjugation This led to a drop in the CO2 levels - in 1610 - that we can use to park another potential start to the Anthropocene The burning fossil fuels drove the Industrial Revolution The final "Golden Spike" seen as the Post Second World War Era, known as "the Great Acceleration." Sometimes seen as a "second phase" or when the processes set in place in the 1800s intensified Characterized by dramatic acceleration - or steep upward movement called "hockey sticks" - of change, rather than a moment of "origin"

Pan-Asiansism

The ideology that promotes the unity of Asian people against European Imperialism and further colonization.

Trash Isles

There was Great Pacific Garbage Patch is garbage formed b/c marine pollution captured by water currents and wind (1997) Activist referred garbage as "trash isles" and begun to lobby UN to recognize mass as country Try make countries clean up island Make people think about plastic we use in our lives

Prophetic Movements

They emerged more throughout the 20th century during times of social and economic distress Missionaries attempted to reshape local cultures by evangelicalism and biblical teachings Functioned as both a powerful rejection of new orders and as a promise of cultural revitalization The ghost dance movement, a movement associated with the teachings of wovoka, a perfect example of how prophecy fought against colonialism (pg.143) ->The ghost dance was a powerful way to see visions from the dead and promised ordinary people the restoration of earlier generations Nonetha was an important figure in one of the prophetic movements of the ghost dance -> the spanish flu outbreak was believed to be god's will - Rastafarianism (transnational movement), they were denouncing colonial rule -> marcus garvey Neolin of the delaware a prophet who promoted wovoka's teachings, his teachings spread quickly amongst the native americans (pg.144) Native american's used these sacred powers to restore the condition of the lakota people which was defying the govt systematic rule ties to underrepresented people they used religion and prophetic movements to revive their religion and fight against colonialism and capitalism

The Green New Deal

Was created in 2006, most recently proposed during the 116th Congress It was made in response to the global financial crisis, to find different ways to prevent climate change from affecting our environment It listed goals such as providing appropriate infrastructure, eliminating pollution, providing clean water, reduce the impact of climate change and making sure its a prominent topic in congress US takes leading role for being responsible for 20% of all greenhouse gases

"Turning Off"

Turning off sexual preferences Some people, would engage in homosexual activity but then return to their heterosexual lives

Chloe Cooley

Was a young black woman who was enslaved in Upper Canada during the late 1700s Her owner went by William Vrooman, a loyalist who fled to Canada after the American Revolution Vrooman feared that Cooley will be free due to them being in Canada In March 14, 1793 Vrooman forced someone who to buy Cooley because they were in America before Slavery was abolished.

Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre

Was caused by Britsh General Dyer who wanted to teach Indians a lesson and not to Indulge in any form of protests against the British British troops fired on a large crowd of unarmed Indians in an open space known as the Jallianwala Bagh in the Punjab region April 13 1919 It marked a turning point In India's modern history, it left a permanent scar on the Indo-British relations moving forward.

"History from Below"

What is history from below? It is a method that we can use to study people in the past (it is not particular to World history). It is about power - "the above" - as well as agency. It is about experience - the everyday lives of ordinary people. It is inherently political because it challenges triumphalist narratives. "from below," stresses the importance of thinking about the past through the experiences and perspectives of the downcast, the marginal, and the exploited."

Hassan al-Banna

born 1906, Egypt—died February 1949, Cairo. Egyptian political and religious leader who established a new religious society, the Muslim Brotherhood, and played a central role in Egyptian political and social affairs tried to maintain a tactical alliance with the government, but he and his followers had become a threat to the central authorities. By the advent of WW2 the Muslim Brotherhood had grown enormously and had become a potent element on the Egyptian scene, attracting significant numbers of students, civil servants, urban labourers, and others, and representing almost every group in Egyptian society.

Taiping Rebellion (In 1850s - 1864 )

did not result directly in regime change The Taiping Rebellion was in this sense a response to imperialism, but ironically it drew ideological inspiration from another global import: Christianity. Christianity, or an interpretation of it that first intrigued and then appalled the European missionaries who had brought it to China, was at the core of the Taiping ideology. " The Taiping Rebellion was in this sense a response to imperialism, but ironically it drew ideological inspiration from another global import: Christianity. Christianity, or an interpretation of it that first intrigued and then appalled the European missionaries who had brought it to China, was at the core of the Taiping ideology. " The Taiping mobilized a wide variety of tactics in making their revolution and spreading word about it. Leaders preached and performed religious ceremonies to win converts. Taiping leaders used the printed word as an important way of communicating revolutionary ideas " Taiping Rebellion was a "failed revolution," it had the long-term consequence of weakening Imperial rule and contributing to the eventual overthrow of the dynasty. The Taipings also provided a precedent for a social and political critique of Imperial China and of gender roles and the Chinese family as elements of their revolutionary vision." The Taiping Rebellion and the India Rebellion were embedded in global processes—trade relations, imperialism, and missionary activity. led by Hong Xiuquan he believed he was the brother of Jesus.; estimated that at least 20 million people died, mainly civilians, making it the most deadly wars inhuman history was a civil war waged against the ruling Qing Dynasty The goals of the Taipings were religious, nationalist, and political in nature; they sought the conversion of the Chinese people to the Taiping's syncretic version of Christianity, the overthrow of the ruling Manchus, and a wholesale transformation and reformation of the state. Ultimately devolving into total war, the conflict between the Taiping and the Qing was the largest in China since the Qing conquest in 1644and it involved every province of China proper except Gansu. the Taipings were ultimately defeated by decentralized, irregular armies such as the Xiang Army commanded by Zeng Guofan. The taiping agenda included social reforms such as shared property in common," equality for women, and the replacement of Confucianism, Buddhism, nd Chinese Traditional beliefs with their brand of Christianity.

Anti-Colonialism

implies a variety of resistance movements directed against colonial and/or imperial powers during the first decades of the 20the century . often connected to ideologies such as nationalism and anti-racism sometimes draws upon global networks and ideologies, and imagines a post-colonial world with boundaries beyond those set by the former colonial power/nation state The goal for anti-colonialism Post-colonialism ; a possible future of having overcome colonialism Chronologically, we are talking about the second half of the 20th century when colonized peoples - through anti-colonial action or decolonization - sought to assert their own self-determination (agency/power). Significantly, this does not mean we are post-colonial, in the sense that our world is free from colonialism (spoiler: its not). Forms of anti-colonialism Ghadarites Pan-islam International communism was shaped by changes to technology and mobility. In seeking to build strength for their demands, one tactic was to establish transnational pan-movements that transcended geography, often by drawing on shared racial or religious identities.

The Muslim Brotherhood

is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna in 1928 Anti-colonialism sought to disrupt state and colonial borders In the 1940s there was an armed group linked to this brotherhood who became violent and Hassan al- Banna was not able to control them

Decolonization

is the undoing of colonialism, the latter being the process whereby a nation establishes and maintains its domination on overseas territories. As decolonization took shape in many Asian and African nations after World War II, new postcolonial states turned to the issue of creating civil laws that could produce social stability in the form of families to form the backbone of new civil societies.48 Laws declaring that men and women had the right to marry at an appropriate age of consent, to divorce and inherit property as individuals, and to file grievances when they were not adequately compensated for family support proliferated across the world, albeit with different outcomes." In Punjab by the 1930s, Protestant missionaries ran six colleges, twenty-two high schools, and twenty-eight hospitals. These institutions were influential in molding Punjabi culture and were particularly significant in shaping the economic and social position of Punjabi Dalits through the waves of violence and migration that accompanied Punjab's turbulent decolonization into the post-1947 period of independence."

Religious Systematization

missionary work led to a systematization of what religion was, it systemized popular religions such as cristianity, they used newspaper and missionary work to spread their religion Systematization influenced other non-western reform movements, it was a way to promote religion in other countries It was to have a uniform understanding of what religion was, they believed it was a universal phenomenon

The French Revolution

the French Revolution should be understood as part of a series of political and intellectual transformations occurring on both sides of the Atlantic. Those upheavals, of course, had much to do with internal conditions in the metropole. The fiscal problems faced by the French state in the late 1780s (which led King Louis XVI to call a meeting of the Estates General for the first time in over 150 years) were rooted in France's inegalitarian social structure and taxation system. Under the surveillance of Parisian popular crowds, the Estates General was transformed into a new entity—a "National Assembly"—that would soon challenge royal sovereignty. The Assembly in turn would face challenges as it took up questions of citizenship involving various and competing claims by groups of elites, peasants, workers, and women in the metropole, and also by slave-owners, people of color, and enslaved people in the colonies. Assemblies of people in the streets of Paris and elsewhere, many wearing the red bonnets (understood to be a symbol of slave emancipation in ancient Rome) and cockades manifesting support for the Revolution, took on symbolic and sometimes actual power. They occupied public spaces as a way of laying claims to political rights, or marched in support of or opposition to a particular political faction. In October 1789, for example, a largely female crowd marched from Paris to Versailles to bring the royal family back to Paris where revolutionaries could more easily keep an eye on it. The significance of this "women's march" exemplifies how the openness of revolutionary situations can bring new historical actors and innovative applications of older forms of collective action Newly empowered actors like the women of 1789 "would begin to question the full meaning of the emerging Revolutionary principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity."

East India Company

● Viewed efforts at conversion as destabilizing colonial rule. ● Did not trust the humble origins and poor manners of the missionaries. Notes from the book: At the time of the French Revolution, Java was overseen by the Dutch East India Company through a form of indirect administration that, similar to the approach of the British in India, relied on local princes who cooperated with concessionary company authorities. "The British East India Company had long been encouraging Indian peasants to produce opium; British and Indian merchants sold this opium in China in order to acquire tea and other commodities such as porcelain and silk.23 British troops attacked and defeated the Chinese army. The 1842 treaty that ended the war created so-called treaty ports in China where Europeans had trading rights and privileges of extraterritoriality; the opium trade continued unabated." "The British East India Company—a trading company holding a concession from the British Crown—had controlled much of the Indian subcontinent since 1757. It had undertaken a reorganization of agricultural production." "East India Company control of India was enforced by an army composed of soldiers from Britain along with about 280,000 Indian troops. In the mid-nineteenth century, tensions arose within the army over conditions of employment: wages were not keeping up with the cost of living; native officers were not compensated as well as officers from Great Britain; nor were they well respected by their British counterparts. The rebellion was provoked late in 1856 by rumors and resentment about a new kind of rifle cartridges. The cartridges were wrapped in stiff paper lubricated with pork and beef fat. The pork was offensive to Muslim soldiers and the beef to Hindus." "British forces defeated the rebels by June of 1858. The rebellion, though it met with defeat, forced a reorganization of colonial rule: the British government took direct control of the colony away from the East India Company." British interset in India originated with the East indian company in the mid-eighteenth century "Until the 1830s the operations of Protestant missionaries in India were heavily constrained by the East India Company, which officially followed a policy of "toleration," which saw the Company generally limiting its "interference" in the established "religious usages" of its Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh subjects and, in some instances, taking on a more active role as a patron and protector of Indian traditions."