4638 New Technologies

What are the four facts discussed in lecture in reference to online dating?

2.2 billion dollar industry 1/10 Americans have used an online dating site/app ⅓ of online daters have never gone on a date

How many kids have been bullied online? How many have seen it happen? Do most kids say they report cyberbullying when they see it?

70% of teens report seeing frequent bullying online 90 % of kids don't report cyber bullying when they see it 1.8 billion kids have been bullied online- 43%

What do people most often lie about in an online dating context? How does honest affect perceived success with online dating?

81% of people misrepresent their height, weight, or age Posting a photo is related to more honesty in the information reported Honesty has a negative effect on perceived success with online dating

What is the Center for Digital Storytelling's 7 elements of storytelling?

A point of view A dramatic question Emotional content The gift of your voice The power of the soundtrack Economy Pacing

What did McKenna & Bargh find in their study of marginalized-concealable sexual identities and newsgroups?

People reported feeling embarrassed about these interests and also feeling like society stigmatized them. The importance of the newsgroup to the person's identity was stronger for posters (versus lurkers) The more important the marginalized identity: The more people felt self-acceptance of this identity The more likely people were to share this social identity with friends and family offline The less likely people were to feel estranged from society The less socially isolated people felt

What did McKenna & Bargh find in their study of marginalized-concealable ideological identities and newsgroups?

Participants were less embarrassed than participants in study 2 (and thus cared slightly less if others found out about their participation) However, they felt that t heir ideological beliefs were heavily stigmatized by society The importance of the newsgroup to the persona's identity was stronger for posters (versus lurkers) **MISSED THE LAST SENTENCE IN CLASS**

Who are the top 3 YouTube earners, according to Forbes magazine?

PewDiePie: $12 million Rhett and Link: $4.5 million Michelle Phan: $3 million

In the example YouTube videos we watched in class, why did the two individuals indicate they were "coming out" about these hidden identities?

Physically don't have to be there to tell people An easy out Put it out there Practice Gives control of how you say it/or putting it out

What are some positives for technology in relationships? What are some negative effects?

Positives: Can form new relationships Can stay in regular contact with existing relationship partners Can make self-disclosure with relational partners easier Can revive "dormant" relationships Can provide life updates/information to many at once Can coordinate more easily Micro-coordination: in the moment planning through mobile communications

What does Couldry argue are the potentials (emergent spaces) of digital stories?

"People who have never done so before are telling personal stories through digital forms, sorting and exchanging those stories in sites and networks that would not exist without the world wide web and which, because of the remediation capacity of digital media, have multiple possibilities for transmission, retransmission, and transformation available to them."

What did David Nicholas find when studying Internet information seeking differences by generation?

Younger generations: Spent a fraction of the time older generations did looking for answers Complex and simple questions Were less confident about the answers they found Looking up less information on answers Provided more cut-and-paste answers Trying to get fast gratification Had poorer working me Were less competent at multi tasking, despite doing it more Taking them away from the task

What is a disembodied identity?

an identity that exists only in actions and words body plays no role in this

What two purposes do dating sites serve, according to Ellison et al.?

attract potential mates look and see if others would be a good match (based on their profiles)

What does 4chan founder Christopher Poole argue in the speech we watched in class? In other words, what are his main points?

many lenses with which ppl view you some sites allow for multiple identities (Twitter) and some don't (Google and Facebook) "Facebook is forcing us to consolidate our identity" ex: the "Timeline" forces us to confront one constant identity

What is Grindr, and when was it invented?

online dating app for gay men, 2009

What two self-presentational choices guide profile construction?

self enhancement- desire to appear as attractive as possible to others authenticity - want to appear honest about self

According to Marciano, what are the three ways transgender individuals use the Internet?

Preliminary sphere: Provides users an opportunity to virtually go through experiences before they do them in the real world. Complementary sphere: Serves as another social arena in the user's life, acting as a supplemental part of the offline world. Separation between offline/online is minimal Alternative sphere: Acts as a parallel world that provides inhabitants with different (sometimes contradictory) experiences than those available in the offline world. May allow trans people to feel like "real biological" women/men

How has the family been affected by technology?

Push and pull toward cyberspace & away from the family less time together less talking when together Parents can see much of what kids do online but not always aware of what they do in private communication There might be a digital divide between generations "Digital Natives" vs "Digital Immigrants" More ongoing/constant communication Micro-coordination Synched calendars

What is relational maintenance? How do people conduct relational maintenance using technology?

R.M. - the work we do to keep our relationship ongoing and healthy

What does it mean to be "nonymous"?

SNS connect your online identity to your offline one. We know many (or all) of our SNS connections in an offline context

What is sexting? Which age group sends/receives the most sexts?

Sending sexually explicit messages or photos via cell phone 44% 18-24 receive sexts 15% 18-24 send sexts 6% 18-24 forward sexts Less people in the 25-34 range receive texts (34%), but more send them (22%)

What are some reasons those with marginalized-concealable sexualities might find the Internet especially useful?

To find information: LGBT people are often shielded from info to help them cope with their stigmatized identity in their early years To achieve self-acceptance: LGB individuals must come out to THEMSELVES before they can come out to OTHERS The internet is a place for LGB teens to label feelings and figure out their identity To find support/community: LGBT youth report extremely high rates of verbal harassment (8 in 10), physical harassment (4 in 10), smoking, dating violence, mental health issues, suicide attempts To meet people: Erases the need for "gaydar" and reduces risk Self-Express Can be open/real online even when offline life doesn't allow

What does Couldry identify as the 4 pressures?

Told using a combo of images, video, audio and text Focused on visually representing a story Short in length Viewed by multiple audiences

How does toxic online disinhibition differ from benign online disinhibition?

Toxic- Negative aspects of disinhibition; People may use rude or offensive language; People may exhibit hatred or engage in bullying. Benign- Positive aspects of disinhibition; People share intimate & personal parts of themselves.

What is a true self? An actual self? How are they different?

True Self- Inner self that exists but is not truly expressed in social situations- personal psychological self, ideal and possible selves. Actual Self- Public self

What is microcoordination?

Using technology to coordinate plans and communicate.

What did Cardoso-Leite & Bavelier (2014) find in relation to attentional control and video game play?

Video games increase attentional control, thus enhancing cognitive flexibility and learning. Play facilitates learning the ability to focus on task relevant features while i ignoring distractions

What is the stimulation effect?

When "added opportunities to communicate with one's friends translate into increased feelings of closeness to them" Intimate bonds with freinds are formed because of "sense of belonging" and "self-disclosure."

According to the USDHHS, which demographics of teens are most likely to be more involved with cyberbullying?

White Students are more likely to be involved with cyberbullying and females are 2x more likely to be involved.

How might digital storytelling be empowering?

Digital storytelling as "empowering" and a "process of social learning" Rather than focus on the end product, focus on the process They also recognize the potential tensions between the "individual" voice and the "social" voice

What is disinhibition? What is the online disinhibition effect?

Disinhibition- Any behavior that is characterized by an apparent reduction in concerns for self presentation and judgment of others. Online disinhibition effect- People do/say things online that they won't say/do FTF

What six factors does Suler outline as contributing to the online disinhibition effect? Define each factor and know how it lowers inhibitions in an online context.

Dissociative anonymity- The ability to be hidden or altered in online spaces Invisibility- The ability for individuals to go unseen or to lurk Asynchronicity- Communication does not necessarily happen in real time online Solipsistic Introjection- The feeling of one's mind merging with the mind of the online partner Dissociative Imagination - As characters start to feel more real, conversations are experienced as taking place in the mind Minimized Status or Authority - The internet itself has no central authority, which makes it a space where authority is diminished

What is media literacy?

Expand on just reading, but listing, speaking, viewing, and critical thinking , sharing with all the media throughout our lives.

What are the features of EVEs that lead to learning outcomes?

First order experiences Transduction Reification Presence

How do friendships formed online versus offline compare in terms of quality?

Friendships that form FTF can be slightly more developed than online friendships particularly short-term No long-term meaningful differences between friendships that develop online or offline

What are some ways mobile dating apps tend to differ from traditional online dating sites?

GPS - based Shorter profiles Less personal info in profiles No matching algorithms More discretion/anonymity Have to be matched with you Reputation for being more casual about hook-ups

Why do Gen Y and Z differ from those that came before them, from a technological standpoint?

Gen Y: People who have grown up in an environment of computerized technology Millennials, Eco-Boomers Cannot remember a time before technology Gen Z: Those born after the millennial generation Dispute over the start of this generation Mid -1990s to eary 2000s start

What does Goffman argue about the self? What is "face work" and what is the difference between the "front stage" and the "back stage"?

Goffman believes the self is made of multiple identities Face work- we "manage" how people see us Front stage- The person we present to the world Back stage- Who we "really" are

What is happy slapping? What is trolling?

Happy Slapping- People filming bullying on their phones and uploading to the internet Trolling- People adopting offensive/controversial stance to annoy others or get a response from them online

What is the use of video games for dyslexic children?

Help dyslexic kids: 12 hours of video game play did more for reading skills than is normally achieved with a year of spontaneous reading development or demanding traditional reading treatments. Action video games enhance many aspects of information from the environment.

What is a marginalized identity? What is the difference between one that is concealable and one that is conspicuous?

Identities/group memberships that are different from the valued, mainstream identities in society. Concealable - can keep the identity hidden/secret Conspicuous - (most of the time) the identity is visible or obvious to others

How do Net Geners learn?

In groups (but with individual feedback) On their own time Online and with use of technologies Through play

According to Lapidot-Lefler & Barak, how does eye contact impact online disinhibition?

Lack of eye contact contributes to online disinhibition; in particular toxic effects of disinhibition.

What are the 3 effects of cyberbullying identified by Anderson et al.?

Lower self esteem Increases depression Produces feelings of powerlessness

What are some issues with multitasking?

Lower task performance Longer time spent reading e-books Lessened lecture comprehension

What are some areas of the Internet where people go specifically to find real-life or cyber sex?

Mainstream Ex: AdultFriendFinder LGBT Ex: Adam4Adam Fetish Ex: Fetlife Webcam Ex: Chaturbate General Classified Sites Ex: Craigslist "casual encounters"

What are the big 6 mainstream dating sites discussed in class? Which one was the first created (and when)?

Match.com first of dating to sites to come out 1995 Chemistry.com fill out information to find chemistry with Okcupid.com don't have to answer the questions eHarmony.com require that you answer questions PlentyOfFish.com Younger population Zoosk.com Younger population

What is a meme (according to Shifman's definition)?

Memes can be understood as pieces of cultural information that pass along from person to person, but gradually scale into a shared social phenomenon

What are MOOCS, and who are they for?

Online courses with open access and unlimited participation Generally free No admission restrictions Run through commercial entities or universities

How does digital storytelling relate to gatekeeping?

Increased access to the power to distribute one's story and contribute to cultural understanding Relates to issues of "gatekeeping" Challenges traditional notions of "mass communication" May correct "hidden injuries of media power"

What are the 3 favorable effects that technology has on pre-existing friendships?

Increased bonding Decreased loneliness Higher closeness of friendships

What are some examples of benign online disinhibition?

Info seeking Exploration of sexuality Increases self disclosure or self expression

According to Jenkins and colleagues, what new media literacy skills are important for today's younger generations moving forward?

1. play- problem solving 2. simulation- real world processes 3. performance- 4. appropriation 5. multitasking 6. distributed cognition 7. collective intelligence 8. judgment 9. transmedia navigation 10. networking 11. negotiation

What is Carr's perspective on the Internet and reading/literacy?

Changing how we read: Shallow readers Unable to concentrate Ineffective thinkers/communicators

How many users does YouTube have, and how many hours of video are uploaded per minute?

1 billion users 300 hours of videos uploaded every minute

What components of media literacy were discussed in the video lecture? Explain each one.

1. Ability to access and appreciate media content. Knowing where to find media content, be able to enjoy media content. 2. Ability to effectively use media to met goals Knowing what to use and how to use it 3. Development of critical thinking skill to develop independent judgments about media content 4. Understanding the process of mass communication production, distribution, revenue, and consumption. 5. Awareness of the impact of media on the individual and society. 6. The development of strategies for analyzing and discussing media messages. 7. Development of effective and responsible production skills. 8. Understanding of the ethical and moral obligations of media practitioners.

What are Belshaw's 8 elements of digital literacies? Explain each one.

1. Cultural 2. Cognitive 3. Constructive 4. Communicative 5. Confident 6. Creative 7. Critical 8. Civic

What are some ways YouTubers interact with their fans?

Comments section

What are some of the ways that YouTubers make money?

Advertisements Sponsors Merchandising

How does the Internet affect the expression of the "true" self? What two factors contribute to this expression?

Anonymous internet connections can make expression of true self easier. Factor 1: Anonymous Able to remain relatively unidentifiable. Freed from expectations 2. Fewer barriers o Costs of disclosure are fewer than offline

What is Tindr, and what are some of its unique features that make it popular?

Authenticity → real names are linked to it Controlled interaction → you can control whom you talk to Swiping → like a game Superficiality → quick judgments to our culture of immediacy Adjustability of distance settings/age range

What are some examples of each type that Grace provided (and showed video of)?

Beauty Gurus Michelle Phan 8 million subscribers One of most famous makeup artists online L'Oreal → her own makeup line called "Em" Musicians Justin Bieber 14 million subscribers - 6 billion total views Usher picked him up Daniela Andrade 780K subscribers - 93 million total views Entertainers Rhett and Link (Good Mythical Morning) 8 million subscribers - 7.7 billion total views PewDiePie 40 million subscribers - 10 billion total views Highest paid YouTuber

What three type of YouTube stars/celebrities were discussed in the guest lecture?

Beauty Gurus Musicians Entertainers

What is cyberbullying? Why might it have a more serious effect than offline bullying?

Bullying through technology. It has a more serious effect than traditional bullying because you can escape a person, but you cannot escape or even attack the internet.

What is CPM? How does it work? What are monetized views?

CPM = Cost Per Thousand $10.00 per 1,000 views = $10.00 CPM YouTube gets 55% cut of profits

What are some marginalized-concealable identities that people have been known to "come out" about on YouTube?

Sexual Orientation Gender Identity Abuse and domestic violence Eating disorders Mental health struggles (Ex: depression) Self-harm

What are dating algorithms? How do they work? What are some criticisms of them?

Some sites match users based on questions they answer/perceived similarity Criticisms: limiting the prospect pool does not improve success there is no way for sites to know how people will interact offline they cannot account for deeper psychological issues not all questions will be important to everyone people who are alike/similar do not necessarily work better together

What three consequences of online celebrity did Grace identify in her lecture?

Stereotypes Body image issues Ethnocentrism

What are digital stories?

Stories that are told using digital media

What are the 7 ways Miller found that LGBT people participate in coming out forums?

Storytelling Here's what happened to me, my coming out story Identity Quests Trying to figure out identity, is it too late? Information seeking? Validation I'm going to come out, this is how I'm going to do it. What do you think of this way? Information Seeking Information on how to come out, taking steps or examples from others (Ex: online) Community Seeking Have really harsh offline lives, parents don't understand, heavily bullied and looking for similar people. Community Building Keep going, build people up, cheerleaders Advice Providing Here's the people offering off info and examples to others

What are strong ties and weak ties? How does this relate to the Internet?

Strong ties: Partners have frequent deep contact Can be emotionally and temporally consuming Weak ties: Partners exchange limited thoughts/feelings and engage in limited activities together Can provide feedback about ourselves, emotional support, advice, information Most of our relationships are weak ties The Internet makes it easier to access weak tie relationships

What does Turkle argue in her TED Talk? What are her main points, and what does she mean when she says we are "alone together"?

Technology is taking us places where we don't want to go. Real Conversation → you don't know what you're going to say and know at the right time Texting → Allows you to repeat, edit, delete or retouch You can fix your mistakes with technology Sacrifice conversation with connection → stop caring about the connection Self reflection is compromised through technology (text) Painful truth → nobody is listening Relationship with technology Tempted by machines to become companions

What are two ramifications of marginalized-concealable identities (identified in your reading and discussed in class)?

Those with hidden stigmatized/marginalized identities are not easily able to see others in everyday environments. Those with a concealable stigmatized/marginalized identity are more likely to hear negative comments/opinions about that identity Bottom Line - whereas people with visible stigmas can see that they are similar to some others, people with concealable stigma are more likely to feel different, alone and isolated.

What is the Google Effect? What does Betsy Sparrow have to say about this issue? What are her main findings?

The Internet becomes a personal memory bank Family members are no longer the primary source of recall The Internet will compliment memory processes the way a spouse might have previously done

What is digital literacy?

The ability to find, evaluate, utilize, share, and create content using information technologies and the Internet

What is moral disengagement? Is it related to cyberbullying? Why or why not?

The process of deactivating internal moral controls that otherwise inhibit behavior Research shows no relationship between moral disengagement and cyberbullying

What is Greenfield's hypothesis?

The screen dehumanizes ppl so that they don't need to suppress the moral values of a person

What is a social networking site according to Ellison & boyd's definition? allows us to:

construct a public profile within a bounded system articulate a list of other users view and traverse our connections as well as those of others

What are the two reasons Whitty suggests online dating is so heavily focused on the visual?

immediacy plethora of choices

What are the two reasons Whitty suggests online dating is so heavily focused on the visual?

immediacy plethora of choices Highly editable photos Rehearsable Amenable to careful selection

What is social surveillance?

the ability to peer freely and anonymously into others' lives

How do we micromanage our personal identities/information on social networking sites?

the information on our SNS (ex: tagging/untagging photos)

What three selves do Zhao et al. argue have been created due to social media? In what context is each one expressed?

true self: expressed in anonymous environments without social cosntraints real self: conformed individual constrained by social norms in FTF settings possible self: displayed on SNS

How are our personal identities online tied to our offline social identities?

we know many of our online connections in an offline context