2nd 9 Weeks Exam
The proletarianization if peasants in the 18th century forced them to
Become landless rural wage earners
The baroque style flourished in the context of
Catholic reformation
Why did the french govt. arrive at a crisis situation by 1640
Charles I imposed unwelcome laws and reforms on the country
Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a
Clockmaker who set the universe in motion but ceased to intervine in human affairs
People of spanish ancestry born in the americas were referred as
Creoles
The national assembly that ruled france from 1789 to 1791 passed laws that
Declared all men and women equal
The national assembly passed laws that
Declared all men and women to be equal
Between 1700 and 1835 europes population
Doubled
Mercantalist theory postulated that
Economic activity should be regulated by and fkr the state
Francis bacon formalized the research methods of tycho brahe and galileo into a theory of reasoning called
Empiricism
How did enlightenment thinkers differ from those if the middle ages and renaissance
Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassesd antiquity
The declaration of the rights of man and citizen guaranteed
Equality before the law
How did the idea of "race" transform europeans idea of superiority over others
European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior
What was the outcome of the heighened central control established by absolutists and constitutional govts.
Growth in armed forces
How napoleon consolidate his rule
He appealed both to disillusioned revolutionaries and member of the old nobility and offered them high posts
In general, what was voltaires attitude toward govt.
He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in govt.
How did fredrick william the great elector persuade the junker nobility to except taxation w/out consent in order to fund the army
He confirmed the junkers privileges including their authority over serfs
How did cardinal richilieu increase the power of the centralized french state
He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of frances 32 districts
In his essay concerning human understanding, john locke claimed that
Human development is determined by education and society
After the arrest and deportation of touissant l'ouverture how was the war of haitian indendence resolved
Jean jacques dessalines
In the 18th century the wests largest and richest city was
London
How did famines affect the european population in the 17th century?
Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly
Who wrote a vindication if rights of man and woman, the latter a founding text of the feminist movement
Mary wollstonecraft
Oliver cromwells protectorate was ultimately a
Military dictatorship
What occured during the 100 days in france
Napoleon returned frim exile to rule france breifly
Copernicuses theory of the universe
Postulated a sun centered view of the universe
Johannes kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets
Produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies
In summer of 1789 the national assembly was driven toward more radical action by
Revolutionary acts of french peasants and the common people of paris
Soft pastels ornate interiors and sentimental portraits are all charachteristics of the style known as
Rococo
Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon varsailles and flee to paris
Several thousand parisian women
Which country spearhead the trend in scientific expeditions
Spain
One of the largest rebellions in the 17th century was led by
Stenka razin
How did isaac newtons law of universal gravitation bring the scientific revolution to maturity
Synthesized mathematics w physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was one coherent system
The loyalist faction in the american revolution
Tended to be wealthy and politically moderate
Between 1650 and 1790 a crucial component of the global economy was established when european nations developed
The atlantic economy
How did the concordat resolve the crisis over catholicism in france in napeolonic era
The catholic church gained the right to practice religion freely
Why did the dutch fail to maintain their dominance in asia
The dutch east india company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in europe
What helped to justify the growth of slavery in 18th century
The emergence of scientific racism
What was the core concept if the enlightenment
The methods if natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life
Which book by baron de montesquieu is considered the first major work in the french enlightenment
The persian letters
From 1701 to 1763 what was a stake in the wars between great britain and france
The position as europes leading meritime power with the ability to claim profits from europes overseas expansion
The english political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that
The power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war
At the center of adam smiths arguements in the wealth of nations was the belief that
The pursuit of self interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens
Catherine the greats goals of domestic reform never came to fruitition, owing to
The rebellion led by emelian pagachev in 1773
Which if the following characterizes the english revolution of 1688
The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since soveignty was placed in parliament, which only reoresented the upper class
The british won the american component of the seven years war owing to
The size and strengb of the british naval power
The most influential aspect of Rene descartes theories of nature was that
The universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion
As the jacobins gained power, what was their reaction to womens political activity
They banned all womens physical activity which they believed to be a distraction
Why did members of the national convention turn against robespierre on the 9th of thermador
They believed that robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed
How did governments respond to the new science
They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research
Why did the french commissioners in saint dominique abolish slavery
They were desperate to rally the rebel slaves to the french cause against the spanish and english
Which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in western europe in 18th century
They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass onto their children
What was the primary goal of Galileo galileis experimental method
To discover what actually occured in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur
What was the goal if the commitee if public safety
To use dictorial powers to respond to threats in france from within and without
The treaty that ended the 7 years war and the colonies in 1763 and ratified british victory on all colonial fronts was the
Treaty of paris
The primary cause of the english glorious revolution was
A fear of the establishment of catholic absolutism by james 2
The wake of the great fear , the national assembly restored order by
Abolishing all of the old noble and church privileges
Which of the following charachterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from africa to the americas
About 90,% of slaves were transported to brazil or the caribbean w only 3% broght to north america
Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s
After doubling its national debt
Louis XV damaged the sense of his sacred authority by
Allowing his common born mistress to exercise tremendous influence culturally and politically
What was napoleons grand empire
An enlarged france a number of satelite kingdoms and the independent but allied states of austria prussia and russia
What was the result of the war of the austria succession
An inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare
In the 17th century why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions
Armies were expensive to deploy and rulers feared creating martyrs
In Eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650 the growth of commercial aggriculture was accompanied by the
Consolidation of serfdom
Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing the publication of
Dialogue on the two cheif systems of the world
The legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary third estate include
Everyone who was not a noble or member of the clergy
The discipline of natural philosophy focused on
Fundamental questions about the nature purpose and function of the universe
How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century
Increases road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions w crop failure
In the 1780s over 50 percent of frances annual budget was expended on
Interest payments on the debt
How did americas constitutional convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro- and anti- slavery delegates
It compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would cound as 3/5s a person
Why did great britain seek to raise taxes on its american colonies
It doubled in national debt in the 7 years war.
By july 1794 how had the central govt. in Paris managed to reasset control over the provinces and gain momentum against the first coalation
It harnessed the explosive forces of a planned economy revolutionary terror and modern nationalism into a total war effort
Why was the declaration of independence so important to the american revolution
It universalized the traditional rights of english people and made them the rights of all mankind
The attack on the bastille had what political effect
Kings plans to reassert his authority were forestalled,permitting the national assembly to continue its work
In the 18th century advocates for agricultural innovation argued that
Landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently
How did the peace kf westphalia mark a turning point in European history?
Large scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end
The men elected to represent the third estate at the Estates General were primarily
Lawyers and government officials
How did the peace of utrect resolve the problem of succession to the spanish throne
Louis xiv of frances grandson philip was placed on the french throne on the agreement that spanish and french thrones would never be united
What was one of the social consequences of peter the greats bureaucratic system
People of non noble origin were able to rise to high positions
In the 18th century many liberal thinkers believed that representative institutions could defend the liberty and interest of the people. What did this mean in terms if political practice?
Voting for representatives would be restricted to men of property
Jean jacues rousseau believed that
Women were best suited for a passive role in social relations