4801 Adaptive Quizzing Review (Cardiac)

The client is admitted with sinus tachycardia. To treat the dysrhythmia, the nurse will look for potential causes. Which causes will the nurse look for in this client?

Anxiety; Caffeine; Exercise; Anemia.

A nurse is determining a client's heart rate on an ECG strip. Which action should the nurse take?

Count the QRS complexes. The best way to count the heart rate is to count the QRS complexes. The P wave, T wave, and PR interval are not the best methods.

A thallium scan is prescribed for a client with a history of chest pain. Which information should the nurse include when explaining the purpose of the test to the client?

It assesses myocardial ischemia and perfusion. Thallium imaging is used to assess myocardial scarring and perfusion; necrotic or scar tissue does not extract the thallium isotope. The scan monitors action of the heart valves available from an echocardiogram or, if indicated, from a cardiac catheterization with an angiography. Visualization of the ventricular systole and diastole are determined by cardiac angiography. Identifying the adequacy of electrical conductivity is determined by an electrocardiogram (ECG).

A nurse is caring for a client after cardiac surgery. Which signs will cause the nurse to suspect cardiac tamponade?

Pulsus paradoxus Muffled heart sounds Jugular vein distention Pulsus paradoxus is present in cardiac tamponade. Blood in the pericardial sac compresses the heart so the ventricles cannot fill; this leads to a rapid, thready pulse and muffled heart sounds. The increased venous pressure associated with cardiac tamponade causes jugular vein distention. Tamponade causes hypotension, not hypertension, and a narrowed pulse pressure. As the heart becomes more inefficient, there is a decrease in kidney perfusion and therefore a decrease in urine output.

Which nursing action should be included in the plan of care for a client who has a permanent fixed (asynchronous) pacemaker inserted?

Teach the client to keep daily accurate records of the pulse. A permanent fixed (asynchronous) pacemaker is set at a predetermined rate; if a pulse rate is more or less than the preset rate, the pacemaker may be malfunctioning

A nurse is assessing a client with a diagnosis of early left ventricular heart failure. Specific to this type of heart failure, what statement by the client would the nurse expect?

"I have trouble breathing when I walk rapidly." Dyspnea on exertion often occurs with left ventricular heart failure because the heart is unable to pump enough oxygenated blood to meet the energy requirements for muscle contractions related to the activity. The statement "My ankles are swollen" is more likely with right ventricular heart failure. The statement "I am tired at the end of the day" is not specific to left ventricular heart failure. The statement "When I eat a large meal, I feel bloated" is not specific to left ventricular heart failure.

A nurse is caring for a client with right-sided heart failure. Which assessment findings are key features of right-sided heart failure?

Distended abdomen Dependent edema Urinating at night Right-sided heart failure is associated with increased systemic venous pressures and congestion, as manifested by a distended abdomen, dependent edema, and urinating at night. Distended, not collapsed, neck veins occur in right-sided heart failure. Cool extremities are key features of left-sided heart failure.

A client has surgery to replace a prolapsed mitral valve. What should the nurse teach the client?

The signs and symptoms of heart failure. The teaching plan for this client should focus on the possibility of heart failure. Clients with a failed valve are prone to heart failure; report any signs of dyspnea, syncope, dizziness, edema, and palpitations. Infective endocarditis, not pericarditis, may occur. Endocarditis is an infection of the endothelial surface of the heart and valves. Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, the membranous sac enveloping the heart. There is no evidence of pathology of other valves. There is no schedule that valves will be replaced every six months.

The nurse is educating a client who is being discharged after insertion of a coronary artery stent. For what signs and symptoms should the nurse instruct the client to seek immediate medical attention?

Unexplainable profuse diaphoresis Indigestion not relieved by antacids Acute chest pain after rigorous exercise Nonremitting chest pain after three sublingual nitroglycerine tablets Unexplainable profuse diaphoresis, indigestion not relieved by antacids, acute chest pain after rigorous exercise, and nonremitting chest pain after three sublingual nitroglycerine tablets are clinical indicators of inadequate oxygen to the heart. The client should be instructed to seek immediate medical intervention. Dyspnea on exertion and fatigue the day after a rigorous walk are expected.

The healthcare provider prescribes isosorbide dinitrate 10 mg for a client with chronic angina pectoris. The client asks the nurse why the isosorbide dinitrate is prescribed. How will the nurse respond?

"It improves oxygen supply to heart tissue." Isosorbide dinitrate dilates the coronary vasculature, improving the supply of oxygen to the hypoxic myocardium. Preventing blood from clotting is the action of anticoagulants. Suppressing irritability in the ventricles is the action of antidysrhythmics. Increasing the force of contraction of the heart is the action of cardiac glycosides.

A registered nurse is teaching a nursing student about the third heart sound (S 3). Which statement given by the nursing student indicates a need for further education?

"S 3 is normal in pregnant women." The third heart sound (S 3) can be heard when the heart attempts to fill an already distended ventricle. This sound may be common and normal in the last stages of pregnancy, but not in all stages. This sound may be heard in heart failure clients. The S 3 sound is abnormal in adults over the age of 31. This sound is normally heard in children and young adults.

A client is experiencing tachycardia. Which adverse hemodynamic effects will the nurse consider when planning care for this client?

-Decreased ventricular filling time -Decreased cardiac output (Tachycardia is a fast heart rate; the fast heart rhythm may cause a decrease in cardiac output because of the decreased filling time for the ventricles. There is also a decreased, not increased, time for coronary artery filling during diastole. During atrial systole, a bolus of atrial blood is ejected into the ventricles; this step is called the atrial kick, and it contributes more blood to the cardiac output of the ventricles. With fast heart rates, there is less time for the atria to fill, and therefore less blood (atrial kick) to pump.)

A client is diagnosed with heart failure and is admitted for medical management. Which statement made by the client may indicate worsening heart failure?

2 "I wake up at night short of breath." Increased shortness of breath is often an indicator of fluid overload in the heart failure client. Being unable to run a mile (1.6 kilometers), snoring loudly, and shoes seeming larger are not as related to heart failure as waking up at night with shortness of breath.

A client is in cardiogenic shock. Which explanation of cardiogenic shock should the nurse include when responding to a family member's questions about the condition?

A failure of the circulatory pump. In cardiogenic shock, the failure of peripheral circulation is caused by the ineffective pumping action of the heart. Shock may have different etiologies (e.g., hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, anaphylactic) but always involves a drop in blood pressure and failure of the peripheral circulation because of sympathetic nervous system involvement. Shock can be reversed by the administration of fluids, plasma expanders, and vasoconstrictors. It may be a reaction to tissue injury, but there are many different etiologies (e.g., hypovolemia, sepsis, anaphylaxis); it is not fleeting. Hypovolemia will lead to hypovolemic shock; cardiogenic refers to the heart capabilities.

A client is admitted to the cardiac care unit with a myocardial infarction. The cardiac monitor reveals several runs of ventricular tachycardia. The nurse anticipates that the client will be receiving a prescription for which drug?

Amiodarone. Amiodarone suppresses ventricular activity; therefore, it is used for treatment of premature ventricular complexes (PVCs). It works directly on the heart tissue and slows the nerve impulses in the heart. Atropine blocks vagal stimulation; it increases the heart rate and is used for bradycardia, not PVCs. Epinephrine increases myocardial contractility and heart rate; therefore, it is contraindicated in the treatment of PVCs. Sodium bicarbonate increases the serum pH level; therefore, it combats metabolic acidosis.

When a client exhibits severe bradycardia, which type of drug should the nurse be prepared to administer?

Anticholinergic. An anticholinergic drug will block parasympathetic effects, causing an increased heart rate. Cardiac nitrate will dilate coronary arteries, not increase the heart rate. Antihypertensive drugs will lower the blood pressure and may decrease the heart rate. Cardiac glycoside will improve cardiac contractility but will decrease the heart rate.

A client with a history of heart failure and hypertension is admitted with reports of syncope. Which prescribed medication should the nurse prepare to administer based on the electrocardiogram (ECG) rhythm strip image?

Atropine This rhythm strip reflects sinus bradycardia. Sinus bradycardia has PQRST complexes within acceptable limits, but the rate is less than 60 beats per minute. In this strip the PR interval is 0.16, the rhythm is regular, and the rate is 40 beats per minute. Atropine, an anticholinergic that increases the heart rate, is administered when the heart rate is so slow that it causes symptoms. Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside that slows the heart rate. Enalapril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that slows the heart rate. Metoprolol is a beta blocker that slows the heart rate.

A client who is receiving a cardiac glycoside, a diuretic, and a vasodilator has been placed on bed rest. The client's apical pulse rate is 44 beats per minute. The nurse concludes that the decreased heart rate most likely is a result of which drug?

Cardiac glycoside. A cardiac glycoside such as digoxin decreases the conduction speed within the myocardium and slows the heart rate. The primary effect of a diuretic is on the kidneys, not the heart; it may reduce the blood pressure, not the heart rate. A vasodilator can cause tachycardia, not bradycardia, which is an adverse effect. A bed rest regimen does not drastically reduce the heart rate.

A client is admitted to the hospital with atrial fibrillation. A diagnosis of mitral valve stenosis is suspected. The nurse concludes that it is most significant if the client presents with what history?

Childhood strep throat. Streptococcal infections occurring in childhood may result in damage to heart valves, particularly the mitral valve. Group A streptococcal antigens bind to receptors on heart cells, where an autoimmune response is triggered damaging the heart. Cystitis usually is caused by Escherichia coli, which does not affect heart valves. Pleurisy usually follows pulmonary problems unrelated to streptococcal infection; it does not result in damage to heart valves. The rubella virus does affect the valves of the heart.

The nurse is conducting a nutrition class for a group of clients with heart failure (HF). Which information is most important for the nurse to share with the class?

Choosing fresh or frozen vegetables instead of canned ones. The key principle to teach HF clients is the importance of decreasing sodium in their diet and which foods contain sodium. If sodium is decreased, water retention will decrease also. Fresh or frozen vegetables have less sodium than canned ones. If the client is on a low-sodium diet and receiving diuretics but continues to be fluid overloaded, then fluid restriction may be instituted. A low caloric diet is not indicated for all HF clients. Some are very thin because of various factors, including the work of breathing and rapid heart rate. A low cholesterol diet is important for clients with coronary artery disease and for the American population in general but is not specifically related to HF.

A nurse is conducting a health class for adolescents. What modifiable risk factor, most closely associated with the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) in both men and women, should the nurse discuss?

Cigarette smoking. Nicotine in cigarette smoke constricts blood vessels, including coronary arteries, which contributes to the occurrence of angina and CHD. Opioid use is not a risk factor for CHD. Judicious alcohol intake may promote relaxation, decreasing stress and limiting the development of CHD. Inactivity, not moderate exercise, is a risk factor for CHD. Exercise decreases hypertension, blood clotting, and heart rate. Exercise also increases metabolism, the plasma level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and cardiac capillary blood flow.

A client is receiving metoprolol. Which side effect should the nurse teach the client to expect?

Dizziness with strenuous activity. Because metoprolol competes with catecholamines at beta-adrenergic receptor sites, the expected increase in the heart's rate and contractility in response to exercise does not occur. This, combined with the drug's hypotensive effect, may lead to dizziness. Metoprolol decreases the heart rate. Flushing sensations and pounding of the heart do not represent side effects of metoprolol.

A client with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) has a heart rate of 170 beats per minute. Following treatment with diltiazem hydrochloride, what assessment indicates to the nurse that the diltiazem hydrochloride is effective?

Heart rate of 110 beats per minute. Diltiazem hydrochloride's purpose is to slow down the heart rate. SVT has a heart rate of 150 to 250 beats per minute. A heart rate of 110 indicates that the diltiazem hydrochloride is having the desired effect. Hypotension is a side effect of diltiazem hydrochloride, not a desired effect. Heart palpations are experienced by some with various dysrhythmias. A decreased sensation of heart palpations is a positive finding but is not present in all clients. Increased urine output may occur over a period of time because of the increased ventricular filling time but would not occur until after the heart rate had stabilized.

What is the most important information the nurse and the rapid response team must keep in mind when caring for a client who just had a cardiac arrest?

How long the client was anoxic. Irreversible brain damage will occur if a client is anoxic for more than four minutes. The age of the client does not affect the response by the arrest team. The earlier heart rate is of minimal importance; the rhythm is more significant. Although a variety of emergency medications must be available, their administration is prescribed by the healthcare provider.

A client with a coronary occlusion is experiencing chest pain and distress. What is the primary reason that the nurse should administer oxygen to this client?

Increase oxygen concentration to heart cells Administration of oxygen increases the transalveolar oxygenngradient, which improves the efficiency of the cardiopulmonary system; this increases the oxygen supply to the heart. Increased oxygen to the heart cells will improve cardiac output, which may or may not prevent dyspnea. Pallor, not cyanosis, is usually associated with MI. Although administrating oxygen will increase oxygen tension in the circulating blood, it is not specific to heart cells, which are hypoxic when there is a MI.

A nurse is assessing a client's ECG reading. The client's atrial and ventricular heart rates are equal at 88 beats per min. The PR interval is 0.14 seconds, and the QRS width is 0.10 seconds. Rhythm is regular with normal P waves and QRS complexes. How will the nurse interpret this rhythm?

Normal sinus rhythm. Normal sinus rhythm reflects normal conduction of the sinus impulse through the atria and ventricles. Atrial and ventricular rates are the same and range from 60 to 100 beats per minute. Rhythm is regular or essentially regular. PR interval is 0.12 to 0.20 seconds. QRS interval is 0.04 to 0.10 seconds. P and QRS waves are consistent in shape. Sinus tachycardia results when the sinoatrial (SA) node fires faster than 100 beats per minute. Bradycardia is defined as a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute. Sinus arrhythmia is a cyclical change in heart rate that is associated with respiration. The heart rate slightly increases during inspiration and slightly slows during exhalation because of changes in vagal tone.

A nurse is teaching a group of clients about risk factors for heart disease. Which factors will the nurse include that increase a client's risk for a myocardial infarction (MI)?

Obesity; Hypertension. Obesity increases cardiac workload associated with vascular changes that lead to ischemia, which causes an MI. Hypertension damages blood vessels and increases peripheral resistance and cardiac workload, which may lead to an MI. Increased levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), not HDL, increase the risk for heart disease. Diabetes mellitus, not insipidus, is a risk factor for an MI. The risk is higher for African Americans.

A client with a history of heart failure on daily weights has a 2-pound (0.9 kilogram) weight gain and pitting edema in lower extremities bilaterally. Which action should the nurse take next?

Perform a head-to-toe assessment, including vital signs. Performing a head-to-toe assessment, including vital signs, would indicate symptoms, such as jugular distention with right-sided heart failure, or pulmonary issues (crackles) associated with left-sided heart failure. Checking the record for code status is not a priority and should have been established and known on an elderly client. Increasing intake will make the problem of fluid retention worse. Continuing to monitor daily weights without an assessment may miss worsening symptoms.

A client has edema in the lower extremities during the day, which disappears at night. With which medical problem does the nurse conclude this clinical finding is consistent?

Right ventricular heart failure. Right ventricular heart failure causes increased pressure in the systemic venous system, which leads to a fluid shift into the interstitial spaces. Because of gravity, the lower extremities are first affected in an ambulatory client. Pulmonary edema results in severe respiratory distress and peripheral edema with pink frothy sputum. Myocardial infarction itself does not cause peripheral edema. The edema in deep vein thrombosis will be constant and not disappear at night; redness is usually present.

A client with mild chronic heart failure is to be discharged with prescriptions for daily oral doses of an antidysrhythmic, potassium chloride 40 mEq, docusate sodium 100 mg, and furosemide 40 mg twice a day. The client reports having no family members who can help after discharge. What should the nurse help this client identify?

Support systems that can assist the client at home The rehabilitative phase requires a balance between activity and rest; supportive individuals are needed to perform more strenuous household tasks and to provide emotional support. A client with mild heart failure does not need inpatient care. A support system should be identified before considering community agencies. More information is needed before encouraging the development of relationships with neighbors.

A nurse provides instruction when the beta-blocker atenolol is prescribed for a client with moderate hypertension. What action identified by the client indicates to the nurse that the client needs further teaching?

Take the medication before going to bed. Beta blockers (BBs) should not be taken at night because the blood pressure usually decreases when sleeping. This medication blocks beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart, which ultimately lowers the blood pressure. Therefore, the drug should be taken early in the morning to maximize its therapeutic effect. Orthostatic hypotension is a side effect of BBs, and the client should change positions slowly to prevent dizziness and falls. Drowsiness is a side effect of BBs, and the client should be taught precautions to prevent injury. The pulse rate should be taken before administration because ventricular dysrhythmias and heart block may occur with BBs.

A client hospitalized for heart failure is receiving digoxin and will continue taking the drug after discharge. What should be included in the plan of care for the next few days?

Teaching the client how to count the pulse. Adverse effects of digoxin include many types of dysrhythmias. If the client's apical pulse rate is less than 60, the medication is "held" and the primary healthcare provider is notified. Because the client will be taking the medication at home, the client should be taught how to take an accurate pulse and to contact the healthcare provider if the rate falls outside predetermined parameters. The client will be assuming responsibility for drug administration at home; teaching is the priority. Vigorous exercise is not recommended for clients who have heart failure. Providing written material on the adverse effects may not meet all of the client's learning needs. There is nothing in the question to suggest the client requires home healthcare.

The nurse notes that the client's cardiac rhythm strips show more P waves than QRS complexes. There is no relationship between the atria and the ventricles. How should the nurse interpret this rhythm strip?

Third degree AV block (complete heart block). Third degree block often is called complete heart block because no atrial impulses are conducted through the AV node to the ventricles. In complete heart block, the atria and ventricles beat independently of each other because the AV node is completely blocked to the sinus impulse and is not conducted to the ventricles. One hallmark of third degree heart block is that the P waves have no association with the QRS complexes and appear throughout the QRS waveform. In first degree AV block, a P wave precedes every QRS complex, and every P wave is followed by a QRS. Second-degree AV block type I, also called Mobitz I or Wenckebach heart block, is represented on the ECG as a progressive lengthening of the PR interval until there is a P wave without a QRS complex. Second degree AV block type II (Mobitz II) is a more critical type of heart block that requires early recognition and intervention. There is no progressive lengthening of the PR interval, which remains the same throughout with the exception of the dropped beat(s).

A client's laboratory report indicates hyperkalemia. Which responses should the nurse expect the client to exhibit?

Vomiting Muscle weakness Irregular heart rate Bouts of nausea and vomiting are common with hyperkalemia. Because of potassium's role in the sodium-potassium pump, an increase in potassium interferes with muscle contractions; it results in muscle weakness and areflexia. An increase in potassium can cause muscle twitching. The heart is a muscle, and hyperkalemia can cause palpitations and cardiac dysrhythmias. On an ECG tracing the T wave will be peaked with hyperkalemia. Anorexia occurs with hypokalemia, not hyperkalemia. Diarrhea, not constipation, occurs with hyperkalemia.

A client with left ventricular heart failure is taking digoxin 0.25 mg daily. What changes does the nurse expect to find if this medication is therapeutically effective?

diuresis decreased edema decreased pulse rate Digoxin increases kidney perfusion, which results in urine formation and diuresis. The urine output increases because of improved cardiac output and kidney perfusion, resulting in a reduction in edema. Because of digoxin's inotropic and chronotropic effects, the heart rate will decrease. Digoxin increases the force of contractions (inotropic effect) and decreases the heart rate (chronotropic effect). Digoxin does not affect a heart murmur. Jugular vein distention is a specific sign of right ventricular heart failure; it is treated with diuretics to reduce the intravascular volume and venous pressure.

The nurse is caring for a client who is admitted with the diagnosis of mild heart failure. Which type of lung sounds should the nurse expect to hear?

Crackles. Left-sided heart failure causes fluid accumulation in the capillary network of the lungs; fluid eventually enters alveolar spaces and causes crackling sounds at the end of inspiration. Stridor is not heard in heart failure, but with tracheal constriction or obstruction. Wheezes are not heard with heart failure, but with asthma. Friction rubs are not heard with heart failure, but with pleurisy.

A nurse is caring for a client with heart failure. The healthcare provider prescribes a 2-gram sodium diet. What should the nurse include when explaining how a low-salt diet helps achieve a therapeutic outcome?

Allows excess tissue fluid to be excreted A decreased concentration of extracellular sodium causes a decrease in the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH); this leads to increased excretion of urine. Sodium restriction does not control the volume of food intake; weight is controlled by a low-calorie diet, exercise (if permitted), and prevention of fluid retention. The resulting elimination of excess fluid reduces the workload of the heart but does not improve contractility. Potassium is retained inefficiently by the body; an adequate intake of potassium is needed.

A nurse is caring for a client with a diagnosis of right ventricular heart failure. The nurse expects what assessment findings associated with right-sided heart failure?

Dependent edema Swollen hands and fingers Right upper quadrant discomfort With right-sided heart failure, signs of systemic congestion occur as the right ventricle fails; key features include dependent edema and swollen hands and fingers. Upper right quadrant discomfort is expected with right ventricular failure because venous congestion in the systemic circulation results in hepatomegaly. Jugular venous collapse and oliguria are key features of left-sided heart failure. Left-sided heart failure is associated with decreased cardiac output.

An electrocardiogram is prescribed for a client complaining of chest pain. The nurse recognizes which as an early finding of an infarcted area of the heart?

Elevated ST segments. Elevated ST segments are an early typical finding after a myocardial infarct because of the altered contractility of the heart. Flattened or depressed T waves indicate hypokalemia. Absence of P waves occurs in atrial and ventricular fibrillation. Q waves may become distorted with conduction or rhythm problems, but they do not disappear unless there is cardiac standstill.

A client develops ventricular fibrillation in a coronary care unit. Which action is priority?

Initiate defibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation is a lethal dysrhythmia and, once identified, must be terminated immediately by defibrillation so the sinus node can act again as the heart's pacemaker. Oxygen is administered to correct hypoxia, but if the heart is not pumping, oxygen will not be delivered to the tissues; it does not take priority over defibrillation. Cardioversion is not effective in ventricular fibrillation. Bicarbonate is administered to correct acidosis; it does not take priority over defibrillation.

Upon assessment the nurse discovers a client with heart failure has crackles in lower lung fields and dyspnea. Upon notifying the primary healthcare provider, the provider prescribes intravenous (IV) normal saline at 200 mL/hr and furosemide 120 mg orally stat. Which action should the nurse take next?

Question the choice of solution, the amount to be given, and the dose of furosemide that has been prescribed. The choice of normal saline at 200 mL/hr should be questioned for using saline, which is inclined to retain fluid, and the amount, which would be too much for most older adult persons' cardiac status to tolerate. This client is in heart failure as evidenced by crackles and dyspnea, and pulmonary edema is occurring. Using an infusion pump to infuse solution assures the prescribed amount is infused but does not address that this is too much. Giving a higher dose needs to be questioned, and the nurse can refuse to follow prescriptions that are outside of standards. Giving a medication without understanding normal range and information violates standards. In addition, older adult clients do not metabolize medication as efficiently as younger clients.

A nurse is working with a cardiologist for a client needing temporary pacing. Which methods are examples that the cardiologist with the assistance of the nurse might use?

Transcutaneous; Transvenous; Epicardial. Types of temporary pacemakers include transcutaneous, where electrical stimulation is delivered through the skin via external electrode pads connected to an external pacemaker; transvenous, where a pacing catheter is inserted percutaneously into the right ventricle where it contacts the endocardium near the ventricular septum and is connected to a small external pulse generator by electrode wires; and epicardial, where pacing wires are inserted into the epicardial wall of the heart during cardiac surgery, are brought through the chest wall, and can be connected to a pulse generator if needed. Permanent pacemakers have electrode wires that are typically placed transvenously through the cephalic or subclavian vein into the heart chambers. The leads are attached to the pulse generator and placed in a surgically created pocket just below the left clavicle. ICDs and biventricular pacemakers are permanent pacemakers that have an additional electrode wire placed through the coronary sinus into the left ventricle. Additional pacing wires are in the atria and the ventricle. Pacing both ventricles simultaneously improves heart function in a certain number of heart failure clients. Synchronous depolarization of both ventricles improves cardiac output and ejection fraction.

The nurse is caring for a client who had a massive myocardial infarction and developed cardiogenic shock. Which clinical manifestations support these diagnoses?

rapid pulse decreased unrine output The heart rate increases (tachycardia) in an attempt to meet the body's oxygen demands and circulate blood to vital organs; the pulse is weak and thready because of peripheral vasoconstriction. The urinary output decreases because increased catecholamines and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system increase fluid reabsorption in the kidneys. The respirations are rapid and shallow, not deep. The skin is cold and clammy because of vasoconstriction caused by the shunting of blood to vital organs. The blood pressure is decreased, not increased, because of continued hypoperfusion and multiorgan failure.

A client's cardiac monitor indicates multiple multifocal premature ventricular complexes (PVCs). The nurse expects that the treatment plan will include a prescription for which medication?

Amiodarone. Amiodarone has an antiarrhythmic action that stabilizes cell membranes of the heart, reducing cardiac excitability; it is used for acute ventricular dysrhythmias. Methyldopa is not used to treat multiple PVCs. Epinephrine increases the contractibility of the heart; the effect is opposite to what is needed. Hydrochlorothiazide is used for hypertension, not for correcting multiple PVCs.

A nurse discovers lower extremity pitting edema in a client with right ventricular heart failure. Which information should the nurse consider when planning care?

Client has increased plasma hydrostatic pressure. In right ventricular heart failure, blood backs up in the systemic capillary beds; the increase in plasma hydrostatic pressure shifts fluid from the intravascular compartment to the interstitial spaces, causing edema. Increase in tissue (interstitial) colloid osmotic pressure occurs with crushing injuries or if proteins pathologically shift from the intravascular compartment to the interstitial spaces, pulling fluid and causing edema. In right ventricular heart failure, increased fluid pressure in the intravascular compartment causes fluid to shift to the tissues; the tissue hydrostatic pressure does not decrease. Although a decrease in colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure can cause edema, it results from lack of protein intake, not increased hydrostatic pressure associated with right ventricular heart failure.

An older adult client is diagnosed with left-sided congestive heart failure. Which assessments should the nurse expect to find?

Dyspnea; Crackles; Hacking cough. The left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of your body. Left-sided heart failure occurs when the left ventricle doesn't pump efficiently. This prevents your body from getting enough oxygen-rich blood. The blood backs up into your lungs instead, which causes a buildup of fluid. Common symptoms may include: dyspnea, shallow respirations, crackles, dry, hacking cough, and frothy, pink-tinged sputum. Right-sided heart failure occurs when the right side of your heart can't perform its job effectively. Common symptoms of right-sided heart failure include peripheral edema, weight gain, and jugular distention.

The nurse notices that the client's cardiac rhythm has become irregular; QRS complexes are missing after some of the P waves. The nurse also notes that the PR intervals become progressively longer until a P wave stands without a QRS; then the PR interval is normal with the next beat and starts the cycle again with each successive PR interval getting longer until there is a missing QRS. The nurse notifies the primary healthcare provider. Which rhythm does the nurse share with the provider?

Second degree AV block Mobitz I (Wenckebach). Also called Mobitz I or Wenckebach heart block, second degree AV block type I is represented on the ECG as a progressive lengthening of the PR interval until there is a P wave without a QRS complex. In first degree AV block, a P wave precedes every QRS complex, and every P wave is followed by a QRS. Second degree AV block type II (Mobitz II) is a more critical type of heart block that requires early recognition and intervention. There is no progressive lengthening of the PR interval, which remains the same throughout with the exception of the dropped beat(s). Third degree block often is called complete heart block because no atrial impulses are conducted through the AV node to the ventricles. In complete heart block, the atria and ventricles beat independently of each other because the AV node is completely blocked to the sinus impulse and is not conducted to the ventricles. One hallmark of third degree heart block is that the P waves have no association with the QRS complexes and appear throughout the QRS waveform.

The nurse notes that the client's ECG rhythm strips show more P waves than QRS complexes. When there are PR intervals, they are all consistent. How should the nurse interpret this strip?

Second degree AV block Mobitz II. Second degree AV block type II (Mobitz II) is a more critical type of heart block that requires early recognition and intervention. There is no progressive lengthening of the PR interval, which remains the same throughout, with the exception of the dropped beat(s). In first degree AV block, a P wave precedes every QRS complex, and the PR interval is prolonged. Third degree block often is called complete heart block because no atrial impulses are conducted through the AV node to the ventricles. In complete heart block, the atria and ventricles beat independently of each other because the AV node is completely blocked to the sinus impulse, and it is not conducted to the ventricles. One hallmark of third degree heart block is that the P waves have no association with the QRS complexes and appear throughout the QRS waveform. Also called Mobitz I or Wenckebach phenomenon, second degree AV block type I is represented on the ECG as a progressive lengthening of the PR interval until there is a P wave without a QRS complex.

The client's underlying heart rhythm is sinus rhythm, but the rhythm is irregular because of occasional early beats. The configuration of the P waves is normal, except the P wave of the early beat does not look the same as the others. The morphology of the QRS complex is the same for all beats. The heart rate is 66 beats per min, and the blood pressure is normal. How should the nurse interpret this finding?

Sinus rhythm with premature atrial contractions (PACs). A PAC is a single ectopic beat arising from atrial tissue, not the sinus node. The PAC occurs earlier than the next normal beat and interrupts the regularity of the underlying rhythm. The P wave of the PAC has a different shape than the sinus P wave because it arises from a different area in the atria; it may follow or be in the T wave of the preceding normal beat. If the early P wave is in the T wave, this T wave will look different from the T wave of a normal beat. Sinus tachycardia results when the sinoatrial (SA) node fires faster than 100 beats per minute. Normal sinus rhythm (NSR) reflects normal conduction of the sinus impulse through the atria and ventricles. Atrial and ventricular rates are the same and range from 60 to 100 beats per minute. Rhythm is regular or essentially regular. PR interval is 0.12 to 0.20 seconds. QRS interval is 0.06 to 0.12 seconds. P and QRS waves are consistent in shape. Bradycardia is defined as a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute.

A client who had a myocardial infarction develops cardiogenic shock despite treatment in the emergency department. Which client responses are related to cardiogenic shock?

Tachycardia Restlessness Decreased urinary output The heart rate increases and the respiratory rate increases in an attempt to meet the oxygen demands of the body. Restlessness occurs because of cerebral hypoxia. The urine output drops to less than 30 mL/hr because of decreased arterial perfusion to the kidneys and the compensatory mechanism of reabsorbing fluid to increase the circulating blood volume. The skin becomes cool and pale as blood shunts from the peripheral blood vessels to the vital organs.