36. WWII Part 2

Served in WWII / Reservations, being largely rural, didn't really share in the wartime prosperity.

25,000 American Indians _____, although ____.

Fred Korematsu / he lost.

A man named ____ appealed his conviction for failing to show up for the Japanese interment all the way to the Supreme Court, where ____.

Pulling policy, not the other way around. / clarify those ideas for America and for the world.

The story of American history is the story of ideas ____. American history is an economic and political and social history but it's also a story about the power of ideas. And WWII helped ___.

Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam / would be divided / would be tried for war crimes. / It allowed the Soviets to have influence in Eastern Europe, particularly Poland.

After the war, conferences in ___, ___, and ___ clarified war aims, and established the idea that Germany ____ and Nazis ____. What was a bad thing about these conferences?

4 million / 40 million did.

Before the War only ____ paid income taxes, after the war ____

5 minutes / day.

By 1944 American factories were producing an airplane every ____ and a ship every ____.

1/3 / 350k / Married women in their 30s / Single women

By 1944 women made up ____ of all the civilian labor force in addition to the ____ who worked in the military. The type of women who worked was also changing. ____ outnumbered ____ in the workforce.

half

By the war's end the 200 biggest American corporations controlled ____ of America's corporate assets.

the West coast as an industrial center / Seattle / California / Hollywood / WWII.

Defense spending basically created _____. ______ became a shipping and aircraft-manufacturing hub. And _____ got 10% of all federal spending. And _____ became the second largest manufacturing center in the country, meaning it was not built by _____ --- it was built by _____.

because Nazis were racist and intolerant we started proclaiming ourselves bastions of diversity and tolerance. / 1. Anti-semitism was still widespread in the US and only 21,000 Jews were allowed to come during the war. 2. White peoples' fear over minority groups contributed to race riots in Detroit... 3. ...and the Zoot Suit Riot against Mexicans in Los Angeles in 1943. 4. Asian Americans was the worst example, with Executive Order 9066 in 1942 expelling all persons of Japanese descent from the West coast.

During the War, America started to define itself as being polar opposite to what Nazism stood for, thus _____. How did this not align with our behavior? (4 ways)

the previous 150 years COMBINED. / debt / taxes

Government expenditures during the war were twice the amount they had been in _____. Much of it was paid for with ____ but most of it with ____.

Economic Bill of Rights / full employment / adequate income / medical care / education / housing to all Americans. / Because southern democrats in the House and Senate didn't want it to, because it would've meant a larger role for unions and also extending greater equality to blacks... and those Congressmen's jobs were dependent on blacks not being able to vote.

In 1944 FDR called for a new _____ that would expand governmental power to create _____ and guarantee ____, ____, ____, and ____. Why didn't this happen?

temporary / most women workers, especially those in high paying industrial jobs, were let go. / working class women / return to lower paid work as domestics or in food services, or as teachers.

The government and employers saw women in the workforce in WWII as ____, so when the war was over ____. This was especially hard on ____, who had to ____

African Americans. / 1 million / they were in segregated barracks / 700k / Civil Rights Movement.

The group that experienced the greatest change during WWII was probably _____. _____ signed up to fight, although _____. Also _____ left the south, moving to northern and especially western cities where they could find jobs, despite racial tensions. WWII also saw the beginning of the _____.

14% / 2% / the fact that 13 million Americans were in the military at that time. / $91 billion / $214 billion.

Unemployment dropped from ____ in 1940 to ____ in 1943. This was helped by ____. Also GDP went from ___ to ___ during the war.

9 million / 15 million

Union membership soared from around ____ in 1940 to almost ____ in 1945.

While it couldn't enforce anti-discrimination in the workforce, as a compliance agency it helped African Americans obtain jobs in arms factories and shipyards.

What did the Fair Employment Practices Commission do?

A prime example of the housing boom after the war, partly due to mortgage assistance from the GI Bill.

What is Leavittown?

To ensure peace. / It's one of the 5 members of the Security Council, which means it intended to take on a leading role in international affairs.

What is the goal of the UN? What was the US's role in it?

It fixed wages, rents, prices, and production quotas. There was also massive rationing of food and supplies.

What specific parts of the economy did the federal government control during WWII?

In 1944 this conference in New Hampshire established the dollar -- backed by gold -- as the main currency in international transactions, replacing the pound. It also created the World Bank to help rebuild Europe and also to help developing countries. And the IMF to stabilize currencies.

What was Bretton Woods? What 3 things happened there?

A conference in 1944 where the UN was established.

What was Dumbarton Oaks?

Before the US entered the war it and Britain issued this charter affirming the freedom of all people to choose their own government and declaring that the defeat of Nazi Germany would help to bring about a world of "improved labor standards, economic advancement, and social security."

What was the Atlantic Charter and when was it issued? What 3 specific things did it say it would improve?

Bracero means "manual laborer". A series of laws and diplomatic agreements, initiated in 1942, when the United States signed the Mexican Farm Labor Agreement with Mexico For these farmworkers, the agreement guaranteed decent living conditions (sanitation, adequate shelter and food), and a minimum wage of 30 cents an hour, as well as protections from forced military service. Under this program American saw a dramatic increase in immigration from Mexico. It lasted until 1964. / Mexican American men and women served in the armed forces during the war.

What was the Bracero program? About 500,000 _____.

The Servicemen's Readjustment Act, meant to prevent widespread unemployment for returning soldiers. It worked amazingly well, and by 1946 more than one million former soldiers were enrolled in college and almost 4 million got assistance with mortgages, spurring a post-war housing boom.

What was the GI Bill and what was its formal title? How did that pan out?

1. Freedom of speech. 2. Freedom of worship. 3. Freedom from want 4. Freedom from fear

What were FDR's "Four Freedoms"?

There aren't any. The government told those car makers not to create new models that year.

What's unique about the 1942 models of Ford and Chrysler?

70% / 110k / 2/3 / interment camps to live in makeshift barracks under the eyes and searchlights of guards.

When people of Japanese descent were expelled from the west coast, ____ of them lived in California and as a result of this order more than _____ people, almost _____ of whom were citizens, were sent to _____.

1. War Production Board 2. War Manpower Commission 3. Office of Price Administration

Which 3 federal agencies basically took over the economy in WWII?

A black labor leader who, angered by discrimination in defense employment, threatened a march on Washington demanding access to defense jobs, an end to segregation, and a federal anti-lynching law. Not all of them, but he did get Executive Order 8802 which banned discrimination in defense hiring and created the Fair Employment Practices Commission.

Who was A. Philip Randolph? Did he get what he asked for?

He wrote The Road To Serfdom in 1944, in which he said that all of the big government initiatives during the war posed a threat to individual liberty. His equating of New Deal planning with Fascism and socialism became a foundation for later American conservatives.

Who was Frederick Hayek?

A Swedish economist and sociologist best known for writing An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, which basically pointed out the discrepancy between American ideals and actions, by proving all the obstacles that blacks faced in the way of equality. The book heavily influence the Brown V. Board decision.

Who was Gunnar Myrdal?

Publisher of Time Magazine. He published a book called The American Century claiming that the war had thrust upon the US the opportunity to share with all people their "magnificent industrial products" and American ideas like "love of freedom" and "free economic enterprise".

Who was Henry Luce, and why is he relevant in a WWII discussion?