3.7 Orbital Diagrams (Chemistry)

Orbitals that have the same energy are called:

degenerate Degenerate is the word we use to refer to orbitals that have identical energy, such as the orbitals inhabiting the same subshell.

Using the Aufbau principle, indicate how many electrons the d orbital can hold?

10 The value of ml determines the number of orbitals in a subshell. Each orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons so for subshell d (ml values of −2,−1,0,+1,+2) there can be 10 electrons.

According to the Aufbau rule, what is the electron configuration of iron?

1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^6 The Aufbau principle states that electrons will fill atomic orbitals with the lowest energy before occupying orbitals with higher energy. The order by which electrons fill atomic orbitals is shown in the diagram below.

The electron configuration for sodium is 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^1. Which subshell is said to contain the valence electron(s) for sodium?

3s For main group elements, the shell with the largest value of n is called the valence shell. In this case, the subshell with the largest value of n is the 3s subshell (n=3), and so the single valence electron in sodium is held in the 3s subshell.

What is the configuration for the valence electrons in cobalt's electron configuration?

4s^2 3d^7 The complete electron configuration of cobalt is 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^7. This configuration includes the argon core ([Ar]:1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6). These electrons are core electrons because they are stable and do not take part in bonding. The remaining electrons are called valence because they do take part in bonding. Therefore, the configuration for the valence electrons for cobalt is 4s^2 3d^7.

What is the electron configuration for the valence electrons in strontium?

5s^2 Strontium's full electron configuration is 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^10 4p^6 5s2. Krypton has the electron configuration 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^10 4p^6. These core electrons are stable and do not take part in bonding, while the remaining electrons are valence electrons. Therefore, the configuration for the valence electrons in strontium is 5s2

How many valence electrons does an iron atom ( Fe) have?

8 Start by writing the electron configuration of the neutral atom: Fe:1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^6 Recall that transition metals don't have "traditional" valence electrons. The valence electrons for a transition metal element are those of the highest ns and n−1d value, in this case those electrons in 4s and 3d. This means Fe has 8 valence electrons.

The order in which orbitals are listed on an orbital diagram follows:

Aufbau principle

Which will NOT have an abbreviated electron configuration beginning with the argon core?

Cl Chlorine is before argon on the periodic table, so it does not have all the electrons argon has in its ground state. We will abbreviate chlorine by using the neon core.

Which atom will have unpaired 3d electrons? Zn, Fe, Ca or Ge

Fe Zinc and germanium have a full 3d subshell, and calcium has a completely empty 3d subshell. Iron is 4s^2 3d^6, so it will have 4 unpaired 3d electrons.

The core electrons in most elements can be represented by a noble gas configuration. For example, the abbreviated electron configuration for sodium is written as [Ne]3s^1, where [Ne] represents the core electrons in the 1s, 2s, and 2p subshells. Which element will not have an abbreviated electron configuration beginning with a noble gas configuration?

H Hydrogen does not have all the electrons that helium does in its ground state, so hydrogen can not be abbreviated at all, it must be listed as 1s1.

Which element would require that Hund's rule is followed when depicting the orbital diagram? H, He, N or Be

N The other three options only have s orbitals, so there are no degenerate orbitals. Hund's rule applies to degenerate orbitals like the 2p orbitals in a nitrogen atom, which must all contain one electron before any of them becomes completely full with two electrons.

Which will have an abbreviated electron configuration beginning with the radon core?

Pu Plutonium is on the row immediately after radon, so we abbreviate it as radon core, plus the valence electrons for plutonium.

Valence electrons:

Select all that apply: [-]are in the highest energy level. []are not involved in bonding. [-]participate in the formation of chemical bonding. []occupy the inner shell orbitals.

How many valence electrons are there in a neutral atom of potassium (K).

Start by writing the electron configuration of the neutral atom: K:1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^1 The valence electrons for a main group element are those of the highest n value, in this case the electron in 4s. This means K has 1 valence electron.

Identify the element from the electron configuration: [Ar]4s^2 3d^2

Ti First, we see that the electron configuration is made of the core electrons (Ar) and the valence electrons (4s23d2). Since there are additional electrons after the nobel gas, argon, we know that this element must be from period 4. We can now count our valence electrons, which gives us 4. Now we can move 4 elements from the start of period 4, which brings us to titanium (Ti).

Hund's rule states that:

You must place one electron in each orbital in a subshell before doubling up. When filling a particular subshell, Hund's rule tells us that we must place one electron in each individual orbital before placing a second one in any of the orbitals, as that is the process that will maintain the lowest energy possible.

What is the abbreviated electron configuration of yttrium (Y)

[Kr]5s^24d^1

What is the abbreviated electron configuration of silicon?

[Ne] 3s^2 3p^2 The noble gas from the row above is neon, so we will need neon core plus the valence electrons 3s2 and 3p2.

When placing a second electron in an orbital, if the first electron is represented by an arrow pointing up, the second electron will be represented by:

an arrow pointing down Every electron must be represented by an arrow. If the first arrow is pointing up, representing spin up, the other must be pointing down, to represent that it is spin down, to avoid violating the Pauli exclusion principle.

What are pictorial representations of electron configurations?

orbital diagrams A pictorial representation of electron configurations is an orbital diagram. The following is an orbital diagram.

The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom are called:

valence electrons The valence electrons of an atom are those in the outermost shell, which are available for bonding or ionization.