(2)chapter 14 clinical psy, (1)(CLP 3302) Clinical Psychology-Chapter -14-BEHAVIOR THERAPY.....

When behavioral activation begins, an important question for the clinical psychologist to ask the client is, "What are your beliefs about the fact that you have been diagnosed with depression?" "Are there things that you are not doing now that you typically do when you are not depressed?" "Is there another way of interpreting the events that have happened to you?" "If the feared event happens, so what?"

"Are there things that you are not doing now that you typically do when you are not depressed?"

Which statement best describes Thorndike's law of effect? Choose one -All organisms pay attention to the consequences of their actions. -Actions that are followed by pleasant consequences are less likely to recur. -Actions that are followed by unpleasant consequences are more likely to recur. -Only higher order organisms recognize cause and effect relationships.

-All organisms pay attention to the consequences of their actions.

______ occurs when an organism notices the consequences of its behavior on its environment and incorporates those consequences into decisions regarding future behavior. Choose one -Cognitive restructuring -Operant conditioning -Self-actualization -Classical conditioning

-Operant conditioning

is defined as any consequence that makes a behavior less likely to occur in the future. -Implosion -Reinforcement -Exposure -Punishment

-Punishment

______, a treatment technique based on classical conditioning principles, involves re-pairing a feared object or situation with a new response that replaces and blocks the fear response. Choose one -Exposure therapy -Assertiveness training -Contingency management -Systematic desensitization

-Systematic desensitization

______ was among the first prominent figures in American psychology to argue that psychology should study only overt, observable responses and the overt, observable stimuli that precede them. Choose one -Pavlov -Skinner -Watson -Bandura

-Watson

For each day a student has a clean desk, his teacher gives him a sticker. If the student's desk is messy when the teacher checks desks, the student loses a sticker. After collecting a specific number of stickers, the student can trade them in for a prize. This is an example of ______. Choose one -classical conditioning -a token economy -parent training -assertiveness training

-a token economy

According to the behavior therapies, psychological problems ______. Choose one -should be conceptualized in the same fashion as medical illnesses -are manifestations of underlying psychoses -are the result of cognitive distortions -are nothing more than the observable behavior problems

-are nothing more than the observable behavior problems

The career of Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with ____ therapy. -psychodynamic -cognitive -behavior -humanistic

-behavior

Which therapy involves graded exposure to obsessive thoughts or situations (e.g., touching dirty objects) that elicit anxiety in a patient while preventing the patient from engaging in a response that brings temporary relief (e.g., washing one's hands)? Choose one -systematic desensitization -exposure and response prevention -contingency management -aversion training

-exposure and response prevention

The creation of an anxiety hierarchy is a core feature of ________. -contingency management -assertiveness training -exposure therapy -token economies

-exposure therapy

The removal of an expected reinforcement that results in a decrease in the frequency of a behavior is known as ___________. -flooding -assertiveness training -extinction -behavioral adaptation

-extinction

The main goal of behavior therapy is ______. -an increase in logical, rational thought -self-actualization -to make the unconscious conscious -observable behavior change

-observable behavior change

The main goal of behavior therapy is ______. -to make the unconscious conscious -observable behavior change -self-actualization -an increase in logical, rational thought

-observable behavior change

B.F. Skinner is most closely associated with ______. -interpersonal interviewing -operant conditioning -classical conditioning -motivational interviewing

-operant conditioning

Thondike is to _______ as Pavlov is to ___________. -motivational interviewing; interpersonal interviewing -interpersonal interviewing; motivational interviewing -operant conditioning; classical conditioning -classical conditioning; operant conditioning

-operant conditioning; classical conditioning

Which of the following behavior therapy techniques is primarily based on classical conditioning? -contingency management -token economies -systematic desensitization -shaping

-systematic desensitization

In Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs, the dog's food was a(n) ______. -unconditioned stimulus -conditioned stimulus -neutral stimulus -conditioned response

-unconditioned stimulus

Contingency management ______ Choose one -uses positive and negative reinforcement to decrease the likelihood of unwanted behaviors -is a classical conditioning technique -identifies an unconditioned stimulus and response pair, and then introduces a conditioned stimulus in hopes of developing a conditioned response -asks patients to create "what now" statements

-uses positive and negative reinforcement to decrease the likelihood of unwanted behaviors

When behavioral activation begins, an important question for the clinical psychologist to ask the client is,

A. "Are there things that you are not doing now that you typically do when you are not depressed?"

Because it is not practical to conduct treatment at an airport, Jeanie's psychologist has her imagine that she is flying on a plane as part of treatment for her flying phobia. What exposure therapy technique is

A. Imaginal exposure

_____ is typically present in systematic desensitization but typically absent from exposure therapy.

A. Relaxation training

Parent and teacher training are indirect interventions based on the principles of _____ therapy.

A. behavior

Operant conditioning proposes that all human (and animal) actions are governed by _____.

A. contingencies

"If you change the consequences of a behavior, the behavior will change." This statement best summarizes the rationale behind _____.

A. contingency management

For the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, _____ is a form of therapy that has received substantial empirical support.

A. exposure and response prevention

The removal of an expected reinforcement that results in a decrease in the frequency of a behavior is known as _____.

A. extinction

Edward Lee Thorndike's law of effect provides the theoretical basis for _____.

A. operant conditioning

Behavioral activation is based on the simple idea that

A. the day-to-day lives of depressed people lack positive reinforcement.

Which of the following places the steps of the scientific method in correct order?

B. Observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests, revise the hypotheses

Which of the following behavior therapy techniques is primarily based on classical conditioning?

B. Systematic desensitization

Although they have been used for a variety of clinical issues, exposure therapy and systematic desensitization have been used primarily for the treatment of _____

B. anxiety disorders

The career of Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with _____ therapy.

B. behavior

Thorndike is to _____ as Pavlov is to _____.

B. classical conditioning, operant conditioning

According to behavior therapists,

B. client behaviors are the problem.

Compared to humanistic and psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy, behavior therapy

B. employs testable hypotheses and observable, measurable outcome measures.

The creation of an anxiety hierarchy is a core feature of _____.

B. exposure therapy

According to the behavioral approach, _____ essentially means "getting something good," and _____ essentially means "losing something good."

B. positive reinforcement, negative punishment

Sherrie is diagnosed with depression. She believes she is unlovable, cries several hours per day, consumes less calories, and thinks her symptoms will never end. In treatment, a behavior therapist is most likely to target

B. the amount of time Sherrie cries each day

In Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs, the dog's food was a(n) _____.

B. unconditioned stimulus

_____ is a specific application of classical conditioning that targets patients' social anxieties; it may help a patient insist on appropriate service at a restaurant or ask someone out on a date.

C. Assertiveness training

In a lab, Albert is conditioned to fear a white mouse. However, after leaving the lab, he not only continues to fear white mice; he also demonstrates fear of other white, fluffy objects (e.g., Santa Claus' beard, white bunnies). Which of the following behavior therapy terms best describes what has happened to Albert?

C. Generalization

In the early 1900s, _____ argued that the classical conditioning lessons learned from Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs should apply to humans also.

C. John Watson

_____ is most closely associated with classical conditioning, while _____ is most closely associated with operant conditioning.

C. Pavlov, Skinner

_____, a treatment for phobias and other anxiety disorders, involves re-pairing a feared object with a new response that is incompatible with anxiety.

C. Systematic desensitization

Dr. Vogt's new client is a timid, apprehensive individual with social anxieties. Which of the following behavior therapies should he likely select for treatment?

C. The classical conditioning technique of assertiveness training

Thorndike's law of effect states that

C. actions followed by pleasurable consequences are more likely to occur.

10. Compared to humanistic and psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy, behavioral psychotherapy

C. both emphasizes empiricism and defines problems in terms of observable behaviors.

The main goal of behavior therapy is

C. observable behavior change.

A behavior therapist is most likely to judge the success of treatment via changes in the patient's

C. observable behaviors.

The form of behavior therapy derived from Bandura's work that involves clients learning from the experiences of others, rather than their own experiences, is _____.

C. observational learning

Behavior therapies

C. with empirical support include exposure and response prevention for OCD and parent training for ADHD.

Which of the following behavioral psychotherapy techniques is primarily based on operant conditioning?

D. Contingency management

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is NOT true?

D. He partnered with Albert Bandura on studies of social learning.

_____ is defined as any consequence that makes a behavior less likely to occur in the future

D. Punishment

The goal of _____ is to increase the frequency of behaviors that are positively reinforcing to the client.

D. behavioral activation

B. F. Skinner is most closely associated with _____.

D. operant conditioning

Behavioral activation is primarily used with patients who have eating disorders. True False

False

Classical conditioning, the mechanism by which the law of effect influences behavior, served as the focal point of the vast majority of Skinner's research. True False

False

In classical conditioning, generalization occurs when a conditioned response is not evoked by a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus. True False

False

Jim is experiencing strong sadness, frequent crying spells and decreased interest in once-enjoyable activities; he has stopped working out at the local gym, a dramatic decrease from his previous routine of five weekly visits. Once a treatment is formulated and enacted, how would a behavior therapist likely measure changes in Jim's condition? Choose one -Subjectively evaluate Jim's mood at the beginning of each therapy session. -Identify an increase or decrease in number of crying spells and weekly trips to the gym. -Ask Jim how he's feeling through once-weekly phone sessions. -Monitor increases or decreases in Jim's strong sadness.

Identify an increase or decrease in number of crying spells and weekly trips to the gym.

_____ is typically present in systematic desensitization but typically absent from exposure therapy. Relaxation training Exposure to anxiety-producing stimuli Creation of an anxiety hierarchy Reflection

Relaxation training

Which of the following behavior therapy techniques is primarily based on classical conditioning? Shaping Token economies Systematic desensitization Contingency management

Systematic desensitization

Behavioral techniques have garnered the most empirical support for the treatment of anxiety disorders, depression, and children's behavior disorders. True False

True

Imitation and vicarious learning are both observational learning strategies. True False

True

According to behavior therapists, client behaviors are symptoms of an underlying problem. phobias result from incongruence between the real and ideal selves. client behaviors are the problem. phobias are behavioral manifestations of a disturbance in the unconscious.

client behaviors are the problem.

If you change the consequences of a behavior, the behavior will change." This statement best summarizes the rationale behind _____. systematic desensitization contingency management extinction exposure therapy

contingency management

For the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, _____ is a form of therapy that has received substantial empirical support. humanistic psychotherapy motivational interviewing exposure and response prevention behavioral consultation

exposure and response prevention

The creation of an anxiety hierarchy is a core feature of _____. token economies assertiveness training contingency management exposure therapy

exposure therapy

The main goal of behavior therapy is an increase in logical, rational thought. self-actualization. observable behavior change. to make the unconscious conscious.

observable behavior change

Reinforcing successive approximations of a target behavior is a hallmark of ______. Choose one -shaping -token economies -observational learning -behavioral consultation

shaping

Sherrie is diagnosed with depression. She believes she is unlovable, cries several hours per day, consumes less calories, and thinks her symptoms will never end. In treatment, a behavior therapist is most likely to target Sherrie's emotional sadness. the number of calories Sherrie consumes and her belief that she is unlovable. Sherrie's thought that her symptoms will never end. the amount of time Sherrie cries each day.

the amount of time Sherrie cries each day.

Behavioral activation is based on the simple idea that the brains of depressed people are chemically imbalanced. the day-to-day lives of depressed people lack positive reinforcement. depressed people lack social skills. depressed people think illogically.

the day-to-day lives of depressed people lack positive reinforcement.