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Instructional discourse
"distinctive way of talking and thinking that is typical in school but rarely encountered in everyday interactions in community or home"
Risk factors
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Schooling
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Utilization knowledge
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What are the positives and negatives about interactive media described in the text?
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2. Lecture only (was covered in more depth in the 5th edition of the textbook): The text describes the role of specialized language used in schools (i.e., instructional discourse), including known-answer-questions (also called initiation-reply-feedback) and an emphasis on linguistic form (e.g., putting your answer in a compete sentence) over the content of the language (e.g., the child gets the answer wrong, but the teacher doesn't notice when the answer is in the correct format or the child gets the answer correct even though it is not in a correct format, but doesn't get praise until the answer is in the correct format). Be able to recognize examples of instructional discourse.
"In everyday conversations people usually have ample opportunity to check their interpretations of what is being said against reality. But in the closed world of the classroom, the real-world objects and events that are the content of the conversation are often unavailable to help children interpret what is being said. Consequently, in order to master the specialized knowledge taught in school, children must learn to focus on language itselfas the vehicle of instruction." (p. 495)
physical effects of childcare
-<3 = greater risk for upper respiratory, gastrointestinal, and ear infections. Stress levels are higher in infants and toddlers in childcare. High stress means lower exploratory behaviors and greater anxiety with unfamiliar settings.
EEG Coherence
-There are changes in EEG coherence during transition from early childhood to middle childhood. -increase in coherence or "evenness" of brain activity -at ages 7-8 abrupt increase of coherence in brain activity. -qualitative change-not a change in form, but it is abrupt. -brain activity not coherent from birth to age 7. -increase in this coherence is a biological change that results in more organized thinking and coordination-qualitative change
Conservation
-demonstrates concrete operations-mastered by age 8 -understand that the properties of an object remain the same even when the appearance is altered. -mental representation that the changes in objects are operations can explain using one of these mental operations: ~identity-equal to start with and nothing was added-so they are the same-know the underlying mathematical principle ~compensation-liquid is higher but the glass is thinner ~reversibility-if poured back, you will see the same
What are the main concerns about media described in the text?
-kids have trouble distinguishing between appearance and reality -tv violence and stereotyping is common
ways the environment is organized -describe and how it impacts children's development.
-lessons are inherent in the organizations of children's environment -the family structure: across cultures, differences in child's household task -families imposed expectations on children without even knowing it but just by considering certain character traits as more important than others.
1. Around the "6 - to 7-year shift", adults begin to expect children to take more responsibility for themselves and within their community. What are some of the new responsibilities children encounter during middle childhood?
-memory is more reliable -think more deeply and logically Can better follow through on a problem undertaken Can keep track of more than one aspect at a time New social intelligence Acquisition of cultural knowledge and skills Ability to work and adhere to social norms Ability to demonstrate new levels of compassion for others
Concrete operations
-mental actions directed toward concrete objects in everyday activities -distinguished from preoperations-2sidedness/decentration -flexible/organized thinking (alternatives/reverse thinking) Allows children to think through their actions, and to mentally combine, separate, order, and transform objects and actions
2. What aspects of motor development improve during middle childhood, according to the text?
-strength, agility and balance -have more endurance -new and refined abilities-w/practice -gender diffs are pronounced by end of mid. childhood. (only some at 5-evidence of nurture) -more sophisticated combinations of movements
explicit instruction - describe and how it impacts children's development.
-what a parent hopes for their children. Survival goals-safety economic goal-skills/resources 4 adulthood cultural goals-cultural values of group different lessons taught through explicit instruction -kenya: they learn to offer help from environment, so explicit instruction may be necessary for say... art/creativity -usa: children learn aggression from environment
3. What does the text conclude regarding the effects of schooling on specific cognitive skills (e.g., logical problem solving, memory, and meta-cognition) as opposed to general cognitive development? Some in the past believed that schooling made people think in new ways (caused a general qualitative improvement in thinking), but others have questioned this idea. Be able to recognize and/or summarize what the text concludes regarding this debate about the cognitive effects of schooling.
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4. Be able to recognize and describe the culturally responsive classroom strategies described in the text.
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Conceptual knowledge
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Procedural knowledge
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4. The text describes 4 changes in brain structure and function during middle childhood. List them and for each explain why you identify the change as quantitative or qualitative. Be sure to use the definitions of qualitative and quantitative change in your explanations.
1-myelination in frontal cortex 2-synaptic pruning-reduction of density of synapses, increase stability of transmission in remaining synapses (frontal and prefrontal cortices) 3-EEG patterns-change dramatically ~EEG coherence-synchronization in electrical activity 4-Brain changes level off at around age 7. ~large increase in surface area in frontal lobes until age 8 ~maturation of various sell types in frontal cortex -check book-from lecture
Memory span
5 yrs: 4 digits, 10 yrs: 6 digits, Adults: 7 digits Brain developments relate to "control" or "executive" processes And increased "engaged" attention
Metacognition
Ability to think about one's thoughts, assessing how difficult a problem is likely to be and choosing strategies to solve it
3. What are some gender differences in motor development during middle childhood that the textbook describes? Why might these differences matter for young children's development?
Age 5 -Boys advanced w/power and force, greater muscle mass/bigger than girls until age 10.5 -girls excel in fine motor skills, balance/foot movement ~cultural conceptions of appropriate activity plays a role
Everyday and Academic Concept Formation
Everyday experiences Learn about concepts in school (scientific concepts; information organized into systems by others) W/o help, individuals often do not make connections -data indicate that the weakness of everyday concept lies in its incapacity for abstraction, in the child's incapacity to operate on it in a voluntary manner. Where volition is required, the everyday concept is generally used incorrectly.
Describe (a) ways that the social structure of children's families differs between these two places (be sure to describe what it is like in EACH place)
Kenya: nurturant-responsible & authoritarian-aggression usa: dominant-dependent & social-intimate
What are the differences between family child care, center-based child care, and preschool (nursery school) in terms of their history (why were the originally created) and how programs are organized?
History and organization: family childcare-so mothers can work childcare center-available full time or part time, preschool-to provide education, 2-3 hours a day, enrichment
Scientific Concept Formation
In contrast to the everyday concept, the weakness of the scientific concept lies in its verbalism, in its insufficient saturation with the concrete. This is the basic danger in the development of the scientific concept
Apprenticeship
form of activity combining instruction and productive labor-intermediate of implicit community/family life and explicit instruction
Knowledge is socially mediated
Words as Mediators-allow a child to operate indirectly on an object via an adult
What kinds of children's behaviors are correlated with these 3 styles?
authoritarian=child becomes other-directed, lack social competence, lack curiosity, withdrawn authoritative=child is self-reliant, self-controlled, show curiosity, content permissive=dependent, poor impulse control, immature
3 parenting styles that emerged from research by Diana Baumrind and colleague
authoritative, authoritarian, permissive
Family child care
care provided in someone else's home, either relative or non relative, more than two families requires a license
Home child care
care provided in the childs own home, by a grandmother or other family member while the parents work
learning leads development
changes in thinking change on entry into school Exposed to systems of concepts (e.g., literacy, science, mathematics) -These open new possibilities for thinking Learned concepts (from "culture") allow for new forms of (or changes in) activity which change possibilities for future learning
educational tv
confounds-families who encourage also encourage other things general findings: more ed tv helps boys, not girls.
Authoritarian Parenting
demanding and unresponsive, controlling, power-assertive, unidirectional communication, favor punitive/over reasoning, obedience
Authoritative Parenting
demanding yet reciprocal, bi-directional communication, reasoning over punishment, encourage independence
preschool
educational rather than supervisory, prep for kindergarden, "war on poverty"-1960s, project head start-low income families, 2-1/2 -6 3 hours a day head start: early gains that taper off, mixed quality programs, trying to be all things to all people, minimal investment perry: long term gains, high quality/high costs, specific focus, save $7 for every dollar spent over $28
EEG - Alpha
engaged-attention: increases greatly until age 5, then decreases until 7, then increases for 1 year, decreases for one year and thin increases again.
Quality Child Care
good adult-child & peer relationships, small groups of children, child-adult ratio, appropriate activities, attention to the whole child (cognitive, social, emotional physical), staff plan & evaluate, parents welcome & involved, fits with your child. child care vs home care: -high quality childcare benefit low SES kids -more self sufficient, independent, verbally expressive, helpful, cooperative -less polite, agreeable, compliant, more aggressive, -more behavior problems in kindergarden.
Intellectual effects of childcare
high quality care = similar intellect, training of caregivers, child:staff ratio is key. Some care increases ability of children from low SES homes.
What does the text conclude about the effects of watching violence on tv?
in class: content -80% of programs include at least one violent event. Results: -decreases inhibitions -increases arousal-likely to act out aggression
Extended families
includes kin, grandparents, cousins, nephews, and distant relatives
(b) how children's behavior differs as a likely result of the differences in social structure.
kenya (interdependent sense of self) -children offer help, support, responsible ideas (nurturant-responsible) -reprimands, assaults, insults (authoritarian-aggression) USA (individualistic sense of self) -children seek help, dominance and attention (dominant/dependent) -act sociably, horseplay, touches (social-intimate)
differences in family structure for children in Gusii villages in Kenya and "Orchard Town" in USA
kenya-large family with grandfather as head-multipe wives-children do household work including childcare and production of food-boundaries of children/adults are clear, children obey when adults are present, adults do not organize activities-child figure it out for themselves USA-"orchard town"-nuclear family, husbands are the wage earners, mothers care for children and home, houses are separate families, children's time is divided by play and adult structured activities.
problem of content
media stereotypes-people are not representative of the population, men presented as in control, women as submissive, absence of positive role models for certain identities
social and emotional effects of childcare
more self sufficient, independant, verbally expressive, comfortable in new situations, share more etc. BUT.. less polite, less agreeable, less compliant w/adults, more aggressive. Quality os more important than quantity.
5. What are the new abilities that Piaget associated with middle childhood (what he called the stage of "concrete operations"? What are the limitations of thinking that Piaget associated with this stage (i.e., what abilities do not emerge until later in development)?
most agree with his description but disagree with his explanation. -all cognitive growth is driven by assimilation and accommodation -conservation- ability to be less fooled by surface changes -thinking -abrupt and stagelike theory at age 5-most children failed tasks -low coherence at age 6-7, those who passed showed greater coherence -wore EEG caps during tests
6. Given the diagram of the information processing model of cognition found in the textbook (p. 283 in 6th Ed, p. 285 in 7th Ed.), be able to identify changes in information processing associated with middle childhood. Are these changes qualitative or quantitative?
not explicit theory-accumulation of memory/knowledge/awareness -quantitative improvements in working memory (STS) -increase in knowledge base-know more/learn easier -Memory span-5yr-4 digits, 10yr-6 digits, adult-7 digits -Retrieval from LTS faster: 11 yrs 6x faster than 5-yrs -Brain developments relate to "executive" processes -Ability to sustain, select and execute attention Planning-scan and plan -Metacognition: ability to think about thoughts, assess difficultly of a problem and choose strategies to solve -Metamemory-knowledge about one memory capabilities *change is the same throughout development-gradual and continuous, changes that seem abrupt can be explored and the gradual changes can be discovered that led to growth
Child-care center
organised facilities supervised by licensed professionals, vary in style and philosophy, tutor time, kinder care
What can we say about the causal relationship between parenting styles and children's behaviors?
parenting style is influenced by the child's characteristics as well as the child being influenced by the parent's parenting style.
Nuclear Families
parents and children
EEG activity
quantitative until age 5 and then a qualitative change occurs with an abrupt decrease in brain activities. This change becomes quantitative until age 7, at which time an abrupt qualitative change occurs when brain activity. - change in form because the alpha and theta take different paths beyond age 7.
Problems of form- class notes
quick scene changes without transitions, sequences of images, speed of presentation with few stops or pauses
1. The textbook describes the overall process of education including many forms of learning. It compares cultural contexts of schooling & apprenticeship in terms of motivation, social relations, social organization, & medium of instruction. List & briefly describe the differences between schooling & apprenticeship in each of these, as described in the text (and reviewed in lecture). Be sure you can describe at least two different ways of organizing education (what is different across the two contexts) and differences in children's development that may result from or are correlated with those (i.e., how are the children different?).
schooling vs apprenticeship: motivation-apprentices practice/fruits of labor vs. seemingly pointless school tasks social relations-schoolteachers are rarely kin social organization-apprentices work with diverse ages/skill levels vs. company of other children and themselves medium of instruction-orally within the context vs. use of written symbols
EEG - Theta
sleep-like: increases between 1 and 2, more slowly to age 3 and then quickly to 4 and 5. Decreases at age 5 very quickly until age 7 at less attention than alpha, this continues to fall while alpha continues to be at higher levels.
Rehearsal
the process of repeating to oneself the material that one is trying to memorize.
Family structure
the social organization of a family
tv class notes
tv: what is real?, tv form- can they follow the story? (cuts, fade, presentation), tv content-effects of stereotypes?, violence?, educational programs? exposure: tv on 6 hours, children watch 2 hours -poor attention regulation-children play differently when tv is on: cannot filter out tv during play. role-modeling: 14 month olds act out what they see on tv, infants imitate tv language, identify with super-heros, incorporate into pretend play, cereals appearance and reality: what is real, 2-items on tv will spill if tv is tipped, 4-sesame street is real, 5-tv can hear them, 7-dead or alive?
What does research evidence from Chao about Asian-American parents suggest about whether Baumrind's parenting styles are universal versus varying across ethnic groups?
typically seem to have authoritarian parenting style -does not have the same meaning in this culture, no negative connotations associated. They consider themselves to be "training" their children. Preferred parenting styles vary across cultures just as the values do.
Permissive Parenting
undemanding, child learns thru experience, indulgent, low in control. Child becomes dependent, has poor impulse control, is immature
