5. Cell Cycle

-Cells swell, damaging the organelles. -The cell will lyse & organelles will come to the extracellular environment. -Creating an inflammation.

What happens to the cells during a necrosis pathway?

-Cell shrinks but organelles remain intact. -The membrane blebs (break off into pieces). -Neighboring cells will phagocytize the blebs.

What happens to the cells during apoptosis?

An immune system disorder that overproduces thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism).

What is Grave's disease?

A procedure that is used to widen narrow arteries and veins.

What is ballon angioplasty?

Hematopoiesis in bone marrow

What is physiological example of hyperplasia?

Hashimoto Disease

What is the most common hypothyroidism disease?

Uterine Leiomyomas (Fibroids)

What is the most common tumor of women?

Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease

What pathological condition causes endocervical epithelial metaplasia?

-Fatigue -Dry skin -Irregular periods

What symptoms are seen in a patient with Hashimoto?

Specific signals that activate specific genes.

What triggers apoptosis?

-Sustained ischemia -Physical trauma -Chemical trauma

What triggers necrosis?

-Thymus -Spleen -Small intestine -Epidermis -Ovarian follicles

What type of tissues have the greatest frequencies of cell proliferation?

High THS levels and low T3/T4 levels

What will the results of a blood test be for a person who has Hashimoto disease?

After a ballon angioplasty

When does restenosis occur?

Because it creates homeostasis between cell proliferation and cell death.

Why is apoptosis important?

Uterine Leiomyomas (Fibroids)

________ is a benign neoplasia of smooth muscle cells.

increase

An increase in cell proliferation causes an _________ in tissue.

receptor

Lymphocytes express Fas _____________.

Loss of both proliferation and positional controls.

What happens in a malignant tumor?

shrinkage

A increase in apoptosis causes ________ in tissue.

degraded systemterm-48atically

Chromatin is ______ during apoptosis.

randomly degraded

Chromatin is _______ during necrosis.

ligand

Endothelial cells express Fas __________.

-Pro-apoptotic signal stimulates the intrinsic pathway. -Mitochondria channels open up. -Cytochrome c leaks out activating the caspase cascade

Explain the intrinsic pathway when a withdrawal of growth factors or hormones occur.

-DNA damage -Build up of p53 allows mitochondria channels to open

Explain the intrinsic pathway when an injury occurs (radiation, toxins, free radicals).

Anti-apoptotic BCL2 family members

How can mitochondrial channels be closed?

It will develop a polycystic kidney disease.

How can the kidney be affected if too much apoptosis occur?

Through Burkitt lymphoma proteins (BCL)

How does modulation occur?

Liver cells and endothelial cells

In what two cell types can regeneration occur?

True

T/F: Dysplasia is the transition zone between reversible and irreversible states.

False (it can't, pro accelerates death)

T/F: If there is more pro-apoptotic than anti-apoptotic BCL the cell can be saved.

False (They loose their function)

T/F: In metaplasia the new cells continue to work exactly the same as the old ones.

False (Not on neoplasia)

T/F: Proliferation of cells will always stop when the external stimulus removed.

homeostasis of pro and anti BCL2

The cells that go through the intrinsic pathway will be signaled via __________ to determine its life or death.

When the stimulus that provoked it is removed.

Upon what conditions can the proliferation stop on reversible proliferative states?

-Heavy menstrual bleeding -Abdominal pain and pressure -Constipation

What are common symptoms of uterine leiomyomas (fibroids)?

-Pro-apoptotic -Anti-apoptotic

What are the different types of BCL proteins?

-Physiological -Damage-related -Therapy-associated

What are the different ways induction can be done?

1.Regeneration 2.Hyperplasia 3.Metaplasia 4.Dysplasia

What are the four reversible altered proliferative states of cells?

-Induction -Execution

What are the phases in the extrinsic pathway?

-Induction -Modulation -Execution

What are the phases in the intrinsic pathway?

-TNF-alphaterm-48 -FasL

What are the physiological activators for the extrinsic pathway?

Protrusion of eyeballs and strabismus.

What are the signs in Grave's eye disease?

-Intrinsic pathway -Extrinsic pathway

What are the two different pathways for apoptosis?

-Necrosis -Apoptosis

What are the two ways a cell can die?

-Dysplasia of Exocervix -Dysplastic Nevus

What are two common dysplasia types?

-Benign -Malignant

What are two important types of neoplasia?

-Restenosis -Grave's Disease

What are two pathological examples of hyperplasia?

-Syndactyly -Polydactyly

What can occur during development if apoptosis does not occur at an specific time and at the right place?

Caspases creating blebbing and following an endonuclease

What carries out an execution?

The increase in cell number in a tissue. The cells will still be functional and the same size.

What happens during a hyperplasia state?

Replacement of a cell with the same exact cell type. (1:1 ratio replacement)

What happens during a regeneration state?

The abnormal development of cells within a tissue.

What happens during dysplasia?

The substitution of one cell type with another cell type.

What happens during metaplasia?

Loss of proliferation only (does not travel to other body parts).

What happens in a benign tumor?