405 Chap4

35. An achievement culture is one in which people are accorded status based on their _____. A. age B. gender C. performance D. social connections

C

29. According to a cross-cultural study of differences in work values, _____ managers placed a high value on the tactful acquisition of influence and on regard for others. A. Chinese B. German C. French D. U.S.

D

22. According to most scholars of culture, culture is: A. based on the human capacity to symbolize. B. based on the genetically driven adaptive process of animals. C. specific to single individuals. D. inherited or biologically based.

A

38. A diffuse culture is one in which individuals: A. guard their public space carefully. B. greet each other with a great deal of enthusiasm. C. are direct and extroverted. D. have a large public space and a small private space.

A

39. Identify a true statement about the different approaches identified by Dutch researcher, Fons Trompenaars to describe the ways in which people deal with the concept of time. A. People in Mexico often build slack into their schedules to allow for interruptions. B. People in Mexico give utmost importance to the particular path or sequence used to reach an end. C. People in the United States adjust their approach because of factors that are beyond their control. D. People in the United States operate under more of a synchronous-time orientation.

A

45. According to Dutch researcher, Fons Trompenaars, it is important to play hardball, test the resilience of the opponent, win some objectives, and always lose from time to time when dealing with those from cultures that believe: A. in dominating the environment. B. in letting things take their natural course. C. in caring for others. D. in compromising.

A

47. According to Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede, there are four original dimensions of culture. These are: A. power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, and masculinity. B. tolerance, group orientation, aggressiveness, and forwardness. C. group orientation, uncertainty avoidance, aggressiveness, and masculinity. D. tolerance, power distance, individualism, and aggressiveness.

A

52. Hofstede's _____ dimension focused on the tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family rather than the tendency to belong to groups to look after each other in exchange for loyalty A. individualism versus collectivism B. masculinity versus femininity C. uncertainty avoidance D. power distance

A

55. Countries that have high individualism and relatively low power distance: A. prefer others to do things for themselves. B. are upset when others have more power than they do. C. are not upset when others have more power than they do. D. are collectivist in their approach.

A

56. Nations that are collectivist in their approach tend to be characterized by: A. large power distance and low individualism. B. low power distance and high individualism. C. small power distance and weak uncertainty avoidance. D. large power distance and weak uncertainty avoidance.

A

21. _____ can be defined as acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behavior. A. Edification B. Culture C. Symbol D. Cognition

B

23. When depicting cultural diversity through visually separating its components by using concentric circles, the inner circle: A. contains the norms, beliefs, dimensions, and values of society. B. contains the implicit, basic assumptions that govern behavior. C. consists of language and art. D. consists of food and buildings.

B

26. When examining the effects of the U.S. environment on the cultural values of Japanese managers working for Japanese firms in the United States, researchers found that these managers: A. did not believe that job security was important. B. supported the concept of formal authority. C. did not support the organizational values of group orientation and cooperation. D. perceived obedience and conformity to be very important.

B

31. Which of the following statements is true about stateside Japanese managers? A. They believed that unconditional tenure in one organization is of major importance. B. They believed that job security was important. C. They accepted the idea that one should not question a superior. D. They perceived obedience and conformity to be very important.

B

37. Dutch researcher, Fons Trompenaars, recommends that when individuals from achievement cultures do business in ascription cultures, they should: A. make sure that their group has sufficient data to convince the other group that they are proficient. B. make sure that their group has knowledgeable people who can impress the other side. C. respect the status and influence of their counterparts in the other group. D. respect the knowledge and information of their counterparts on the other team.

C

41. Which of the following statements is true about restrained societies? A. People give importance to freedom of speech. B. People are more likely to remember positive emotions. C. People experience a perception of helplessness. D. People are less likely to give importance to law and order.

C

42. Low-uncertainty-avoidance societies have organization settings with: A. lower labor turnover. B. less risk taking by managers. C. more ambitious employees. D. more written rules.

C

60. According to Dutch researcher, Fons Trompenaars, _____ refers to people regarding themselves as individuals, while _____ refers to people regarding themselves as part of a group. A. individualism; communitarianism B. individualism; universalism C. universalism; particularism D. communitarianism; universalism

A

62. A(n) _____ culture is one in which both public and private space are similar in size and individuals guard their public space carefully because entry into public space affords entry into private space as well. A. diffuse B. neutral C. emotional D. specific

A

64. A(n) _____ culture is one in which people are accorded status based on how well they perform their functions. A. achievement B. ascription C. diffuse D. specific

A

70. According to the GLOBE Cultural Variable Results, which of the following countries were the most assertive? A. Spain and the United States B. Egypt and the United States C. Spain and Ireland D. Ireland and Sweden

A

43. According to Hofstede's time orientation dimension, which of the following statements is true about long-term-oriented societies? A. Traditions are sacrosanct. B. Family life is guided by shared tasks. C. Service to others is an important goal. D. Students attribute success and failure to luck.

B

48. According to Hofstede, countries with a high _____ encourage individuals to be independent decision makers and to define achievement in terms of recognition and wealth. A. power distance B. masculinity index C. uncertainty avoidance D. individualism score

B

50. _____ is the extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these. A. Power distance B. Uncertainty avoidance C. Individualism versus collectivism D. Masculinity versus femininity

B

57. Dutch researcher, Fons Trompenaars's discussion of the dimension of _____ explores whether people believe in controlling outcomes (inner-directed) or letting things take their own course (outer-directed). A. time B. the environment C. masculinity D. ascription

B

63. Austria, the United Kingdom, the United States and Switzerland all are _____ cultures. A. diffuse B. specific C. emotional D. neutral

B

65. A(n) _____ culture accords status based on age, gender, or social connections. A. diffuse B. ascription C. specific D. achievement

B

66. Which of the following statements is true about cultures with high communitarianism? A. Negotiations are typically made on the spot by a representative. B. People jointly assume responsibility. C. Entrepreneurial spirit is most likely high. D. People give more importance to personal and individual matters.

B

68. The three completed GLOBE phases explore the various elements of the dynamic relationship between _____ and _____. A. time; the environment B. the culture; organizational behavior C. physical; psychological well-being D. political; economic systems

B

24. Culturally, a German can be expected to have a _____ handshake. A. gentle B. light and quick C. brusque and firm D. long and involved

C

25. According to the priorities of cultural values of the United States, Japan, and Arab countries, the most important cultural value in the United States is _____. A. family security B. belonging C. freedom D. cooperation

C

30. Which of the following is a characteristic of the Japanese culture? A. Nonconformance to hierarchic position B. Balance between a group and a personal orientation C. Group orientation D. Merit-based reward

C

32. Paternalism, measured by a manager's involvement in both personal and off-the-job problems of subordinates is very important in _____. A. the United States B. Australia C. Japan D. France

C

44. _____ is the term used by Hofstede to describe "a situation in which the dominant values in society are caring for others and the quality of life." A. Collectivism B. Individualism C. Femininity D. Masculinity

C

46. Which of the following dimensions measures the freedom to satisfy one's natural needs and desires within a society? A. Achievement versus ascription B. Specific versus diffuse C. Indulgence versus restraint D. Universalism versus particularism

C

49. Countries in which people blindly obey the orders of their superiors have a high _____. A. uncertainty avoidance B. masculinity index C. power distance D. individualism index

C

51. Cultures with low _____ have people who are more willing to accept that risks are associated with the unknown and that life must go on in spite of this. A. individualism B. power distance C. uncertainty avoidance D. masculinity index

C

53. Hofstede's _____ dimension looked at the relationship between gender and work roles. A. power distance B. uncertainty avoidance C. masculinity versus femininity D. individualism versus collectivism

C

59. In his early research, Dutch researcher, Fons Trompenaars, found that in countries such as the United States, Australia, Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom, there was high _____. A. particularism B. communitarianism C. universalism D. individualism

C

61. A(n) _____ culture is one in which emotions are held in check. A. emotional B. buoyant C. neutral D. specific

C

69. Societal collectivism refers to the degree to which: A. individuals express pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organizations or families. B. individuals in organizations or societies encourage and reward individuals for being fair. C. organizational and societal institutional practices encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action. D. individuals in organizations or societies are confrontational.

C

27. _____ are basic convictions that people have regarding what is right and wrong, good and bad, and important or unimportant. A. Tenets B. Edicts C. Norms D. Values

D

28. According to a cross-cultural study of differences in work values, _____ managers placed a high value on deference to superiors, company commitment, and the cautious use of aggressiveness and control. A. U.S. B. German C. French D. Japanese

D

33. Confucianism, associated with China, does not emphasize: A. respect for authority B. balance C. harmony D. profit

D

34. Dutch researcher, Fons Trompenaars, recommends that when people from specific cultures do business in diffuse cultures, they should _____. A. try to get to the point and be efficient B. learn to structure meetings with the judicious use of agendas C. not acknowledge achievements or skills that are irrelevant to the issues being discussed D. not get impatient when people are being indirect or circuitous

D

36. In the context of how people deal with the concept of time, which of the following statements is true about the sequential approach identified by Dutch researcher, Fons Trompenaars? A. People show a strong preference for following plans but are likely to deviate. B. Appointments are approximate and may be changed at a moment's notice. C. Schedules are subordinate to relationships. D. People tend to do only one activity at a time.

D

40. In the context of integrating the dimensions of culture, which of the following are very useful in depicting what countries appear similar in values and to what extent they differ from other country groupings? A. Use of pie charts B. Use of concentric circles C. Normal distribution D. Cluster distribution

D

54. Cultures with a low masculinity place great importance on conservation of the environment and tend to favor _____. A. third world countries B. less developed countries C. underdeveloped countries D. small-scale enterprises

D

58. _____ is the belief that circumstances dictate how ideas and practices should be applied. A. Universalism B. Individualism C. Communitarianism D. Particularism

D

67. Which of the following fundamental questions is not included in the specific objectives of the GLOBE project? A. Are there leader behaviors, attributes, and organizational practices that are accepted and effective in only some cultures? B. What is the effect of violating cultural norms that are relevant to leadership and organizational practices? C. What is the relative standing of each of the cultures studied on each of the nine core dimensions of culture? D. How do attributes of societal and organizational cultures affect the behaviors of lower-level workers in an organization?

D